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1 University of Lapland Faculty of Law Postgraduate Degrees The 1 University of Lapland Faculty of Law Postgraduate degrees The postgraduate degrees in Law are Licentiate in Laws (LL.Lic.) and Doctor of Law (LL.D). According to the Decree on Law Degrees, the aim of postgraduate studies is to enable students to: 1) achieve a deep understanding of their field of research and its social significance, to acquire the skills necessary to apply scientific research methods independently and critically, and to generate new scientific knowledge; 2) achieve a sound understanding of the development of their chosen field, its basic research problems, and its research methods; and 3) gain such knowledge of the general theory of science and of other disciplines relating to their field of research that will enable them to follow the related developments. The licentiate and doctorate are separate degrees, although their requirements overlap to some extent. The degree of Doctor of Laws is intended for those pursuing the career of a researcher or a legal expert. The projected time required to complete the degree as a full time student is four years (240 credits). The aim of the Licentiate in Laws degree is to provide practicing lawyers with valuable, supplementary professional education. It is also possible to take the licentiate’s degree as an intermediate step when studying for a doctorate. In this case, it is advisable to choose a topic for the licentiate thesis that falls within the field of the doctoral thesis; otherwise completion of the doctorate might be delayed. The recommended time required to complete the licentiate’s degree is two years (120 cr.). Postgraduate studies in the Faculty of Law involve supervised work. However, the studies also require initiative and a great deal of independent work on the part of the student. During their studies, students take part in lectures and/or seminars, other course work required by the faculty or accepted as part of the degree, and write their licentiate or doctoral thesis. Regarding both degrees, postgraduate studies promote the student’s scientific thinking and ability to do research independently. An additional aim of the doctoral programme is to provide graduates with the requisite preparation to assume duties as legal experts. Each year in November the faculty arranges a general degree program seminar in Rovaniemi. Those working on a doctoral thesis may present their work in the semi- nar. The presentation should reveal the present phase of the research, its salient research problems, procedural choices, and more detailed plans to complete the research. It is recommended that after the seminar presentation and the ensuing discussion the supervisor gives a written statement to the faculty and to the student about the phase of the research. The seminar participation and the presentation 2 yield credits for the courses Legal Theory and Legal History and Scientific Activity according to the principles presented later in the course descriptions. Each doctoral student is also a member of the Graduate School of the University of Lapland. The Graduate School arranges general postgraduate education events and informs about other events that are useful in the studies. Eligibility for postgraduate studies and starting the studies Students holding an LL.M. or LL.B. awarded by the Faculty of Law at the University of Lapland are eligible to register as licentiate’s degree candidates in the faculty. When registering, students must specify their major subject for the licentiate’s degree and preferably indicate the topic of their research as well. Licentiate candidates are taken in as students of a particular subject. Before registering, students should contact the faculty member in charge of their subject and discuss the topic of their upcoming research. Students who have completed a master’s or bachelor’s degree in an institution other than the University of Lapland must apply for the right to pursue a licentiate in the faculty of Law. The admissions decision regarding those students is made by the dean of the faculty. Doctoral candidates are accepted on the basis of an application submitted to the faculty. The right to pursue a doctorate is decided on by the dean, and it may be granted to students holding a licentiate’s or Master’s degree in law. In their application for admission to the doctoral programme, students must specify their major subject and, preferably, their research topic, provide an account of their readiness to complete the doctorate (for example, a transcript of records) and present a tentative research and study plan. In their applications, students may suggest the name(s) of the potential supervisor(s). Before submitting their application, students must contact the teacher in charge of their subject. The faculty may also accept students who have completed a foreign equivalent of the LL.M. as licentiate or doctoral candidates, provided that the applicants are considered to fulfil the requirements for completing the postgraduate degree in question. Given particularly weighty reasons, the right to complete a postgraduate degree may be granted to students who have completed a master-level degree in a field other than law but who are considered to have the readiness to pursue the degree in question. Before beginning their studies, students should register as “present” at the university’s Student Services. During the postgraduate studies, students must indicate their status as present or absent annually at a time designated by the university. 3 Students holding a foreign degree Applicants seeking the right to pursue postgraduate studies based on a foreign degree are required to demonstrate that they are capable of completing the degree in question and that they have a good knowledge of Finnish, Swedish or English. Language skills are assessed using a test approved by the dean, where the applicant must achieve at least the prescribed level. The language skills may also be demonstrated in some other manner approved by the dean. No test is required if the applicant has completed his or her Master’s degree in Finnish, Swedish, or English. Under special circumstances, the dean may decide that good skills or a Master’s degree completed in a language other than these three is sufficient to fulfil the language requirement. Applicants seeking the right to complete postgraduate studies based on a foreign degree must attach to their application an officially certified copy of their diploma and all other certificates on which their application is based. If a certificate has been issued in a language other than Finnish, Swedish or English, an official translation in one of those languages must be appended to the application. Under special circumstances, the dean may accept certificates in other languages. The applicant must also attach a tentative study plan, a tentative financial plan, curriculum vitae, and a letter of reference from at least two experts on the applicant’s potential to undertake postgraduate study. An applicant seeking the right to engage in postgraduate studies based on a foreign degree may be granted that right only if he or she is considered to have the potential to complete the postgraduate studies and if a supervisor can be found who agrees to accept him or her as a student. Confirmation of a tentative study plan and the assignment of a supervisor Licentiate’s degree Upon the student’s request, the faculty will confirm the major subject for the degree and the tentative study plan and assigns a supervisor for the student. The supervisor will be a tenured or acting professor who has completed a doctorate, has academic achievements entitling him or her to a doctor’s degree, or is a docent. One or, if necessary, two supervisors may be appointed. The appointment requires a written consent from both the instructor and the student. The faculty confirms the licentiate student’s research topic and maintains a record of topics. If the student intends to complete the licentiate thesis in the form of a set of studies (articles), this must be mentioned when requesting confirmation of the research topic. If the student does not present a research topic for confirmation when the major is approved and when the supervisor is assigned, he or she must do so at the beginning of the studies. Doctor’s degree Upon the student’s request, the faculty confirms the major subject for the degree, approves the tentative research and study plan, and assigns a supervisor for the student. The faculty will assign the student a supervisor, either one that has been 4 proposed or, where no proposal has been made, a teacher of the subject stated in the student’s application. The supervisor will be a tenured or acting professor who has completed a doctorate, has academic achievements entitling him or her to a doctor’s degree, or is a docent. One or, if necessary, two supervisors may be ap- pointed. The appointment requires a written consent from both the instructor and the student. If there are two supervisors, one of them is appointed as the chief supervi- sor. The faculty confirms the doctoral student’s research topic and maintains a rec- ord of topics. If the student intends to complete the dissertation in the form of a set of studies (articles), this must be mentioned when requesting confirmation of the re- search topic. If the research topic is not confirmed when granting the study right, the topic must be presented for confirmation at the beginning of studies. The student must discuss the topic of the thesis and the study plan with the proposed supervisor or the teacher in charge of the subject before the issue is submitted to the Faculty Council for consideration. The normal auditing procedure and the postgraduate stu- dent’s self-evaluation are part of postgraduate studies.
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