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Land Reform Dan Kondisi Perekonomian Petani Iran Masa Pemerintahan Shah Reza Pahlevi (1941-1979)

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Land Reform Dan Kondisi Perekonomian Petani Iran Masa Pemerintahan Shah Reza Pahlevi (1941-1979) LAND REFORM DAN KONDISI PEREKONOMIAN PETANI IRAN MASA PEMERINTAHAN SHAH REZA PAHLEVI (1941-1979) SKRIPSI Diajukan kepada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora untuk Memenuhi Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum.) Disusun oleh: Burhanudin Muhammad (1113022000013) JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN PERADABAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2018 M/1440 H ABSTRAK Modernisasi Shah Reza Pahlevi di sektor pertanian memiliki peran yang vital dalam mengembangakan perekonomian nasional Iran. Masyarakat pertanian di pedesaan Iran telah mengalami perubahan literatur sosio- ekonomi pada masa pemerintahan Shah Reza. Program Revolusi Putih (white revolution) terutama land reform (reformasi agraria) dijadikan sebagai pilar utama dalam memajukan perekonomian petani pedesaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi perekonomian petani Iran pada masa pemerintahan Shah Reza Pahlevi terutama saat diterapkanya program land reform (1962-1974). Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah pada umumnya yaitu: heuristik, vertifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi disertai pendekatan ekonomi dan politik. Temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya land reform tidak menjadikan perekonomian petani pedesaan menjadi lebih baik bahkan bisa dikatakan bahwa program land reform menuai kegagalan. Faktor utama yang membuat stagnasi ekonomi petani pedesaan di antara lain; rumitnya birokrasi (undang-undang land reform) dan kurangnya dukungan pemerintah dalam menyuplai logistik pertanian dan kurangnya teknisi/pegawai yang kompeten. Akibatnya, banyak lahan pertanian terbengkalai dan menyebabkan petani lebih memlilih berigrasi ke kota dan beralih profesi menjadi buruh pabrik untuk mendapatkan penghidupan yang layak. Penelitian ini diteliti menggunakan sumber bahasa Inggris atau sumber sekunder lainya. Kata Kunci: Perekonomian, Petani, Revolusi Putih, Land reform, Modernisasi dan Shah Reza Pahlevi. i KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis haturkan kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta‟ala, karena berkah, rahmat dan karunia-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “Land reform dan Kondisi Pertanian Iran masa Pemerintahan Shah Reza Pahlevi (1941-1979)”. Shalawat beserta salam selalu tercurah kepada baginda Nabi Muhammad Shallallah „Alayhi wa Sallam yang telah mengahantarkan manusia ke jaman yang penuh dengan ilmu pengetahuan ini. Di balik selesainya skripsi ini, terdapat perjuangan orang-orang yang selalu mendukung penulis baik dari segi materiil maupun moril. Oleh karena itu, penulis banyak mengucap terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak-pihak yang terkait dalam selesainya skripsi ini. Penulis mempersembahkan ucapan terima kasih tersebut kepada: 1. Kedua orang tua tercinta, Ibu Sumarti dan Bapak M. Fadil. Terima kasih banyak untuk do‟a, nasihat, motivasi, dukungan serta kasih sayang tiada hentinya kepada penulis. Semoga Allah S.W.T selalu memberikan karunia-Nya. Amin. 2. Bapak Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora Uin Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Bapak H. Nurhasan, M.A., selaku Ketua Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam dan Ibu Solikhatus Sa‟diyah, M. Pd., selaku Sekertaris Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam. 4. Bapak Saiful Umam, M.A., Ph.D. selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah sepenuh hati membimbing penulis sehingga terselesaikanya skripsi ini. Terima kasih atas masukan, arahan dan perhatianya selama penulis menyusun skripsi ini. 5. Kepada seluruh Dekanat dan Dosen Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta yang telah berbagi ilmu dan pengalaman kepada penulis selama menjadi mahasiswa aktif di Fakultas Adad dan Humaniora. ii 6. Adik-adik penulis, Ridwan dan Yasmin yang selalu mendoakan dan memberikan semangat kepada penulis. 7. Kepada Nenek Kati, Bibi Nur, Bibi Minah, Bibi Tri, Paman Ali, Paman Manijo, Paman Jono, Paman Mustofa dan seluruh Keluarga Besar Kakek Miskiran (alm) yang telah memberikan dukungan tanpa henti kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 8. M. Arifin, sahabat sekaligus kakak keponakan yang selalu menghibur penulis dikala penat. 9. Kawan-kawan sekelas penulis di Konsentrasi Timur-Tengah khususnya; Putri, Linda, Elis, Yuni, Lia, Izmi, Sania, Fida, Lukman, Ilham, Fahmi, Ipan, dan Hanifan. Terima kasih telah menghiasi kehidupan penulis semasa kuliah dan membantu perjuangan penulis hingga akhir. Kepada teman seperbimbingan, Atikulloh yang telah berjuang dan berdiskusi bersama dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Dan kepada seluruh teman-teman Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam Angkatan 2013. 10. Kawan-kawan lintas kontrakan “The Kirikira”; Dalhar, Rizki, Faisal, Reza, Ade, Yudha, Fadil, Papau, Halimah, Fergy dan Syifa Putri. Terima kasih atas waktu dan kebersamaanya. 11. Teman-teman KKN 57 GEMPITA, Winda, Ulfah, Faizah, dan Putri. Dan juga Mang Husni dan Yudi selaku Ketua dan Wakil Pemuda Kp. Ngasuh, Desa Curug, Kecamatan Jasinga, Kabupaten Bogor. 12. Terakhir kepada seluruh pihak baik individu maupun kelompok yang tak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu, rasa hormat dan terima kasih selalu tercurah kepada kalian yang telah memberikan semangat, bantuan, dan doa kepada penulis. Jakarta, 17 Oktober 2018 Burhanudin Muhammad iii DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. i KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... iv DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1 A. Latar Belakang ........................................................................................ 1 B. Identifikasi Masalah ............................................................................... 5 C. Batasan dan Rumusan Masalah .............................................................. 5 D. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................... 6 E. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................. 6 F. Tinjauan Pustaka .................................................................................... 6 G. Kerangka Teori ....................................................................................... 8 H. Metodologi Penelitian ............................................................................ 9 I. Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................... 11 BAB II IRAN PADA MASA PEMERINTAHAN SHAH REZA PAHLEVI ................................................................................................... 12 A. Profil Negara Iran ................................................................................. 12 1. Geografis Negara Iran ................................................................... 12 2. Topografi ....................................................................................... 12 3. Kelompok Etnis dan Agama .......................................................... 14 4. Sejarah Pemerintahan Iran ............................................................. 15 B. Biografi Shah Reza Pahlevi (1941-1979) ............................................. 24 C. Kondisi Sosial Masyarakat Iran di bawah Pemerintahan Shah Reza Pahlevi (1941-1979) .................................................................... 29 D. Modernisasi Iran Masa Shah Reza Pahlevi .......................................... 34 BAB III KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI SHAH REZA PAHLEVI ....................... 37 A. Kebijakan Ekonomi Shah Reza Pahlevi ............................................... 37 iv B. Revolusi Putih (White Revolution) ...................................................... 40 C. Kebijakan Land reform (1962-1974) .................................................... 47 BAB IV KONDISI PEREKONOMIAN PETANI IRAN SAAT LAND REFORM MASA PEMERINTAHAN SHAH REZA PAHLEVI (1941-1979) ................................................................................................. 55 A. Dampak Land reform Terhadap Petani ................................................ 55 B. Kondisi Perekonomian Petani saat Land reform .................................. 57 BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................... 65 A. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 65 B. Saran ..................................................................................................... 66 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 67 LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................... 72 v DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1: Daftar Pekerjaan dan Jumlah Kelas Menengah ................................... 31 Tabel 2.2: Jumlah Kelas Menengah dan Kelas Bawah ......................................... 32 Tabel 4.2: Jumlah Petani yang Menerima Lahan .................................................. 58 Tabel 4.3: GDP Iran .............................................................................................. 61 Tabel 4.4: Pendapatan Sektor Pertanian Pendapatan Sektor Pertanian................
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