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Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany
Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany Maja Adena, Ruben Enikolopov, Maria Petrova, Veronica Santarosa, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya* May 10, 2014 How far can the media protect or undermine democratic institutions in unconsolidated democracies, and how persuasive can they be in ensuring public support for dictator’s policies? We study this question in the context of Germany between 1929 and 1939. Radio slowed down the growth of political support for the Nazis, when Weimar government introduced pro-government political news in 1929, denying access to the radio for the Nazis up till January 1933. This effect was reversed in 5 weeks after the transfer of control over the radio to the Nazis following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor. After full consolidation of power, radio propaganda helped the Nazis to enroll new party members and encouraged denunciations of Jews and other open expressions of anti-Semitism. The effect of Nazi radio propaganda varied depending on the listeners’ predispositions toward the message. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high and had a negative effect on the support for Nazi messages in places with historically low anti-Semitism. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! * Maja Adena is from Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Ruben Enikolopov is from Barcelona Institute for Political Economy and Governance, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona GSE, and the New Economic School, Moscow. Maria Petrova is from Barcelona Institute for Political Economy and Governance, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona GSE, and the New Economic School. Veronica Santarosa is from the Law School of the University of Michigan. Ekaterina Zhuravskaya is from Paris School of Economics (EHESS) and the New Economic School. -
Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party Gregori Galofré-Vilà, Christopher M
Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi party Gregori Galofré-Vilà, Christopher M. Meissner, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler NBER Working Paper No. 24106 December 2017, Revised in September 2020 JEL No. E6,N1,N14,N44 ABSTRACT We study the link between fiscal austerity and Nazi electoral success. Voting data from a thousand districts and a hundred cities for four elections between 1930 and 1933 shows that areas more affected by austerity (spending cuts and tax increases) had relatively higher vote shares for the Nazi party. We also find that the localities with relatively high austerity experienced relatively high suffering (measured by mortality rates) and these areas’ electorates were more likely to vote for the Nazi party. Our findings are robust to a range of specifications including an instrumental variable strategy and a border-pair policy discontinuity design. Gregori Galofré-Vilà Martin McKee Department of Sociology Department of Health Services Research University of Oxford and Policy Manor Road Building London School of Hygiene Oxford OX1 3UQ & Tropical Medicine United Kingdom 15-17 Tavistock Place [email protected] London WC1H 9SH United Kingdom Christopher M. Meissner [email protected] Department of Economics University of California, Davis David Stuckler One Shields Avenue Università Bocconi Davis, CA 95616 Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on and NBER Social Dynamics and Public Policy (Dondena) [email protected] Milan, Italy [email protected] Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi party Gregori Galofr´e-Vil`a Christopher M. Meissner Martin McKee David Stuckler Abstract: We study the link between fiscal austerity and Nazi electoral success. -
For the Public Good
MAINE LAW: For the public good With its wealth of public service externship opportunities and the longstanding tradition of its alumni working in state government, Maine Law plays a vital role in preparing tomorrow’s leaders. Alumni in Maine State Government* Governor Janet Mills ’76 Maine House of Representatives Donna Bailey ’86 Anne Carney ’90 Andrew McLean ’20 Victoria Morales ’05 Stephen Moriarty ’78 Ralph Tucker ’74 Maine State Senate Michael Carpenter ’83 Everett (Brownie) Carson ’77 Mark Lawrence ’90 Heather Sanborn ’07 Governor’s Office Elise Baldacci ’12, Legislative Director Derek Langhauser ’87, Chief Legal Counsel Gerald Reid ’94, Department of Environmental Protection John Rohde ’92, Workers’ Compensation Board Bruce Van Note ’86, Department of Transportation Office of the Treasurer Henry Beck ’14 *As of January 1, 2020. MAINE LAW: For the public good Innovative externships prepare students for public service Maine Law offers externships that give students opportunities for valuable hands-on experience. These externships can be an important step in establishing a career in public service. Recent Public Service-Related Externships: > City of Portland Corporation Counsel > The District Attorney’s Office in counties throughout the state > The Maine Attorney General’s Office > The U.S. Attorney’s Office > The Federal Defender’s Office > U.S. District Court (ME), U.S. > The Internal Revenue Service Bankruptcy Court, and First > Office of the Governor Circuit Court of Appeals > The Department of Homeland Security > Maine District Court, Superior > The Consumer Financial Court, and Supreme Judicial Court Protection Bureau > Maine Human Rights Commission About the program Valuable hands-on experience Experience & opportunties “The Externship Program is “Experiencing exactly what “I externed at the Maine Human an important part of students’ government and public service work Rights Commission for two experiential education at actually entails can be very helpful semesters. -
NEFMC Governor's Letters
STATE OF MAINE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR 1 STATE HousE STATJON AUGUSTA, Al NE Janet T. Mills 04333.0001 GOVERNOR March 11, 2020 Paul Doremus Acting Assistant Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East-West Highway, Room 14636 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Dear Mr. Doremus: Itis my pleasure to submit the following names for consideration for appointment to the obligatory andat-large seats on the New England Fishery Management Council (NEFMC) for the State of Maine. The Department of MarineResources (MEDMR) has been in contact with a number of organizations and individuals across the coast with knowledge and interest in marine fisheries. These organizationsinclude Associated Fisheries of Maine, the Maine Coast Fishermen's Association, the Maine Center forCoastal Fisheries, Maine Lobstermen' s Association, Downeast Lobstermen's Association, AmericanBluefin Tuna Association, The Nature Conservancy, Maine Aquaculture Association, Maine Association of Charterboat Captains, and the Portland Fish Exchange. The individuals listed below are qualifiedby residency andin accordance with the requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Conservation and Management Act. Please note that my nominations areprioritized in order based on my views of how best to represent Maine's interests on the Council, as well as the long-termstewardship of New England's fishery resources. For the obligatory seat currently held by Terry Alexander, whose third and finalterm expires 8/10/21: 1. Geoffrey Smith ("Other") 2. Kristen Brawn ("Other") 3. Gerald Cushman ("Commercial") PT-JONE: (207) 2S7-}53l (Vo1u,) TTY USERS CALL7ll FAX: (207) 287-1034 www.m;11i1e.gov 1. Geoffrey "Geoff' Smith GeoffSmith has worked in naturalresource management for over two decades. -
Amici Curiae Brief for the Governors of Texas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and South Dakota in Support of Plaintiffs-Appellants
Case: 10-56971, 04/30/2015, ID: 9520228, DktEntry: 246, Page 1 of 23 Nos. 10-56971 & 11-16255 In the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit EDWARD PERUTA; MICHELLE LAXSON; JAMES DODD; LESLIE BUNCHER, DR.; MARK CLEARY; CALIFORNIA RIFLE AND PISTOL ASSOCIATION FOUNDATION, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO; WILLIAM D. GORE, individually and in his official capacity as Sheriff, Defendants-Appellees. On Appeal from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, No. 3:09-cv-02371-IEG-BGS AMICI CURIAE BRIEF FOR THE GOVERNORS OF TEXAS, LOUISIANA, MAINE, MISSISSIPPI, OKLAHOMA, AND SOUTH DAKOTA IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS PHIL BRYANT GREG ABBOTT Governor of Mississippi Governor of Texas DENNIS DAUGAARD JAMES D. BLACKLOCK Governor of South Dakota General Counsel MARY FALLIN ANDREW S. OLDHAM Governor of Oklahoma Deputy General Counsel BOBBY JINDAL OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR Governor of Louisiana 1100 San Jacinto Blvd. Austin, Texas 78711 PAUL LEPAGE 512-463-1788 Governor of Maine [email protected] Counsel for Amici Governors Case: 10-56971, 04/30/2015, ID: 9520228, DktEntry: 246, Page 2 of 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Authorities .................................................................................. ii Identity and Interest of Amici Curiae ...................................................... 1 Argument ................................................................................................... 2 I. California is wrong on the law ........................................................ -
The Great Depression: an Overview by David C
Introduction The Great Depression: An Overview by David C. Wheelock Why should students learn about the Great Depression? Our grandparents and great-grandparents lived through these tough times, but you may think that you should focus on more recent episodes in Ameri- can life. In this essay, I hope to convince you that the Great Depression is worthy of your interest and deserves attention in economics, social studies and history courses. One reason to study the Great Depression is that it was by far the worst economic catastrophe of the 20th century and, perhaps, the worst in our nation’s history. Between 1929 and 1933, the quantity of goods and services produced in the United States fell by one-third, the unemployment rate soared to 25 percent of the labor force, the stock market lost 80 percent of its value and some 7,000 banks failed. At the store, the price of chicken fell from 38 cents a pound to 12 cents, the price of eggs dropped from 50 cents a dozen to just over 13 cents, and the price of gasoline fell from 10 cents a gallon to less than a nickel. Still, many families went hungry, and few could afford to own a car. Another reason to study the Great Depression is that the sheer magnitude of the economic collapse— and the fact that it involved every aspect of our economy and every region of our country—makes this event a great vehicle for teaching important economic concepts. You can learn about inflation and defla- tion, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and unemployment by comparing the Depression with more recent experiences. -
Nber Working Paper Series
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HIGHWAY TO HITLER Nico Voigtlaender Hans-Joachim Voth Working Paper 20150 http://www.nber.org/papers/w20150 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2014 For helpful comments, we thank Sascha Becker, Tim Besley, Leonardo Bursztyn, Davide Cantoni, Bruno Caprettini, Melissa Dell, Ruben Enikolopov, Rick Hornbeck, Gerard Padró i Miquel, Torsten Persson, Diego Puga, Giacomo Ponzetto, Jim Snyder, David Strömberg, and Noam Yuchtman. Seminar audiences at Basel University, Bonn University, CREI, King’s College London, the Juan March Institute, LSE, Warwick, Yale, Zurich, and at the Barcelona Summer Forum offered useful suggestions. We are grateful to Hans-Christian Boy, Vicky Fouka, Cathrin Mohr, Casey Petroff, Colin Spear and Inken Töwe for outstanding research assistance. Ruben Enikolopov kindly shared data on radio signal strength in Nazi Germany. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2014 by Nico Voigtlaender and Hans-Joachim Voth. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Highway to Hitler Nico Voigtlaender and Hans-Joachim Voth NBER Working Paper No. 20150 May 2014, Revised April 2016 JEL No. H54,N44,N94,P16 ABSTRACT When does infrastructure investment win “hearts and minds”? We analyze a famous case – the building of the highway network in Nazi Germany. -
June 17, 2021 Honorable Janet T. Mills Governor of Maine 100 State
15 University Drive Augusta, Maine 04330 207-623-9511 June 17, 2021 Honorable Janet T. Mills Governor of Maine 100 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333 RE: Letter of Opposition to LD 1569, Committee Amendment “A” Creating a Water Resources Commission to Study Maine’s Water Supply Dear Governor Mills: Last month, the Maine Water Utilities Association provided testimony in strong opposition to LD 1569 before the Legislature’s Joint Standing Committee on Taxation, which bill would have imposed a tax on water extraction. The Department of Economic and Community Development also opposed LD 1569. Late in May, the Committee voted out the bill on a divided basis with 5 members voting ONTP, and 8 members voting OTPA for Committee Amendment “A,” which report converts the bill into a Resolve that would form a 16-member “Commission to Study Water as a Resource in Maine” with a report-back date of March 15, 2022. The final language of this study was officially reported out of Committee two days ago, on June 15. We write today to let you know that we strongly oppose Committee Amendment “A” of LD 1569. We further note that the bill has a General Fund Fiscal Note of $20,000 to implement the study. About MWUA. The Maine Water Utilities Association is a nonprofit association based in Augusta that provides support for water works professionals throughout the State of Maine in advocating for safe drinking water through educational and technical programming as well as advocacy on the local, state, and national level. The Association was formed in 1925 and counts approximately 109 water utilities in Maine as members. -
Guide to State Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection
U.S. CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER GUide To STATe STATUes iN The NATioNAl STATUArY HAll CollecTioN CVC 19-107 Edition V Senator Mazie Hirono of Hawaii addresses a group of high school students gathered in front of the statue of King Kamehameha in the Capitol Visitor Center. TOM FONTANA U.S. CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER GUide To STATe STATUes iN The NATioNAl STATUArY HAll CollecTioN STATE PAGE STATE PAGE Alabama . 3 Montana . .28 Alaska . 4 Nebraska . .29 Arizona . .5 Nevada . 30 Arkansas . 6 New Hampshire . .31 California . .7 New Jersey . 32 Colorado . 8 New Mexico . 33 Connecticut . 9 New York . .34 Delaware . .10 North Carolina . 35 Florida . .11 North Dakota . .36 Georgia . 12 Ohio . 37 Hawaii . .13 Oklahoma . 38 Idaho . 14 Oregon . 39 Illinois . .15 Pennsylvania . 40 Indiana . 16 Rhode Island . 41 Iowa . .17 South Carolina . 42 Kansas . .18 South Dakota . .43 Kentucky . .19 Tennessee . 44 Louisiana . .20 Texas . 45 Maine . .21 Utah . 46 Maryland . .22 Vermont . .47 Massachusetts . .23 Virginia . 48 Michigan . .24 Washington . .49 Minnesota . 25 West Virginia . 50 Mississippi . 26 Wisconsin . 51 Missouri . .27 Wyoming . .52 Statue photography by Architect of the Capitol The Guide to State Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection is available as a free mobile app via the iTunes app store or Google play. 2 GUIDE TO STATE STATUES IN THE NATIONAL STATUARY HALL COLLECTION U.S. CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER AlabaMa he National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is comprised of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. The entire collection now consists of 100 statues contributed by 50 states. -
RANKED CHOICE VOTING in MAINE 1 Ranked Choice Voting in Maine Katherine J. Armstrong Author Note This Report Was Commissioned B
RANKED CHOICE VOTING IN MAINE 1 Ranked Choice Voting in Maine Katherine J. Armstrong Author Note This report was commissioned by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Menlo Park, CA. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Hewlett Foundation. RANKED CHOICE VOTING IN MAINE 2 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 6 Summary Timeline .......................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 10 The State of Maine: A Laboratory for Democracy ......................................................... 11 Early Legislative Attempts (2001-2013) ........................................................................ 12 Gathering Momentum (2008-2013) ............................................................................... 14 The League of Women Voters IRV study .................................................................. 15 LePage and the “spoiler effect” ................................................................................. -
The Enabling Act of 23 March 1933 the Political Situation in the Final Stages of the Weimar Republic Was Confusing and Unstable
HISTORICAL EXHIBITION PRESENTED BY THE GERMAN BUNDESTAG ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Enabling Act of 23 March 1933 The political situation in the final stages of the Weimar Republic was confusing and unstable. Changing cabinets and coalitions and political, social and economic crises were the order of the day. Paul von Hindenburg, President of the Reich, was resorting more and more frequently to emergency decrees and dissolved the Reichstag twice in 1932. The prevailing political conditions facilitated the transition of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) from a radical splinter group to a party of government. In the two elections to the Reichstag in 1932 and in the election of 1933, which was free only on paper, the NSDAP won the largest share of the vote by far. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich by President Hindenburg. Hitler was thus placed at the head of a cabinet comprising non-attached Conservative ministers, members of the NSDAP and representatives of the German National People’s Party (DNVP). The direction in which the political situation would develop under Hitler became clear only shortly after he took office. The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung), enacted only one day after the fire in the Reichstag building on 27 February 1933, severely curtailed fundamental rights, subjected the police largely to the control of the national government and thereby created all sorts of opportunities for the persecution and elimination of political opponents, which the police and the so- called auxiliary police forces formed by SA and SS troops exploited to the full. The next step towards the ‘Führer state’ was the abolition of parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. -
Hidden Nondefense: Partisanship in State Attorneys General Amicus Briefs and the Need for Transparency
DigitalCommons@NYLS Articles & Chapters Faculty Scholarship 2019 Hidden Nondefense: Partisanship in State Attorneys General Amicus Briefs and the Need for Transparency Lisa Grumet Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/fac_articles_chapters Part of the Jurisprudence Commons, Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, and the Legal Profession Commons HIDDEN NONDEFENSE: PARTISANSHIP IN STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL AMICUS BRIEFS AND THE NEED FOR TRANSPARENCY Lisa F. Grumet* INTRODUCTION In all fifty states, the State Attorney General (SAG)-as the state's chief legal officer-is charged with defending state laws that are challenged in court. 1 If an SAG declines to defend or challenges a state law on the ground that it is unconstitutional-an action scholars describe as "nondefense" 2- the SAG ordinarily will disclose this decision to the public.3 This Essay discusses a hidden form of nondefense that can occur when SAGs file amicus curiae briefs on behalf of their states in matters before the U.S. Supreme Court. Surprisingly, some SAGs have joined multistate amicus briefs that support invalidating other states' laws without disclosing that similar state or local laws exist in the SAGs' own jurisdictions. This Essay explores this problem through analysis of multistate amicus briefs filed in the 2017 Supreme Court term. It proposes requiring that SAGs disclose relevant laws from their state when they file amicus briefs on behalf of their state with the Supreme Court. Any SAG may file an amicus brief "on behalf of [their] State" without obtaining leave from the Court.4 Like other amicus participants, SAGs must * Visiting Associate Professor of Law, New York Law School.