news and notes

New president at South Dakota Tech significant R&D programs. It replaces the Federal Council Richard A. Schleusener has been for Science and Technology which was established by Execu- named president of the South Dakota tive Order in 1959. School of Mines and Technology by National Science Board election the State Board of Regents, effective 1 Members of the National Science Board, governing body of March 1976. For the previous nine the National Science Foundation, have reelected Dr. Norman months Dr. Schleusener had served as Hackerman and Dr. Russell D. O'Neal as Chairman and acting president of the school follow- Vice Chairman of the Board, respectively. The election, ing the July 1975 resignation of Dr. which occurs every two years, was held on 21 May at the Harvey R. Fraser. Before his acting ap- 26th Annual Meeting of the Board. Dr. Hackerman is Presi- pointment he served one year as vice dent of Rice University and Dr. O'Neal is Chairman and president and dean of engineering, and Chief Executive Officer of KMS Industries, Inc., in Ann from 1969 to 1974 he was director of the school's Institute Arbor, Mich. of Atmospheric Sciences. His other administrative experience includes three years as A century of weather observations at Beatrice, Ontario executive officer of the civil engineering section at Colorado An important milestone in the history of weather observing State University as well as six years on their faculty and a in Canada occurred in February 1976. Members of the Hol- year at Kansas State University. Dr. Schleusener holds the lingworth family of Beatrice, Ontario, have now been the B.S. from the University of Nebraska, the M.S. from Kansas official weather observers for a full century at the same site State University, and the Ph.D. from Colorado State Uni- —a unique achievement in Canada and perhaps in the versity. He is a member of the American Meteorological world. Celebrations to mark this important event were held Society. in the auditorium of the Headquarters of the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) on 30 March 1976. The event Office of Science and Technology Policy established brought together 250 people to honor the current observers The National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, at Beatrice, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Hollingworth. Present were and Priorities Act of 1976 was signed into law by President Mr. J. R. H. Noble, Assistant Deputy Minister of the AES; Ford on 11 May 1976. The principal purpose of the bill is to D. S. Ross, Acting Ontario Regional Director of AES, who create in the Executive Office of the President an Office of chaired the ceremony, and Dr. P. D. McTaggart-Cowan, a Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). The functions of the neighbor, friend and fellow-apiarist of the Hollingworths and office include: preparation of an annually updated five-year outlook that highlights current and emerging problems which have been identified through the results of scientific research, and opportunities for the use of science and tech- nology to contribute to the achievement of federal objectives and national goals; assistance to the Office of Management and Budget in reviewing funding proposed by federal agencies for research and development; and assistance to the President in preparing an annual science and technology report. The office is to be headed by a director who is subject to confirmation by the Senate. The primary function of the director is to provide advice on the scientific, engineering, and technological aspects of issues that require attention at the highest levels of government. The director is named as a member of the Domestic Council and an adviser to the National Security Council, and is also called upon to estab- lish an intergovernmental science, engineering, and technol- ogy advisory panel to identify and define problems at the state, regional, and local levels that science and technology may assist in resolving. The Act calls upon the President to establish a Committee consisting of the director of OSTP and 8-14 other members Mr. J. R. H. Noble (left), Assistant Deputy Minister of to undertake a two-year study of the overall context of the Atmospheric Environment Service, presents Mr. and Mrs. federal science and technology effort. Albert Hollingworth of Beatrice, Ontario, with a letter from The Act also established the Federal Coordinating Coun- Jean Marchand, Minister of Environment, Canada, and a cil for Science, Engineering, and Technology, an interagency silver tray in appreciation of the 100 years of observations by group consisting of representatives of federal agencies with the Hollingworth family at the same site. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 827

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 12:57 AM UTC 828 Vol. 57, No. 7, July 1976 a former Director of the Meteorological Branch (now AES). The increased rainfall detected by FACE scientists in 1975 The Beatrice story dates back to February 1876, when John applies to what they call the "floating target." Williams Hollingworth began to record weather observations for the explains: "You want to find the increase in precipitation Meteorological Office. Three times each day for 42 years he caused by seeding over the entire target area, but in convec- recorded the temperature and precipitation, as well as tive storm regimes it is difficult to have full treatment of noting the speed and direction of the wind. John Henry all clouds at the moment they become ready for effective Hollingworth inherited his father's farm in 1918 and with it seeding. If you treat three in the target area, you can evaluate went the weather duties. Between 1918 and 1941 he kept a what the precipitation effect is from those three clouds. But daily record of the weather, and in 1941 his son, Albert, the next day, the seedable clouds are in a different location assumed those duties along with the family farm. Today, the in the target area, and you select some of those for treatment. path from the farmhouse to the instrument area shows the These clusters of seedable clouds are what we call the wear of more than 73 000 visits. floating target." During the ceremony, Mr. Noble recalled the activities of The FACE 76 target area, as in previous years, is a the Meteorological Office back in 1876 (it was then only a few rectangle covering about 13 000 km2 south of Lake Okee- years old), when the observational program at Beatrice began. chobee. A network of surface instruments measures weather During that year the first storm warnings were issued, and conditions and rainfall at the surface, and a mobile camera for the first time, probabilities were relayed by telegraph to unit used in the target area under the seeding aircraft various newspapers in Ontario and Quebec, and the observing photographs the growth of target clouds penetrated by the network consisted of less than one-tenth the number of planes. Low-level aerosols are sampled at a station near stations in operation today. Mr. Noble then read a letter Immokake. The digitized weather surveillance radar at from Jean Marchand, Minister of the Environment, Canada, NOAA's National Hurricane Center in Miami probes clouds who lauded Mr. and Mrs. Albert Hollingworth and their over the target area, providing data to help FACE scientists relatives for the "quality and continuity of records at Bea- select clouds for seeding and estimate floating-target and trice so important especially in these days when questions are total-target rainfall. being raised about changes in climate." Surface stations will also measure atmospheric electrical Mr. M. K. Thomas, Director-General of the Central Ser- impulses as part of a sferics study, fielded this year for the vices Directorate of AES, presented the honored guests with first time, that is aimed at determining whether cloud seed- the first copies of an 18-page commemorative booklet entitled, ing and lightning production are related. "A Century of Weather Observations at Beatrice, Ontario, William L. Woodley, leader of NHEML's cumulus group 1876-1975." The booklet tells of the beginnings of the and FACE, noted a shift in emphasis in this year's project Beatrice station and of the meticulous work of three genera- —"We'll still be seeding a floating target, but it will be tions of Hollingworths recording the weather in the Muskoka much larger, as we try to expand the floating target." This countryside of Ontario. It also points out the value of this shift in emphasis is a natural evolutionary change in a type of weather information in that long-established records, field program that is now in its fifth full year, Woodley such as those from Beatrice, provide an important link be- believes. "In the late 1960s, we confirmed that dynamic seed- tween the records of recent years and those of the past ing could increase rainfall production in individual cumulus century. Research in the problems of both long-range weather clouds. In 1970, 1971, and 1973, we observed that seeding forecasting and secular fluctuations of climate makes use of also seemed to promote the mergers of individual clouds. such records. Last year we identified rainfall increases caused by dy- namic seeding in the floating target. This year we hope to FACE 76 resolve our last major uncertainty." This year, three seeding aircraft will be used, instead of This year's Florida Area Cumulus Experiment, called FACE the one or two usually available to FACE. In addition 76, was scheduled to begin on 2 June if weather conditions to silver iodide flares, two of the aircraft have ice particle were favorable. Conducted by the National Oceanic and counters and sensors for liquid water. One of the two instru- Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane and Ex- mented airplanes also carries a cloud-particle replicator from perimental Meteorology Laboratory (NHEML) in Coral the University of Nevada's Desert Research Institute. Gables, Fla., FACE 76 is the latest in a series of five summer FACE 76 continues to use randomization to ensure the projects designed to probe the dynamics of tropical cumu- project's statistical objectivity. This procedure conceals from lus clouds, and to determine whether the rain-producing effi- the airborne scientist whether his day's work, conducted as ciency of these clouds can be improved through cloud seeding. if for seeding, has in fact ejected any silver iodide into the In explaining why FACE 76 may be pivotal in answering target clouds. the question of whether cloud seeding does cause a net in- "GO" and "NO GO" days are selected on the basis of crease in rainfall over a given area, Merlin C. Williams, Pro- atmospheric conditions and the clouds' "seedability"—a gram Manager for Weather Modification in NOAA's En- computer-predicted quantity that expresses the difference vironmental Research Laboratories, said: "We believe that between the growth of a natural, unseeded cloud, and the last year, for the first time, we were able to isolate the human same cloud if seeded. On "GO" days scientists seed at alti- influence in clusters of seeded clouds. Recently completed tudes of about 6000 m (where temperatures are about statistical analyses of the 1975 data indicate that we are — 10°C), using for targets clouds that have grown naturally causing increases of rainfall of from 20 to 50% in those to 5500-7300 m. Woodley says, "We need a cloud that is going clusters of clouds we are able to seed. Our major uncertainty to rain anyway. Then, if our hypotheses are right, we can now is whether we are producing this increase in rainfall in make it rain a little more than it would have naturally." one group of clouds at the expense of natural rain-making The aircraft also seed neighboring cloud systems to foster processes in neighboring cloud systems. We expect to resolve mergers, which appear to be a key process in bringing sum- this in 1976, at least for these particular types of clouds." mer rain to southern Florida.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 12:57 AM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 829 FACE 76 will continue the search for covariants and pre- summarizing the best current knowledge of the output of dictors—phenomena that change more or less in parallel the sun," White said. "This summary, which will include with rainfall amounts, and events that can be used as a controversial issues as well as firm measurements, should basis for prediction. point the way for future research." The FACE scientists will also continue their study of The Solar Output Workshop was supported by NCAR's the fate and effects of silver iodide introduced into the High Altitude Observatory, Advanced Study Program, and environment by experimental seeding. Results obtained in Atmospheric Analysis and Prediction Division; NOAA's En- 1973 and 1975 suggest the amount of silver entering the vironmental Research Laboratories in Boulder; the National environment is quite small, perhaps a hundredth of the Aeronautics and Space Administration; and the Sacramento standard set by the U.S. Public Health Service. Peak Observatory, operated by the U.S. Air Force in FACE aircraft scientists include Woodley, Dr. Robert Sax, Sunspot, N.M. who also leads the FACE cloud physics effort, and mete- The workshop proceedings will be published by the Colo- orologist John Cunning. Dr. Joanne Simpson, former FACE rado Associated University Press under the title "The Solar director now with the University of Virginia's Department Output and Its Variation." of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Andrew Gagin, who directs the Cloud Physics Laboratory of Israel's Hebrew University SESAME planning progresses in Jerusalem, and Dr. John Hallett of the Desert Research The April issue of the NCAR Newsletter contains the sec- Institute will participate in FACE 76 as consulting scientists. ond "SESAME Bulletin," produced jointly by staff members Dr. Noel LaSeur is director of the National Hurricane and of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Experimental Meteorology Laboratory. (NOAA) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to inform the scientific community of planning Solar output workshop held in Boulder activities for the proposed Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment (SESAME). NOAA is the lead agency Forty scientists working in solar physics and related fields for SESAME. As many university scientists and their gradu- met in Boulder, Colo., recently to produce a summary ate students may be interested in participating in SESAME, of present scientific knowledge of the energy output of the the second "Bulletin" is reproduced below. sun and the possibility that this output may vary with time. SESAME is proposed to be a six-year field experiment and The three-day (26-28 April) Solar Output Workshop was numerical modeling project, with the first year of field designed to produce a reference book that will include a effort planned to begin in 1978. The experiment's pur- tabulation of all available data on the output of the sun pose is to provide a better foundation for severe storm as well as discussions of historical inferences and important forecasts by gaining greater understanding of storm behavior future issues concerning solar output. In addition to solar as a function of the environment and of the interactions physicists, the workshop included scientists who are studying between internal storm dynamics and boundary-layer and related subjects such as planetary atmospheres, stellar mesoscale processes. evolution, climatic change, and the earth's upper atmosphere. Until recently, solar physicists assumed that the total Workshops energy output of the sun did not vary significantly with time. Since the first "SESAME Bulletin" appeared in the June It was also assumed that the 11-year sunspot cycle, during 1975 NCAR Newsletter, three workshops have been held to which solar activity rises from a minimum level to a maxi- prepare draft plans for proposed SESAME subexperiments. mum and then declines again, had always prevailed. But re- The first, a boundary-layer workshop, was hosted last No- cent research on solar emissions and on historical records of vember by NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories solar activity has raised serious questions about the constancy (ERL) in Boulder, Colo. Forty scientists took part, about of the sun and has stimulated new consideration of mecha- half of them from universities and NCAR, and the re- nisms by which solar activity and output may vary. Although mainder from government laboratories. a possible relationship between solar variability and the A smaller group also met in November to discuss the earth's climate is far from certain, there are indications of investigation of interactions between gravity waves and significant climatic change during the "Little Ice Age" of severe storms. The third workshop dealt with the convective the 17th century that corresponds to a 40-year period when no storm scale and was held in March at the National Severe sunspots were observed. Other apparent correlations between Storms Laboratory in Norman, Okla. solar activity and climatic fluctuations have also been ob- In addition, John Wallace of the University of Washing- served. Thus the subject of solar output is of interest not ton has consulted with scientists at NASA and NOAA's Na- only to solar physicists but also to atmospheric scientists, tional Environmental Satellite Service to evaluate the prob- particularly those who are working on problems of climatic able usefulness of satellite data for SESAME and for meso- change. scale meteorology in general. Boulder has been a center of solar research for many years, with work in this field going on at a number of institutions, SESAME project plan including the University of Colorado, the National Oceanic Wallace and the three workshop groups will contribute re- and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National ports for inclusion in a project development plan for Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). SESAME. The plan, which will replace the preliminary draft According to the editor of the Solar Output Workshop plan issued by NOAA in 1974, should be ready for distribu- proceedings, Dr. Oran R. White of NCAR's High Altitude Ob- tion by midsummer. A significant role in SESAME research servatory (HAO), the workshop was designed to bring spe- is foreseen for university scientists, and NCAR scientists and cialists from many parts of the country together for a facility groups also expect to participate. broad discussion of problems of solar variability. "This col- Overseeing the scientific planning activities are Douglas lective expertise in solar and climate research should make Lilly of NCAR (who is also a consultant to NOAA) and a substantial contribution to the scientific community by Stanley Barnes and Joseph Golden, both of ERL. Lilly notes

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 12:57 AM UTC 830 Vol. 57, No. 7, July 1976 that as planning gains momentum, the experiment is at- analysis of existing data on the high Great Plains boundary tracting interest from many sectors of the atmospheric sci- layer west of the dry line; local studies of the structure of ence community; so far, about 200 scientists have been in- the growing mixed layer; investigation of the climatology of volved in various aspects of planning for SESAME. In low-level divergence over the Great Plains; and numerical addition, the planning group has benefited from suggestions modeling of mesoscale inhomogeneous boundary layers. made by panels on short-range forecasting and severe storms —Severe storm statistics and climatology. Available radar of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Atmo- data would be suitable for statistical evaluations of the spheric Science. practical importance of severe storm classifications. For example, the relative contributions of different storm types Field schedule (e.g., quasi-steady-state supercells, multicells, and squall lines) The new SESAME draft plan will propose a pilot experi- to annual rainfall, tornadoes, and damaging hail should be ment and systems test in 1978 and a regional-scale experi- determined. The planners hope that many useful studies in ment in 1979, to be followed by full-scale field experiments this area could be carried out by graduate students. in the early 1980s. —Satellite observation studies. SESAME will profit from a The 1978 pilot experiment will measure the fields of knowledge of the response of developing convective storms mass and moisture convergence throughout a mesoscale area to radiative or dynamic forcing from pre-existing cloud en- of approximately 1000 km2. Dense instrumentation will pro- vironments. Important issues are the extent to which such vide a multiplicity of measurements in both convectively ac- responses occur reliably or are subordinate to larger scale tive and quiescent environments. Systems will probably in- forcing; what the comparative amounts of low, middle, and clude aircraft, laser anemometers, acoustic sounders, FM-CW high clouds are over the central Great Plains on mornings radar, pulsed Doppler radar for tracking chaff, microwave before severe storms; and what relationships exist among sounders, tethered-balloon sounders, an automated ground cloud types and groupings, various meteorological variables, mesoscale network, and two sounding systems of a new and land topography. design. —Experimental design. Techniques must be derived for The boundary-layer workshop has suggested an addi- deployment of the balloon-sonde network to meet the needs tional subexperiment to study diurnal variations in the of regional-scale modelers for model initialization and veri- depth of the planetary boundary layer in the southern plains fication and definition of the three-dimensional mesoscale and the effects of perturbations caused by small mountains, environment around the storm-scale network. Formal design such as those in southwestern Oklahoma. Balloons and air- methods can also help to specify the optimal placement craft would be the chief observational tools. of surface net stations, multiple Doppler radars, and other The regional-scale experiment is planned for the spring measurements systems. of 1979. About 20 of the balloon-borne sounding systems that —Instrumentation development and testing. Topics of use Doppler techniques for balloon tracking (see p. 796) special interest at the moment are operational problems and will be distributed over a large area in the Midwest, ef- safety limits for tethered balloons and for remote piloted fectively doubling the areal resolution of the U.S. upper air vehicles (small drone aircraft), both considered potentially sounding net. The sonde systems will be activated during valuable tools for boundary-layer observations during periods when major outbreaks of severe storms are pre- SESAME. dicted, and the data will be used for testing regional-scale —Numerical model development and testing. Numerical experimental prediction models under development at several modeling is at the core of SESAME as a theoretical method universities, in NOAA's weather research and operational and a potential forecast tool. According to the modeling branches, and at NCAR. group of the boundary-layer workshop, many types of model- The field periods in the early 1980s will be multiscale ex- ing experiments are needed before the major field experi- periments designed along the lines specified in the original ments, to define required data densities and accuracies for draft project development plan. Information derived from model initialization. Some of those needed are observational the 1978 experiment will be used to optimize the mesoscale simulation experiments, determination of model sensitivity surface and sounding nets. to various parameters in the models, tests of various initiali- Details of the experiments and subexperiments will ap- zation schemes (together with research to determine how pear in the new project development plan, and more de- to use non-conventional satellite and aircraft data), and tailed scheduling and plans will be announced as they techniques for using mesoscale models during field experi- become available. ments to help predict the location and timing of storm development. Individual contributions encouraged University scientists and their graduate students may The National Science Foundation has followed the progress contact Lilly or Barnes for further information about these of SESAME planning and has expressed strong interest in topics or to discuss other aspects of SESAME plans and the experiment's goals. In a January letter to NSF, Lilly goals. Both can be reached at NOAA/ERL, Boulder, Colo. outlined a number of areas of research suitable for individ- 80302. Lilly's NOAA telephone number is 303/499-1000, ext. ual contributions to SESAME planning and experimental 6449 (FTS 323-6449), and his NCAR number is 303/494-5151, design; more topics should emerge in coming months as ext. 491. Barnes' telephone number is 303/499-1000, ext. 6234 planning continues. Lilly said that several scientists have (FTS 323-6234). already expressed interest in pursuing some of the subjects Inquiries to the National Science Foundation concerning listed in the first "SESAME Bulletin." The latest list grant applications for SESAME-related research may be includes: made to Dr. H. Frank Eden, Program Director, Meteorology —Boundary-layer physics and climatology. Topics recom- Program, Atmospheric Research Section, National Science mended by the boundary-layer workshop for analysis before Foundation, 1800 C Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20550. the full-scale SESAME observational program are tests of Eden's telephone number (FTS and commercial) is 202/632- microbarograph networks for monitoring gravity waves; 4190.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 12:57 AM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 831 NOAA assists Operation Sail oxide levels in urban areas in California, New Jersey, New York, and Washington. Oxidant levels have decreased 50% A fleet of more than 200 "tall ships" from a variety of in San Francisco and 20% in Los Angeles since 1970. How- nations cruising U.S. waters in June and July to honor ever, recent studies have found oxidant levels as much as the bicentennial are receiving special support from the Na- twice the national standard in rural areas. The report also tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). indicates that only a few areas of the country are violating Four of NOAA's components—the National Environmental the nitrogen dioxide (NOs) standard although the total out- Satellite Service, the National Weather Service, the En- put of this pollutant, from auto exhausts and certain indus- vironmental Research Laboratories, and the National Ocean tries, is increasing. Survey—are providing the square riggers, schooners, barques, All 55 states and territories have submitted plans for and other ships with satellite-assisted weather forecasts, Gulf carrying out the Clean Air Act of 1970, which requires Stream information, nautical charts, and tide and currents state implementation plans (SIPs). The attainment date un- information. der the Act for primary ambient air quality standards in During the Bermuda to Newport race, which was held most states was 31 May 1975. Where the standards were not prior to the scheduled parade up New York harbor on met, analysis is now underway to determine the adequacy Independence Day, NOAA's forecast office in Miami, Wash- of the SIPs. In continued high pollution areas the Agency ington, D.C., and Garden City, N.Y., provided meteorological will concentrate on control of emissions from existing sources. forecast assistance to the sailing vessels. NOAA is continuing The report also states that new source performance standards to provide environmental forecasts by radio during the en- (NSPS) for electric arc furnaces and five phosphate fertilizer tire time the fleet is in U.S. waters. processes were finalized in 1975. Regarding hazardous air In a seminar conducted in Bermuda for skippers in the pollutants, proposed regulations were issued for vinyl Bermuda to Newport race, Dr. John Apel, Director of chloride. EPA also revised standards for asbestos and NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, mercury, modifying the scope of the regulations and amend- Wash., discussed the Gulf Stream meanders and eddies, and ing the test methods. how to use or avoid them. In addition, two National Weather Service meteorologists were aboard the Coast Guard Copies of the report may be obtained from the Informa- cutter, Morganthau, which accompanied the ships during the tion Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, race, reporting weather observations every three hours. The D.C# . #20460 # . satellite Field Service Station in Washington monitored areas through which the ships sailed using imagery from NOAA's The U.S. and France have announced joint programs to GOES-1 and NOAA-4 satellites. Meteorological observations develop methods of protecting the ocean and its resources, were also taken from the vessel Bay State of the Massachu- and to understand its processes. Dr. Robert M. White, Ad- setts Maritime Academy, the State of Maine of the Maine ministrator of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Maritime Academy, and from the Sea Education Association Administration (NOAA), and M. Yves La Prairie, President research vessel, Westward. and Director-General of France's National Center for the After leaving Newport on 1 July, the ships that partici- Exploitation of the Oceans, outlined the plans. pated in the earlier race were to be joined on their way to New areas in which the U.S. and France will cooperate the New York harbor parade by an anticipated 200 barques, are: a joint U.S.-French man-in-the-sea experiment, the pur- brigantines, schooners, yawls, ketches and sloops, 60 naval pose of which will be to investigate new instrumentation vessels from a score of nations, and in excess of 5000 private techniques, ocean processes, and marine organisms on the boats. Weather Service offices in Boston, New York, Washing- sea floor; an exchange of information on the effects of ton, Philadelphia, Providence, Hartford, Chatham, Bridge- thermal effluents emitted from major water-sited facilities; port, and Atlantic City are maintaining continuous sur- and acquainting the French with the controlled ecosystem veillance of marine weather conditions during the mass pollution experiment (CEPEX), in which 10 m by 30 m "bal- cruise. loons" are being employed under the sea to help determine growth and development of natural populations of marine Ecology action notes organisms and to study the impact to pollutants upon them. Planning and experiments to study coastal processes will In its annual report to Congress, Progress in the Prevention be undertaken on the coasts and shelves of both nations and Control of Air Pollution 1975, the U.S. Environmental to distinguish between the effects of natural and man- Protection Agency (EPA) said that the nation's air quality induced changes in patterns of erosion and sedimentation, continues to improve, but much remains to be accom- such as may be caused by the construction of offshore in- plished. Highlights of the report include the following items: stallations. Better understanding of the nature of suspended year-round average levels of sulfur dioxide and particulate fine sediment transport in estuaries and on the continental matter continue to decline; of the approximately 20 000 shelf is needed to determine the effect of dredging and waste major stationary sources of pollution, 82% now comply with disposal on marine life. emission limits or are meeting compliance schedules; nearly The two governments have planned to study three major 600 enforcement actions were initiated against stationary topics of marine pollution: the prevention and control of sources (more legal actions than in the previous years com- oil spills, remote sensing of pollution in the marine environ- bined); and EPA monitored approximately 1.18 million ve- ment, and pollution prevention equipment for ships re- hicles that had been voluntarily recalled by automobile quired by international agreements. manufacturers for emission-related defects. In a joint study of instrumentation development, pro- According to the report, the best attainment record for grams will be undertaken to establish comparability in ocean the five ambient air quality standards was with sulfur data of common interest through intercomparison of tech- dioxide (S02). Based on year-round averages, there was a niques used for testing and calibrating current meters and 32% decrease in S02, with particulate matter declining by salinity-measuring instruments. The development of com- 17%. There have also been improvements in carbon mon- puterized cataloging systems for instrument manufacture

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 12:57 AM UTC 832 Vol. 57, No. 7, July 1976 and performance information will be continued. Specific ducted successfully. Information exchange on technology information will be exchanged on development work and development and program plans, particularly with drifting performance of acoustic current meters and buoy-mounted buoys, will be continued. These joint experiments have anemometers. provided scientific observations on the cyclonic circulation Joint experiments with drifting buoys have been con- of water in the Gulf of Biscay.

(Continued from announcements, page 817) defined and its oscillations are determined from spectral Field mobility of doctoral scientists and engineers (Board analysis of observational records. The salient result of the on Human-Resource Data and Analyses, Commission on study is that there seems to exist a quasi-biweekly oscillation Human Resources, National Research Council, 1975, 118 pp., in almost all of the elements of the monsoon system. n.p., paperbound, from the Commission on Human Re- Physical oceanography of estuaries (and associated coastal sources, NRC, National Academy of Sciences, see above) is a waters) (Charles B. Officer, 1976, 480 pp., $27.50, from Wiley- report, based on the 1973 Survey of Doctoral Scientists and Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Ave., New York, Engineers, that examines the employment characteristics N.Y. 10016) discusses physical oceanography of estuaries and of more than 35 000 doctoral scientists and engineers whose related bodies of water such as tidal rivers, straits, bays, and field of employment in 1973 differed from the scientific field lagoons, emphasizing mathematical theory and applications in which they received their Ph.D. of the theory to particular estuarine problems all over the Investigation of pilot self-briefing techniques, volumes I and world. The book assumes a mathematics and physics back- II, interim report (FAA-RD-75-90 I and FAA-RD-75-90 II, ground. 1975, n.p., paperbound, from National Technical Informa- Practical applications of space systems (Space Applications tion Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Board, Assembly of Engineering, National Research Council, Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 22151). 1975, 67 pp., n.p., from Space Applications Board, NRC, The Nimbus 6 data catalog, volume 1 (prepared by the Man- National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., agement and Technical Service Company, Beltsville, Md., for Washington, D.C. 20418). Supporting papers on the follow- the Landsat/Nimbus Project, 1975, n.p., paperbound, from ing topics are also available from the Board: Weather and Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Md.) docu- Climate (67 pp.), Environmental Quality (56 pp.), and ments data acquired from the Nimbus-6 meteorological satel- Marine and Maritime Uses (37 pp.). lite during the period 12 June 1975 through 31 August. Solar radiation and sunshine data for the southwestern The catalog presents the type of data available, anomalies in United States, 1966-1974 (Robert M. Handy, Solar Energy the data, if any, and geographic location and time of the Research Commission, and Robert W. Durrenberger, State data. Corrections to the Nimbus-6 User's Guide are also Climatologist for Arizona, 1976, $5.00 paperbound, from included. Office of the State Climatologist at the Laboratory of Clima- tology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. 85281, or from The following NOAA technical reports are now available: the Solar Energy Research Commission, State Capitol, Phoenix, Ariz. 85007) is the first in a series of publications ATS observations of sudden increases of total electron content that will present data on solar radiation, sunshine, and cloud induced by EUV and X-ray burst of solar flares (NOAA-TR- cover for the southwestern United States. The book is ERL-347-SEL-35, PB-249 588/5GA, R. F. Donnelly and R. B. divided into sections on average daily radiation, daily values Fritz, 1975, 43 pp., $4.00 paper copy, $2.25 microfiche, from of maximum possible radiation for Phoenix, Ariz., extra- NTIS, above). terrestrial radiation, and percent of possible sunshine. Development of a portable acoustic echo sounder (NOAA- Thermodynamique de I'atmosphere (L. Dufour and J. Van TR-ERL-298-WPL-31, AD-A021 244/9GA, Edward J. Owen, Mieghem, 1976, in French, 278 pp., 800 F, hardbound, from 1974, 49 pp., $4.00 paper copy, $2.25 microfiche, from NTIS, Institut Royal Meteorologique de Belgique, Avenue Circu- above). laire, 3-1180 Bruxelles, Belgium) is concerned with phase changes of water in the atmosphere and the energy trans- Hurricane Eloise: The Gulf Coast, a report to the Adminis- formations that accompany these changes. The first part trator (NOAA-NDSR-75-1, PB-250 067/6GA, Natural Disaster of the book is devoted to theory, while the second part deals Survey Report, 1975, 41 pp., $4.00 paper copy, $2.25 micro- with applications. fiche, from NTIS, above). Tropical cyclone initiation by the tropical upper tropo- Snow water equivalent surveys of the Souris River Basin spheric trough (NAVENVPREDRSCHFAC Technical Paper (EGG-1183-1668, PB-250 633/5GA, Allen E. Fritzsche and No. 2-76, James C. Sadler, 1976, 103 pp., from NTIS, above) Eugene L. Feimster, 1975, 50 pp., $4.00 paper copy, $2.25 uses improved satellite observations and an increased quan- microfiche, from NTIS, above). tity of aircraft wind observations for case studies to modify the earlier synoptic model of tropical cyclone initiation by the tropical upper tropospheric trough. The major modi- Oscillations of a monsoon system, part I: Observational as- fication is in the vertical linkage between the upper and pects (FSU Report No. 76-4, T. N. Krishnamurti and H. N. lower cyclonic systems. Bhalme, 1976, 35 pp., n.p., paperbound, from Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. 32306) Wind shear program data management plan (FAA-RD-76-25, is a report in which the elements of a monsoon system are 1976, n.p., paperbound, from NTIS, above).

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