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James SYME Surgery.” Honors Were Showered on Syme from All Parts of Europe
Who’s Who in Orthopedics amputation. Even within his lifetime, the Syme amputation was recognized as a major technical advance. In 1868, a book written by D.E.D. Hudson, The Mechanical Surgery, described the Syme amputation as follows: “No amputation of the inferior extremity can ever compare in its value to the subject with that of the ankle joint originated by Mr. Syme.” Syme recognized the tremendous contribution of his son-in-law, Lister, to the practice of surgery, and in 1868 a paper was published by Syme in the British Medical Journal entitled “On the Anti- septic Method of Treatment in Surgery.” Another article by Syme in April of 1868 states, “As the most important subject of our attention, I may first mention the antiseptic treatment, which, if it had not already done so, is certainly destined in no small degree to revolutionize the practice of James SYME surgery.” Honors were showered on Syme from all parts of Europe. 1799–1870 In 1868, Syme suffered a stroke that involved his left side. That same year he resigned the chair James Syme was born in Edinburgh in November at the University of Edinburgh, to which he had 1799, the son of well-to-do parents. During his brought such prestige. He died in June 1870. He school days he was fascinated with the subject of was buried in the family vault at St. John’s chemistry. In 1818 he described in The Annals of Episcopal Church in Edinburgh. In the Scotsman Philosophy a new solvent for India rubber derived newspaper of June 20, 1870, there is a resume of from coal tar. -
Two Diplomas Awarded to George Joseph Bell Now in the Possession of the Royal Medical Society
Res Medica, Volume 268, Issue 2, 2005 Page 1 of 6 Two Diplomas Awarded to George Joseph Bell now in the Possession of the Royal Medical Society Matthew H. Kaufman Professor of Anatomy, Honorary Librarian of the Royal Medical Society Abstract The two earliest diplomas in the possession of the Royal Medical Society were both awarded to George Joseph Bell, BA Oxford. One of these diplomas was his Extraordinary Membership Diploma that was awarded to him on 5 April 1839. Very few of these Diplomas appear to have survived, and the critical introductory part of his Diploma is inscribed as follows: Ingenuus ornatissimusque Vir Georgius Jos. Bell dum socius nobis per tres annos interfuit, plurima eademque pulcherrima, hand minus ingenii f elicis, quam diligentiae insignis, animique ad optimum quodque parati, exempla in medium protulit. In quorum fidem has literas, meritis tantum concessus, manibus nostris sigilloque munitas, discedenti lubentissime donatus.2 Edinburgi 5 Aprilis 1839.3 Copyright Royal Medical Society. All rights reserved. The copyright is retained by the author and the Royal Medical Society, except where explicitly otherwise stated. Scans have been produced by the Digital Imaging Unit at Edinburgh University Library. Res Medica is supported by the University of Edinburgh’s Journal Hosting Service url: http://journals.ed.ac.uk ISSN: 2051-7580 (Online) ISSN: ISSN 0482-3206 (Print) Res Medica is published by the Royal Medical Society, 5/5 Bristo Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9AL Res Medica, Volume 268, Issue 2, 2005: 39-43 doi:10.2218/resmedica.v268i2.1026 Kaufman, M. H, Two Diplomas Awarded to George Joseph Bell now in the Possession of the Royal Medical Society, Res Medica, Volume 268, Issue 2 2005, pp.39-43 doi:10.2218/resmedica.v268i2.1026 Two Diplomas Awarded to George Joseph Bell now in the Possession of the Royal Medical Society MATTHEW H. -
Epidemic Models
Chapter 9 Epidemic Models 9.1 Introduction to Epidemic Models Communicable diseases such as measles, influenza, and tuberculosis are a fact of life. We will be concerned with both epidemics, which are sudden outbreaks of a disease, and endemic situations, in which a disease is always present. The AIDS epidemic, the recent SARS epidemic, recurring influenza pandemics, and outbursts of diseases such as the Ebola virus are events of concern and interest to many peo- ple. The prevalence and effects of many diseases in less-developed countries are probably not as well known but may be of even more importance. Every year mil- lions, of people die of measles, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and other diseases that are easily treated and not considered dangerous in the Western world. Diseases such as malaria, typhus, cholera, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness are endemic in many parts of the world. The effects of high disease mortality on mean life span and of disease debilitation and mortality on the economy in afflicted countries are considerable. We give a brief introduction to the modeling of epidemics; more thorough de- scriptions may be found in such references as [Anderson & May (1991), Diekmann & Heesterbeek (2000)]. This chapter will describe models for epidemics, and the next chapter will deal with models for endemic situations, but we begin with some general ideas about disease transmission. The idea of invisible living creatures as agents of disease goes back at least to the writings of Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC). It developed as a theory in the sixteenth century. The existence of microorganisms was demonstrated by van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) with the aid of the first microscopes. -
A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Robert Knox, the Anatomist
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ASketchoftheLifeandWritingsRobertKnox,Anatomist HenryLonsdale V ROBERT KNOX. t Zs 2>. CS^jC<^7s><7 A SKETCH LIFE AND WRITINGS ROBERT KNOX THE ANA TOM/ST. His Pupil and Colleague, HENRY LONSDALE. ITmtfora : MACMILLAN AND CO. 1870. / *All Rights reserve'*.] LONDON : R. CLAV, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL. TO SIR WILLIAM FERGUSSON, Bart. F.R.S., SERJEANT-SURGEON TO THE QUEEN, AND PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND. MY DEAR FERGUSSON, I have very sincere pleasure in dedicating this volume to you, the favoured pupil, the zealous colleague, and attached friend of Dr. Robert Knox. In associating your excellent name with this Biography, I do honour to the memory of our Anatomical Teacher. I also gladly avail myself of this opportunity of paying a grateful tribute to our long and cordial friendship. Heartily rejoicing in your well-merited position as one of the leading representatives of British Surgery, I am, Ever yours faithfully, HENRY LONSDALE. Rose Hill, Carlisle, September 15, 1870. PREFACE. Shortly after the decease of Dr. Robert Knox (Dec. 1862), several friends solicited me to write his Life, but I respectfully declined, on the grounds that I had no literary experience, and that there were other pupils and associates of the Anatomist senior to myself, and much more competent to undertake his biography : moreover, I was borne down at the time by a domestic sorrow so trying that the seven years since elapsing have not entirely effaced its influence. -
Medicine in 18Th and 19Th Century Britain, 1700-1900
Medicine in 18th and 19th century Britain, 1700‐1900 The breakthroughs th 1798: Edward Jenner – The development of How had society changed to make medical What was behind the 19 C breakthroughs? Changing ideas of causes breakthroughs possible? vaccinations Jenner trained by leading surgeon who taught The first major breakthrough came with Louis Pasteur’s germ theory which he published in 1861. His later students to observe carefully and carry out own Proved vaccination prevented people catching smallpox, experiments proved that bacteria (also known as microbes or germs) cause diseases. However, this did not put an end The changes described in the Renaissance were experiments instead of relying on knowledge in one of the great killer diseases. Based on observation and to all earlier ideas. Belief that bad air was to blame continued, which is not surprising given the conditions in many the result of rapid changes in society, but they did books – Jenner followed these methods. scientific experiment. However, did not understand what industrial towns. In addition, Pasteur’s theory was a very general one until scientists begun to identify the individual also build on changes and ideas from earlier caused smallpox all how vaccination worked. At first dad bacteria which cause particular diseases. So, while this was one of the two most important breakthroughs in ideas centuries. The flushing toilet important late 19th C invention wants opposition to making vaccination compulsory by law about what causes disease and illness it did not revolutionise medicine immediately. Scientists and doctors where the 1500s Renaissance – flushing system sent waste instantly down into – overtime saved many people’s lives and wiped‐out first to be convinced of this theory, but it took time for most people to understand it. -
The Life and Teaching of William Sharpey (1802-1880) 'Father of Modern Physiology' in Britain
THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF WILLIAM SHARPEY (1802-1880) 'FATHER OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY' IN BRITAIN by D. W. TAYLOR PART I I. INTRODUCTION THE TITLE-PHRASE was used by E. A. Schifer,1 one of Sharpey's latest and most distinguished pupils, who throughout his life acknowledged his debt to his old teacher and who eventually added the name of Sharpey to his own.2 Such a phrase may be historically suspect but it represents an opinion subscribed to by many others, not only his pupils and colleagues. Burdon Sanderson, who succeeded him, wrote: 'If I, or any of the men I have mentioned, were asked to what circumstances the un- questionable productiveness of the University College School in scientific men is due, all would I think unhesitatingly attribute it to the influence of one man, Dr. Sharpey.'3 Much later, A. V. Hill said of him: 'by Sharpey's example, other medical schools were encouraged to start proper laboratories and adequate instruction in Physiology . to his fine judgement of men and to his power of inspiring them to original work, the present high position of British Physiology is due . .'.4 The British Medical Journal in its obituary notice, stated that 'for years he was the greatest teacher of anatomy and physiology in the country, occupying a position here equal to that held by Johannes Miiller in Germany.'" In his History of the Physiological Society, Schiifer (by then, Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer) wrote that during a period when other experimental sciences were rapidly progressing, Physiology in this country could show no names worthy to be mentioned with those of Magendie, Bernard, MUller, Helmholtz or Ludwig... -
Some Edinburgh Medical Men at the Time of the Resurrectionists *
SOME EDINBURGH MEDICAL MEN AT THE TIME OF THE RESURRECTIONISTS * By H. P. TAIT, M.D., F.R.C.P.Ed., D.P.H. Senior Assistant Maternity and Child Welfare Medical Officer, Edinburgh Some time ago I was asked to give a paper to this combined meeting on some historical subject connected with the Edinburgh Medical s School. Since you are to be guests at a performance of Bridie " " The Anatomist tomorrow evening, it was suggested to me that I might speak of some of the medical men of Edinburgh at the time of the Resurrectionists. I hope that what I have to tell you tonight of may be of some interest and may enable you to obtain some sort " background for a more complete enjoyment of the play. The " of Anatomist centres round the figure of Dr Robert Knox, one he our leading anatomists in the twenties of the last century, and it was who gained an unwelcome notoriety by reason of his close association with Burke and Hare, the Edinburgh West Port murderers. Before proceeding to discuss some of the leaders of Edinburgh medi- cine at the time of Knox and the Resurrectionists, may I be permitted to give a brief outline of the Resurrectionist movement in this country- Prior to 1832, when the Anatomy Act was passed and the supply of anatomical material for dissection was regularised, there existed no legal means for the practical study of anatomy in Britain, save for the scanty and irregular material that was supplied by the gallows. Yet the law demanded that the surgeon possess a high degree of skill in his calling ! How, then, was he to obtain this skill without regular dissection ? The answer is that he obtained his material by illegal means, viz., rifling the graves of the newly-buried. -
Medicine in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain, C.1700-C.1900
Year 10 History Knowledge Organiser – Key topic 3: Medicine in eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain, c.1700-c.1900 2. Key dates 1. Key terms 1 1796 Edward Jenner tested his vaccine on James Phipps. He infected him with cowpox, and this 1 Microbes A living organism which is too small to see prevented him catching smallpox. without a microscope, this includes 2 1842 Edwin Chadwick published his ‘Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Classes’. bacteria. 1847 James Simpson discovered that chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic. 2 The A movement of European intellectuals that 3 Enlightenment emphasised reason rather than tradition. 4 1848 First Public Health Act – set up Boards of Health but was not compulsory. 3 Decaying Matter Material, such as vegetables or animals, that has died and is rotting. 5 1854 John Snow mapped the spread of disease around the Broad Street pump to prove that cholera was caused by dirty water. 4 Bacteriology The study of bacteria. 6 1858 The Great Stink near the Houses of Parliament prompted action on sewage. 5 Tuberculosis A disease which affects the lungs causing serious difficulties in breathing. 7 1861 Louis Pasteur published the Germ Theory 6 Cholera A waterborne disease which killed many 1865 Joseph Lister used carbolic acid for the first time. He wrapped up a leg after an operation in th 8 people in the 19 century by causing the acid-soaked bandages and the wound healed cleanly. body to become dehydrated. 9 1875 Second Public Health Act, made government intervention in public health compulsory. -
SURGICAL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT of SURGERY | UNIVERSITY of SASKATCHEWAN Spring/Summer 2018 Journal of the SURGICAL HUMANITIES
Journal of the SURGICAL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY | UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Spring/Summer 2018 Journal of the SURGICAL HUMANITIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Francis Christian CONTENTS EDITORIAL BOARD Francis Christian Ivar Mendez Taras Mycyk Justine Pearl Ronald Nguyen Haisen Marlessa Wesolowski David Swann GRAPHIC DESIGN, COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETING Department of Surgery University of Saskatchewan COVER PAGE Portrait of Wilder Graves Penfield Iris Hauser We thank the artist Iris Hauser for the image of the original piece of art and the description of the painting. CONTACT US Journal of the Surgical Humanities c/o Surgical Humanities Program Department of Surgery University of Saskatchewan Health Sciences Building 107 Wiggins Road, 4th floor, Suite B419 Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5 TEL: 306.966.7323 http://medicine.usask.ca/department/clinical/sur- gery-pages/surgicalhumanities.php 2 | JOURNAL OF THE SURGICAL HUMANITIES 04 EDITORIAL Francis Christian 06 WILDER PENFIELD OF MONTREAL: BRAIN CARTOGRAPHER Jose Francisco Tellez Zenteno and Lady Diana Ladino 09 COVER ART: PORTRAIT OF WILDER GRAVES PENFIELD Iris Hauser 10 SIR, I REQUEST THE HONOUR OF... JOSEPH LISTER & EDINBURGH Steven Kerr 26 OSLERIUM Francis Christian 29 CHAUVINISM IN MEDICINE PART 2 Sir William Osler 32 THE HAND TIE Ronald Nguyen Haisen 38 STR8-UP FROM DESPAIR TO HOPE MOVEMENT HELPING GANG MEMBERS Fr. Andre Pollievre 44 ZHIVAGO: DOCTOR IN LITERATURE Excerpts from memoirs of R. M. Kirk Chapter 7 Portrait of Wilder Graves Penfield 50 SUBMISSION GUIDELINES by Iris Hauser (Detail) JOURNAL OF THE SURGICAL HUMANITIES | 3 EDITORIAL Francis Christian, FRCSEd, FRCSC Department of Surgery University of Saskatchewan n Aldous Huxley’s original the pervasive use of search the simple rubric of enduring sci-fi novel, “Brave engine generated patterns of value through the ages, how New World,”(1931) the algorithmic behavior by modern much of the pop culture that government makes the drug man. -
History of Biostatistics
History of biostatistics J. Rosser Matthews University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Correspondence to: J. Rosser Matthews Professional Writing Program English Department 1220 Tawes Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA +1 (301) 405-3762 [email protected] Abstract The history of biostatistics could be viewed as an ongoing dialectic between continuity and change. Although statistical methods are used in current clinical studies, there is still ambivalence towards its application when medical practitioners treat individual patients. This article illustrates this dialectic by highlighting selected historical episodes and methodological innovations – such as debates about inoculation and blood - letting, as well as how randomisation was introduced into clinical trial design. These historical episodes are a catalyst to consider assistance of non-practitioners of medicine such as statisticians and medical writers. Methodologically, clinical trials and dialectic by discussing examples from different types of diseases.1 While basically epidemiological studies are united by a antiquity to the emergence of the clinical qualitative, the work is historically population-based focus; they privilege the trial in the mid-20th century. significant because it looked beyond the group (i.e., population) over the clinically individual to suggest a role for larger unique individual. Over time, this pop - Ancient sources: Hippocratic geographic and environmental factors. ulation-based thinking has remained writings and the bible Furthermore, it relied on naturalistic constant; however, the specific statistical Although the Hippocrates writers (active in explanations rather than invoking various techniques to measure and assess group the 5th century BCE) did not employ deities to account for illness and therefore characteristics have evolved. -
Infection Control Through the Ages
American Journal of Infection Control 40 (2012) 35-42 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Infection Control journal homepage: www.ajicjournal.org Major article Infection control through the ages Philip W. Smith MD a,*, Kristin Watkins MBA b, Angela Hewlett MD a a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE b Center for Preparedness Education, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE Key Words: To appreciate the current advances in the field of health care epidemiology, it is important to understand History the history of hospital infection control. Available historical sources were reviewed for 4 different Hospitals historical time periods: medieval, early modern, progressive, and posteWorld War II. Hospital settings Nosocomial for the time periods are described, with particular emphasis on the conditions related to hospital infections. Copyright Ó 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Approximately 1.7 million health careeassociated infections One of the few public health measures was the collection of (HAIs) occur in the United States each year.1 Hospital infection bodies of plague victims. The bodies were left in the street to be control programs are nearly universal in developed nations and have picked up by carts and placed in mass graves outside of town.3,4 significantly lowered the risk of acquiring a HAI since their inception Other infection control measures included hanging people who in the mid 20th century. As we debate the preventability of HAIs, as wandered in from an epidemic region into an uninfected area, well as the ethical and logistic aspects of patient safety, it is impor- shutting up plague victims in their homes, and burning clothing tant to recall the historical context of hospital infection control. -
Medicine Through Time
RENAISSANCE MODERN MEDICINE Antibiotics Harvey Vesalius Pare Chemotherapy Blood anatomy Ligature Circulation detailed illustrations War surgeon Diabetes DNA Veins student observation cauterisation Arteries grave robbing battlefields Gene therapy Genetics Dissection challenged Galen wound MEDICINE THROUGH Experiments septum printing press Heart transplant Observations human jaw re-birth Influenza Heart Fabric of the Human body questioning Magic bullet TIME blood re-circulated Microscope experimentation Key hole surgery heart similar to pump Penicillin Radiotherapy GREEK AND ROMAN TIMES Jenner inoculation NHS Four Humours army supernatural Smallpox opposition Bevan Galen balanced/unbalanced natural Cowpox Stem cell research Hippocrates Asclepius gymnasium Milk lady X Ray Hippocratic oath dissection hygiene Vaccine Test tube baby Observation and Recording herbs theory of the Government MRSA Diet votive opposites Observation Exercise temple sewer Aqueduct bath latrine Drain slaves sauna MEDIEVAL MEDICINE INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE SURGERY Four humours Cholera Bazelgette Blood Purging The great stink sewers Anaesthetics Theory of the opposites Germs Chadwick Antiseptics Bloodletting Bacteria report Blood transfusions Quacks Government recommendations Hygiene Barber surgeons Laissez faire acts Scrubs Leeches Factories tax Sterilisation Plague Overcrowding local councils Operating theatre Black death Pollution Medical officers Inhalation Superstitious Cess pits Bacteria Religion Toilets Carbolic acid punishment Water pumps Infection The church Death rates Pain Disease Miasma Blood loss Galen & Hippocrates Poor living conditions Ether Hotel De Dieu Sewerage Laughing gas Almshouses Slums Chloroform Leper houses Epidemic Joseph Lister Monasteries Typhoid James Simpson Hospitals Tuberculous Nuns Rubbish Urine chart population Herbal remedies Prayer miasma .