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Challenges Report 2 INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR THE CHALLENGES OF PEACE OPERATIONS Strengthening UN Peace Operations Modalities and Opportunities for Regionalized Contributions Challenges Annual Forum Report 2 013 CHALLENGES FORUM PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS Argentina: Ministry of Defence Pakistan: National Defence in cooperation with Centro University in cooperation with Argentino de Entrenamiento the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Conjunto para Operaciones and Ministry of Defence de Paz Russian Federation: Center Australia: Australian for Euro-Atlantic Security of Civil–Military Centre the Moscow State Institute of International Relations under China: China Institute for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs International Strategic Studies of the Russian Federation in in cooperation with the cooperation with the Center Ministry of National Defence for Political and International Studies Egypt: Cairo Regional Center for Training on Conflict South Africa: Institute for Resolution and Peacekeeping Security Studies in Africa in cooperation with Folke Bernadotte the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sweden: Academy, Armed Forces, and the Ministry of Defence National Police Board, Swedish France: Ministry of Foreign Prison and Probation Service and European Affairs (United Switzerland: Geneva Centre for Nations and International Security Policy in cooperation Organizations Department) with the Federal Department of and Ministry of Defence Foreign Affairs and the Federal (Policy and Strategic Affairs Department of Defence, Civil Department) Protection and Sports Germany: Center for Turkey: Center for Strategic International Peace Operations Research of the Ministry of in cooperation with the Foreign Affairs in cooperation German Federal Foreign Office with the National Police Force, Armed Forces and the India: United Service University of Bilkent Institution of India United Kingdom: Foreign Japan: Ministry of Foreign and Commonwealth Office in Affairs cooperation with the Ministry of Defence and the Department Jordan: Institute of Diplomacy for International Development of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs United States: United States Army Peacekeeping and Nigeria: National Defence Stability Operations Institute College in cooperation with in cooperation with the the Nigerian Army, Ministry United States Department of of Defence and Ministry of State, Bureau of International Foreign Affairs Organizations and the United States Institute of Peace Norway: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs International Secretariat: Folke Bernadotte Academy Strengthening UN Peace Operations Modalities and Opportunities for Regionalized Contributions Challenges Annual Forum Report 2 013 Copyright © 2014 International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced, provided that no commercial use is made of it and the Challenges Forum is acknowledged ISBN: 978-91-87927-03-4 Also available at http://www.challengesforum.org Suggested citation: Challenges Forum, Strengthening UN Peace Operations: Modalities and Opportunities for Regionalized Contributions, Challenges Annual Forum Report 2013 (Stockholm, 2014) Author: Nynke Salverda, Challenges Forum Secretariat Editors: Annika Hilding Norberg, Anna Wiktorsson, Fabian Vidoletti and Ana Talamoni Lay-out and technical production: Anders Jonason Printed in Sweden 2014 by Taberg Media Group AB, Laholm Second printing Contents Contents Preface v Abbreviations vii Executive Summary ix 1. Introduction 1 2. Experiences of Regionalized Contributions 5 3. Enhancing Operational Readiness of Regionalized Contributions 13 Mission Readiness Rapid Deployment Interoperability and Common Doctrine Pooling Capacities Joint Pre-Deployment Training 4. Towards a Harmonization of Policies, Principles and Guidelines? 25 Protection of Civilians Gender Issues Combating Transnational Organized Crime A Strategic Guidance Framework for International Police Peacekeeping Policy Gaps 5. Conclusions 35 Appendix 1: Programme 39 Appendix 2: Participants 43 iii Preface Preface The purpose of the International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations (the Challenges Forum) is to enhance the effectiveness of multidimensional peace operations by contributing to the global dialogue on how to improve their preparation, implementation and evaluation. As peace operations have evolved and experienced significant growth, so has the Challenges Forum which today has Partners from 19 countries and 44 organizations representing all the regions of the world. Major troop- and police-contributing countries are involved, as are the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The Partnership involves leading civilian, military and police practitioners, diplomats and researchers, governmental representatives and think tank expertise. In 2013 the Annual Forum was hosted by the Ministry of Defence of Argentina in cooperation with the Armed Forces Joint Staff and the Argentine Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre (CAECOPAZ). The Forum’s deliberations focused on how best regionalized contributions might strengthen UN Peace Operations. Participants addressed a number of challenges and developments in a series of panel sessions and working groups. The focus of the deliberations were the challenges and possible solutions related to regionalized contributions, enhancing their operational readiness, harmonizing policies, principles and guidelines and doctrine development requirements. As part of the forum, the ongoing development of a Strategic Guidance Framework on International Police Peacekeeping was also explored. The objective of the Forum was to draw on the experiences of regionalized contributions in relation to thematic issues, identify best practices and be of relevance to the broader civil, military and police peace operations community. Argentina hosted its first Challenges Seminar in 2001, in the wake of the Brahimi Report, on the theme of ‘How to Determine Success in and of a Peacekeeping Operation and Training and Education’. Argentina has since sustained its contribution to both UN peacekeeping and the Challenges v Forum endeavour. The Challenges Annual Forum 2013 and this report are further results of Argentina’s ongoing commitment to ensuring the optimal effectiveness and lasting impact of UN peacekeeping. We would like to express our appreciation to all those involved in the hosting of the Forum, and to the chairs, speakers and participants. We wish to thank the authors of the background studies: Dr Anabella Busso, Professor William Flavin, Dr Michael Kelly and Brig Gen Rizwan Rafi, and to the original author of this report, Nynke Salverda. We hope the report will illuminate some of the challenges facing modern peacekeepers and inspire us all to move ahead with work on their resolution. Annika Hilding Norberg Lic. Fabián Vidoletti Director Director of Cooperation for Peacekeeping Challenges Forum Ministry of Defence of Argentina Abbreviations Abbreviations AMISOM African Union Mission in OHCHR Office of the High Somalia Commissioner on Human Rights ALCOPAZ Latin American Association of Peacekeeping Training OPCW Organization for the Centres Prohibition of Chemical Weapons AU African Union QRF Quick Reaction Force CAECOPAZ Centro Argentino de Entrenamiento Conjunto para RPS Remotely Piloted Systems Operaciones de Paz SHIRBRIG Multinational Stand-by Force DDR Disarmament, High Readiness Brigade for Demobilization, Reintegration UN operations DFS Department of Field Support UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq DPA Department of Political Affairs UNAMID African Union/UN Hybrid DPKO Department of Peacekeeping operation in Darfur Operations UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping DRC Democratic Republic of the Force in Cyprus Congo UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force IAPTC International Association for in Lebanon Peacekeeping Training Centres UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea JSB Joint Stability Brigade UNMIL United Nations Mission in MINURCAT United nations Mission in the Liberia Central African Republic and Chad UNMIS United Nations Missions in Sudan MINUSMA Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire MOLO Military Observers and Liaison Officers UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor MONUSCO United Nations Organizations Stabilization Mission in the DR WACI West Africa Coast Initiative Congo MoU Memorandum of Understanding vii Executive SummaryExecutive Executive Summary The changing nature of conflicts around the world shaped the background for the Challenges Forum 2013, hosted in Buenos Aires by the Argentine Ministry of Defence in cooperation with the Armed Forces Joint Staff and the Argentine Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre (CAECOPAZ). The character of conflicts is changing and this has had a number of important consequences for United Nations peacekeeping operations. Two of the main implications are a surge in the number of peacekeepers deployed worldwide and an increase in the proportion of peacekeepers who are deployed to missions with a mandate to protect civilians. Adequate training and resources are required for these peacekeepers to be able to fulfill their mandates. In addition, for the mission to be a success, logistical problems must be overcome. These two requirements pose an important challenge to the success of UN peacekeeping operations. Regional collaborations between member states, and collaboration between the UN and regional organizations are two ways to address these challenges.
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