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The Use and Abuse of Beta-Blockers in the Performing Arts

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australiana society s for musicm education e Playing with performance: the use incorporated and abuse of beta-blockers in the performing arts Tim Patston Geelong Grammar School & Honorary Fellow, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne Terence Loughlan Monash University Abstract This article discusses the use of beta-blockers by performing artists, the reasons why they are taken, and the potential associated risks. We argue that there are high levels of usage within sectors of the professional performing arts community and that there may be high levels of risk in using these medications, particularly without medical supervision. Previous studies have mentioned potential risks, but this article will be the first to analyse the potential negative impact of side effects from these medications upon specific aspects of instrumental playing. Key words: beta-blockers, performing artists, professional performing artists Victorian Journal of Music Education 2014:1, 3-10 Introduction risks. We argue that there are high levels of usage within sectors of the professional performing arts In the world of sport there has been much community and that there may be high levels discussion since the 1980s about the use of of risk in using these medications, particularly performance-enhancing drugs. From the Olympics without medical supervision. Previous papers in this to the Tour de France, authorities have endeavoured field (Dalrymple, 2005; Kenny, 2011; Nubé, 1991; to reduce the incidence of substances that may Packer & Packer, 2005) have mentioned potential give a performance benefit. In the performing risks, but this paper will be the first to analyse the arts there is a long history of using substances potential negative impact of side effects from these which may inhibit a real or perceived performance medications upon specific aspects of instrumental deficit. Some of the most commonly used drugs in playing. music performance are beta-blockers (Brantigan, Brantigan, & Joseph, 1982; Fishbein, Middlestadt, Ottati, Straus, & Ellis, 1988; Kenny, Driscoll, & Music Performance Anxiety Ackermann, 2012; Patston, 2010), which are used Music performance anxiety is a condition that by musicians to help reduce music performance may have a profoundly negative impact upon anxiety (MPA). This article discusses the use of performing artists (Kenny, 2011; Patston, 2014). beta-blockers by performing artists, the reasons The developmental trajectory of MPA is yet to be why they are taken, and the potential associated explored in the literature, but the components of Victorian Journal of Music Education 3 Patston and Loughlan the condition are now understood. Sufferers of These symptoms are accompanied by increased MPA develop a range of cognitive, somatic, and brainwave activity in the cortex, which changes a behavioural symptoms which inhibit both their person’s sense and perspective of time (Menzies enjoyment of performance and their capacity to & Moran, 1994; Salmon, Schrodt, & Wright, 1989). perform to the best of their ability (Cox & Kenardy, For the general population these symptoms may 1993; Craske & Craig, 1984; Lehrer, 1984; Salmon be uncomfortable, but this level of physiological 1990). In extreme cases musicians may avoid arousal does not affect their completion of tasks. performing, or give up music completely (Fehm & There is little data in the literature on the effect Schmidt, 2006; van Kemenade & van Son, 1995). of particular symptoms on differing aspects of Beta-blockers are primarily used to ameliorate the performance; for example, dry mouth in singers somatic symptoms of performance anxiety. as opposed to muscle tremor in pianists. This is an important area for future research as it would be Symptomatology of MPA expected that different symptoms would be more or less troubling depending on the instrument The somatic components of MPA are typically being played. those associated with the fight or flight response. The issue of symptomatology is particularly Symptoms may include increased heart rate, relevant when discussing the types of instrument sweating, tremor, muscle tension, dry mouth, played (Dalrymple, 2005; Kenny, 2011; Nubé, 1991; nausea, and frequent urination (see Bartel & Packer & Packer, 2005). It is probable that musicians Thompson, 1994; Hiner, Brandt, Katz, French, & Beczkiewicz, 1987: Kivimäki & Jokinen, 1994; experience MPA in a similar way, but report the Roland, 1994). There are reasons that the body symptoms that are most salient to them. For reacts with these particular symptoms. Bond example, a singer may be deeply troubled by dry Caire (1991) commented that humans are mouth but a pianist may not notice it. If there is a unable to distinguish between physiological subsequent perceived or actual level of physical or and psychological threats and respond to both technical impairment, MPA may be reinforced and with equal intensity. This view was shared by escalated. There are no extant studies which have Menzies and Moran (1994), who suggested that attempted to measure this. It would be expected in anxiety states this reactive response is usually that if a part of the body is affected by MPA–for disproportionate to the danger which is faced. example, vasoconstriction causing decreased Triplett (1983) explained that muscle tension is blood flow in the fingers–, then exponents of created in preparation for fast action; the fight an instrument requiring digital dexterity would or flight response. Blood vessels constrict, which perceive an impact upon their playing. It is logical raises blood pressure, causing the body to heat to conclude that the reporting of symptoms is up. Perspiration is then released, but because of influenced by the perceived impact of a symptom the restricted blood supply to the extremities such upon specific aspects of technique. as hands and feet, this perspiration feels cold. The cognitive manifestations, or thoughts, According to Triplett (1983), the muscles of the negatively associated with MPA also vary diaphragm are shortened, which makes breathing significantly between individuals, although there shallow. McCallion (1988) concurred with this has been little research attempting to identify when he discussed the panic reflex-action of the specific cognitive mediators which may trigger, neck muscles pulling the head down at the back maintain, or escalate MPA. Cognitions may be self- at the same time as raising the shoulders. This also oriented, such as those predicting bad performance tightens the muscles surrounding the larynx, which outcomes, catastrophising, or low self-efficacy may have an impact upon breath-based music (the inability to complete a task) (Steptoe & Fidler, activities. 4 2014, No. 1 Beta-blockers in the performing arts 1987). Thoughts may also be other-oriented, alleviated with these drugs. Several early studies involving, for example, a fear of negative evaluation studied the impact of beta-blockers, anxiolytics, (van Kemenade & van Son, 1995) or of appearing and antidepressants upon MPA; these studies are, foolish in public (Ryan, 1998). It has also been however, unlikely to be repeated due to changed suggested that perfectionism may be an important ethical standards in research. A review of these cognitive component of the MPA construct (see studies may be found in Lehrer (1987), Nubé (1991), Craske & Craig, 1984; Kenny, 2006; Kenny, Davis, and Sataloff, Rosen, and Levy (2000). There is also & Oates, 2004; Nagel et al., 1981; Patston, 2014; wide discussion on the Internet through articles Steptoe & Fidler, 1987). Performers who take and blogs debating the use and efficacy of beta- beta-blockers believe that an amelioration of the blockers by musicians (see www.ethanwiner.com/ physical symptoms may lead to a calmer mental betablox.html, www.bulletproofmusician.com, state, despite beta-blockers not being a specific musiciansway.com/blog/2010/03/musicians-and- anxiolytic. beta-blockers/ as examples, accessed February Behavioural manifestations of MPA can be 2013). grouped in a number of categories. There are There is little empirical data on the prevalence intrinsic behaviours related to the preparation and of beta-blocker use among musicians; however, execution of performance, including avoidance three studies which specifically asked subjects of practice or performance (Salmon, 1990), to report beta-blocker use (Fishbein et al., 1988; lacking focus or being easily distracted (Kirchner, Kenny, Driscoll, & Ackermann, 2012; Lockwood, 2002), and mood swings or agitation (Roland, 1989) reported figures between 20–30% among 1997). There is also anecdotal evidence of other professional orchestral musicians. Such figures intrinsic behaviours associated with MPA such as are disturbing. It is difficult to imagine another obsessive checking of instruments, or avoidance profession where up to 30% of workers believe that of instrument maintenance, although these have they require medication to do their job effectively. not been discussed in the literature. Extrinsic That musicians may be taking this medication behavioural manifestations of MPA may include without medical supervision (Fishbein et al., repeated moistening of the lips, arm and neck 1988) is of even greater concern, as is the thought stiffness, shoulder lifting, and distressed or deadpan that, in cities with professional orchestras, these facial expressions (see Brotons, 1994; Craske & Craig, musicians may also be teachers of instruments with 1984; Kendrick et al., 1982; Sweeney & Horan, 1982).
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