DOCSLIB.ORG

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals on Socially Inclusive and Sustainable Water Through Fiscal and Pricing Reforms in Uruguay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals on Socially Inclusive and Sustainable Water Through Fiscal and Pricing Reforms in Uruguay United Nations Environment Programme Resources and Markets Branch Achieving Sustainable Development Goals on Socially Inclusive and Sustainable Water through Fiscal and Pricing Reforms in Uruguay Working Paper December 2017 Acknowledgements This study was commissioned by the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) under the “Fiscal Policy Reforms for Inclusive Green Economies” project. The study was prepared by Miguel Carriquiry (Instituto de Economía – IEcon, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración, Universidad de la República, Uruguay), Matías Piaggio (IEcon and the Environment for Development – EfD, Tropical Agricultural and Higher Education Centre – CATIE, Costa Rica), Felipe Bertamini (IEcon), Gabriela Pérez Quesada (Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Uruguay), and Guillermo Sena (Instituto Sudamericano para Estudios de Resiliencia y Sostenibilidad – SARAS2). Fernanda Milans provided assistance with Chapters 1 and 2. It was undertaken under the overall supervision of Joy Kim, Senior Economic Affairs Officer of the Resources and Markets Branch, Economy Division, UN Environment. UN Environment would like to thank the Government of Uruguay for its warm cooperation and support at the various stages of the development of this study. In particular, Daniel Greif and Paula Pellegrino of the Dirección Nacional de Aguas (DINAGUA) of the Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente (MVOTMA), Virginia Chiesa and Santiago Guerrero of the Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente (DINAMA) of the MVOTMA, provided valuable support during the drafting of this study. Within UN Environment, Jose Dallo, Natalia Zaldúa, Ronal Gainza, David Goodman and Sirini Withana provided useful guidance, feedback, and support. Administrative support was provided by Fatma Pandey, Desiree Leon and Rahila Somra. UN Environment gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for this study. The study was undertaken in the context of the project “Enhancing low-carbon development by greening the economy in cooperation with the Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE)” funded by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). ii Table of contents List of acronyms v List of tables vi List of figures vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background on SDGs 1 1.2 Evaluation of the role of fiscal instruments and pricing policies for water management 4 1.3 Economic instruments applied in water management 7 1.4 National context of policy and challenges in the water sector 10 1.5 Socioeconomic characterization of the agricultural sector 15 2. Analysis of the current framework of fiscal and pricing policy in the case of water 22 2.1 Description of the application of fiscal instruments and pricing policies related to water consumption for agricultural irrigation and hydroelectricity in Uruguay 22 2.2 Estimation of collection and costs of existing measures and programmes 26 2.3 Summary of background to the impact of various fiscal policies related to the use of water in the agricultural sector and its effects on different variables such as employment, competitiveness, added value and water use 30 2.4 Systematization of the current situation of the proposed royalty for water use. 31 3. Design of a baseline for the ex-post evaluation of implementing the royalty on water use in the agricultural sector 32 3.1 Measurement of the impact of the implementation of the royalty in the agricultural sector for the fulfilment of the objectives of the PNA 33 3.2 Methods for the design of ex-post evaluation of the implementation of the royalty for the use of water in the agricultural sector 35 3.3 Randomisation method 37 3.4 Construction of the counterfactual based on information on the performance of agricultural producers in other countries 38 3.5 Synthetic control method 41 3.6 Other objective variables, heterogeneous effects, spillover effects, and unintended effects 47 3.7 Evaluation of projects implemented with the collection of the royalty 49 4. Systematization of the different methodologies and identification of the necessary information for the ex-ante evaluation of the introduction of a royalty for water use 52 4.1 Brief introduction to the conceptual framework: Theory of Production 53 4.2 Methods of economic valuation of water 54 4.3 Identification of the main agricultural sectors where irrigation represents a fundamental input for production 57 4.4 Compilation of existing information 57 iii 4.5 Proposed methodology for the estimation of the ex-ante impact of the royalty for the use of water and on production in the agricultural sector 59 4.6 Empirical Implementation and Results 62 4.7 Model with restriction on the availability of land resources 63 4.8 Extended model with restriction on the availability of land and water resources 71 5. Final Considerations 76 Annex I. Bibliography 81 Annex 2: Statistical forms 84 iv List of acronyms BCU Central Bank of Uruguay WB World Bank ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean COMAP Implementation Comission DGI General Tax Directorate DINAGUA National Water Directorate DNE National Energy Directorate ECH Continuous Household Survey FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GEF Global Environment Facility IMESI Internal Specific Tax INAC National Meat Institute INE National Institute of Statistics IRAE Income Tax on Economic Activities VAT Value Added Tax MGAP Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries MIEM Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining MVOTMA Ministry of Housing, Territorial Planning and the Environment OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development MDG Millennium Development Goals SDG Sustainable Development Goals UN United Nations OPYPA Office of Programming and Agricultural Policy OSE Sanitary Works of the State GDP Gross Domestic Product PNA National Water Policy UNEP United Nations Environment Programme PPR Responsible Production Project PRENADER Natural Resources Management and Irrigation Development Program PUMS Land Use and Management Plan RPI Investment Promotion Regime SADI Industrial drains TNC The Nature Conservancy UNASEP Private Sector Support Unit UTE National Administration of Power Plants and Power Transmissions v List of tables Table 1: Description of SDG 6, its targets and respective indicators………………………………………2 Table 2: Summary of targets and indicators for Uruguay SDG 6............................................... 3 Table 3: Classification of instruments in the policy matrix ....................................................... 5 Table 4: Fiscal instruments for the control of water use in Latin America ............................... 9 Table 5: Projects recommended by the MGAP according to type of investment (2008 - set 2016) ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Table 6: CP indicator (January 2013 - October 2014 period) .................................................. 26 Table 7: Information and data sources for each country ........................................................ 38 Table 8: Comparison of DIEA, IBGE and DCEA surveys............................................................ 40 Table 9: Variables considered for Synthetic Control and their data sources .......................... 42 Table 10: Average value of the control variables: current vs Synthetic Uruguay ................... 44 Table 11: Countries that constitute the synthetic counterfactual .......................................... 46 Table 12: Water valuation methods ........................................................................................ 56 Table 13: Changes in land use at the aggregate level ............................................................. 64 Table 14: Change in the number of hectares dedicated to the different activities as a result of the introduction of royalty 1 (0.0045 USD/m3) for water use ............................................ 64 Table 15: Percentage change in the number of hectares dedicated to the different activities as a result of the introduction of royalty 1 (0.0045 USD/m3) for water use ........................... 65 Table 16: Change in the net benefits expected by the producers of each department for the three royalty levels evaluated ................................................................................................. 68 Table 17: Expected collection for water use for irrigation in rice and irrigated extensive crops 70 Table 18: Water available in the scenario and base and changes in the different scenarios of water restrictions for agriculture ............................................................................................ 72 Table 19: Changes in the area dedicated to agricultural activities in relation to the base scenario (%) ............................................................................................................................. 73 Table 20: Changes in expected net benefits (% in relation to the baseline scenario) at basin level according to different scenarios and implicit water value for each scenario ................. 75 vi List of figures Figure 1: Agricultural and Livestock GDP evolution index ...................................................... 17 Figure 2: Production of the main crops of the country ..........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Benefits from Public Agricultural Research in Uruguay
    The Australian Journal of Journal of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 56, pp. 475–497 The benefits from public agricultural research in Uruguay Jose´E. Bervejillo, Julian M. Alston and Kabir P. Tumber† We use newly constructed data to model and measure agricultural productivity growth and the returns to public agricultural research conducted in Uruguay over the period 1961–2010. We pay attention specifically to the role of levy-based funding under INIA, which was established in 1990. Our results indicate that the creation of INIA was associated with a revitalization of funding for agricultural R&D in Uruguay, which spurred sustained growth in agricultural productivity during the past two dec- ades when productivity growth was stagnating in many other countries. The econo- metric results were somewhat sensitive to specification choices. The preferred model includes two other variables with common trends, a time-trend variable and a proxy for private research impacts, as well as a variable representing the stock of public agri- cultural knowledge that entailed a lag distribution with a peak impact at year 24 of the 25-year lag. It implies a marginal benefit-cost ratio of 48.2, using a real discount rate of 5 per cent per annum and a modified internal rate of return of 24 per cent per annum. The benefit-cost ratio varied significantly across models with different lag structures or that omitted the trend or the private research variable, but across the same models, the modified internal rate of return was very stable, ranging from 23 per cent per annum to 27 per cent per annum.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT in the AUGUSTANA CHURCH the American Church Is Made up of Many Varied Groups, Depending on Origin, Divisions, Changing Relationships
    Augustana College Augustana Digital Commons Augustana Historical Society Publications Augustana Historical Society 1984 The iM ssionary Spirit in the Augustana Church George F. Hall Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/ahsbooks Part of the History Commons, and the Scandinavian Studies Commons Recommended Citation "The iM ssionary Spirit in the Augustana Church" (1984). Augustana Historical Society Publications. https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/ahsbooks/11 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Augustana Historical Society at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Augustana Historical Society Publications by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Missionary Sphit in the Augustana Church George F. Hall \ THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT IN THE AUGUSTANA CHURCH The American church is made up of many varied groups, depending on origin, divisions, changing relationships. One of these was the Augustana Lutheran Church, founded by Swedish Lutheran immigrants and maintain­ ing an independent existence from 1860 to 1962 when it became a part of a larger Lutheran community, the Lutheran Church of America. The character of the Augustana Church can be studied from different viewpoints. In this volume Dr. George Hall describes it as a missionary church. It was born out of a missionary concern in Sweden for the thousands who had emigrated. As soon as it was formed it began to widen its field. Then its representatives were found in In­ dia, Puerto Rico, in China. The horizons grew to include Africa and Southwest Asia. Two World Wars created havoc, but also national and international agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Uruguay): Representation of Industrial Agriculture Growth and Informal Settlements
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 Spatial transformations in Mercedes (Uruguay): representation of industrial agriculture growth and informal settlements. Maria Silvina Lopez Barrera Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Lopez Barrera, Maria Silvina, "Spatial transformations in Mercedes (Uruguay): representation of industrial agriculture growth and informal settlements." (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11822. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11822 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Spatial transformations in Mercedes (Uruguay): Representation of industrial agriculture growth and informal settlements. by Maria Silvina Lopez Barrera A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE Major: Architecture Program of Study Committee: Marwan Ghandour, Major Professor Jamie Horwitz Omar Smadi Gerardo Sandoval Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright © Maria Silvina Lopez Barrera, 2010. All rights reserved ii Table of Contents List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…iv
    [Show full text]
  • Uruguay Year 2020
    Uruguay Year 2020 1 SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED Table of Contents Doing Business in Uruguay ____________________________________________ 4 Market Overview ______________________________________________________________ 4 Market Challenges ____________________________________________________________ 5 Market Opportunities __________________________________________________________ 5 Market Entry Strategy _________________________________________________________ 5 Leading Sectors for U.S. Exports and Investment __________________________ 7 IT – Computer Hardware and Telecommunication Equipment ________________________ 7 Renewable Energy ____________________________________________________________ 8 Agricultural Equipment _______________________________________________________ 10 Pharmaceutical and Life Science _______________________________________________ 12 Infrastructure Projects________________________________________________________ 14 Security Equipment __________________________________________________________ 15 Customs, Regulations and Standards ___________________________________ 17 Trade Barriers _______________________________________________________________ 17 Import Tariffs _______________________________________________________________ 17 Import Requirements and Documentation _______________________________________ 17 Labeling and Marking Requirements ____________________________________________ 17 U.S. Export Controls _________________________________________________________ 18 Temporary Entry ____________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • (1953) Jul 31 1958
    "PLANNING IN URUGUAY : A REGIONAL APPROACH." by Lorenzo Ruben Finocchio Bertozzi Arch.-Univ.of the Republic.-ROU. (1953) . AST. OF TEC HNOj JUL 31 1958 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN CITY PLANNING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.-- January,1958. Signature of the 099**. * . 0 a~tmtntPof City griAng. Certified by.... (1 Thesis Supervisor > Accepted by........ .. .. e-.... , . .............. 0 0 N ChairmanDepartmental Committee on Graduate Students. This thesis is impressive in the volume of data presented and apparently well analyzed. From the standpoint of the geographer it may be a worthwhile presentation of relevant material, and a reasonably systematic description of major problems. From the viewpoint of the planner, it suffers from a lack of crystalliza- tion of major policy questiars - probably because they are so im- bedded in the analysis sections - and from inadequate attention to planning methodology. The background material presented and the planning policies suggested, ostensibly by way of illustration, go so far beyond what might have been necessary that they tend to obscure many of the recommendations as to methodology and planning procedure which, though good, still receive less attention than was desirable. 2/3/58 R.B. Greeley Title: "Planning in Uruguay: A regional approach" Author: Lorenzo Ruben Finocchio Bertozzi The objective of the thesis is to develop a methodology of re- gional planning, or of studying the potential conservation and develop- ment of regional resources. Uruguay, the home of the author, is used as a basis for evolving and illustrating such a methodology. The initial chapter sets forth the ofjective and describes some of the principles involved in regional planning, in delineation of regions, and in defining the scope of planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Uruguay - Country Fact Sheet
    URUGUAY - COUNTRY FACT SHEET GENERAL INFORMATION Climate & Weather Summers and Winters Time Zone UTC – 3 hrs. are mild. Summer is from December to March and the most pleasant time of the year. Language Spanish. Currency UYU – Uruguayan Peso. Religion Catholic. International +598 Dialing Code Population 3,442,547 as of 2016. Internet Domain .uy Political System Presidential representative Emergency 911 democratic republic. Numbers Electricity 220 volts, 50 cycles/sec. Capital City Montevideo. What documents Passport, work permit Please confirm Monthly directly into a bank required to open (can’t be done prior to how salaries are account. a local Bank arrival as expats usually paid? (eg monthly Account? aren’t granted their work directly into a Can this be done permits until 2-3 weeks Bank Account) prior to arrival? after they arrive to start their assignments. 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Culture/Business Culture Meetings are extremely formal, but don't usually start on time. However, be sure to arrive on time. Greetings are warm and accompanied by a firm handshake. Health care/medical There is a public healthcare system, with hospitals and clinics across treatment the country. There is also a private healthcare system. Education Public schools are not recommended in Uruguay and most assignees chose private schools, however there are limitations in the availability in the private schools. Utilities Electricity, Gas, Water, Internet, Phone, Cable. These are not included in monthly rent and paid separately by the tenant. Food & Drink Uruguayan cuisine has a lot of European influence, especially from Italy and Spain. Chivito is a traditional Uruguayan sandwich.
    [Show full text]
  • Livestock Public Policies in Uruguay Hermes Moralès, Maria Iñes Moraes, Maria Fernanda De Torres Álvarez, Alejandro Saravia, Jean-François Tourrand
    Livestock public policies in Uruguay Hermes Moralès, Maria Iñes Moraes, Maria Fernanda de Torres Álvarez, Alejandro Saravia, Jean-François Tourrand To cite this version: Hermes Moralès, Maria Iñes Moraes, Maria Fernanda de Torres Álvarez, Alejandro Saravia, Jean- François Tourrand. Livestock public policies in Uruguay. Livestock policy, Cirad, 271 p., 2020, 978-2-87614-762-1. 10.19182/agritrop/00143. hal-03116245 HAL Id: hal-03116245 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03116245 Submitted on 20 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Livestock public policies in Uruguay Hermes Morales1, Maria Iñes Moraes2, Maria Fernanda de Torres3, Alejandro Saravia1 and Jean-FrançoisTourrand4 INTRODUCTION The world population increase, the change in consumption habits, the loss of biodi‐ versity, and global warming make up a series of global and urgent challenges, which are different but interconnected. The analysis of these problems requires the con‐ sideration of physical, biochemical and social phenomena that interact at different scales in an intricate way. With this background and a perspective of sustainable development, our objective is to generate knowledge that makes it possible to un‐ derstand and communicate the conditions, the possible forms and the consequenc‐ es of livestock ecological intensification, and its interaction with the territories in which it is based.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Case for Gender-Responsive Adaptation Planning in Uruguay: the Importance of Sex-Disaggregated Data
    Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NA P- Ag) Programme Making the case Safeguarding livelihoods and promoting for gender-responsive resilience through National Adaptation Plans adaptation planning in Uruguay: The importance of August 2019 sex-disaggregated data Contents Highlights 3 The challenge 4 The context 5 Study on gender, agriculture, and climate change 5 Key findings 7 Recommendations for adaptation planners in Uruguay’s agriculture sectors 12 Insights for adaptation planners 14 References 16 Additional resources 16 © Cecilia Jones 2 This publication was made possible by the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme, led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), with generous support from the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of UNDP, FAO, or the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). Authors Catherine Hill, Gender and Adaptation to Climate Change Advisor (UNDP), Sibyl Nelson, Gender Advisor (FAO), Cecilia Jones, Country Coordinator (FAO Uruguay), and Ruth Bernheim, NAP-Ag Gender Consultant (FAO Uruguay). Reviewers Elisa Distefano (FAO), Rohini Kohli (UNDP), Rebecka Ramstedt (FAO), Subhi Shama (UNDP), Theresa Wong (FAO), Julia Wolf (FAO), Esteban Zunin (UNDP). This case study is based on an analytical report authored by Ruth Bernheim. A short version of this report is available in Spanish at:www.mgap.gub.uy/sites/default/files/46_anuario_2018_-_cambio_climatico_y_genero.pdf. The complete results, including the survey questionnaire, can be found at: www.mgap.gub.uy/sites/default/files/multimedia/encuesta_genero_y_vcc_pna-agro_.pdf.
    [Show full text]
  • Scouting Benefits and Developing Innovations in Temperate Grassland to Sustainable Agriculture Production
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge International Grassland Congress Proceedings XXIII International Grassland Congress Scouting Benefits and Developing Innovations in Temperate Grassland to Sustainable Agriculture Production Walter Ayala INIA, Uruguay Ethel Barrios INIA, Uruguay Ignacio Macedo INIA, Uruguay Jorge Sawchik INIA, Uruguay José A. Terra INIA, Uruguay Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/23/keynote/23 The XXIII International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant and Soil Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Grassland Congress Proceedings by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scouting benefits and developing innovations in temperate grassland to sustainable agriculture production Walter Ayala, Ethel Barrios, Ignacio Macedo, Jorge Sawchik and José Terra ABSTRACT Agricultural intensification raises concern about land use and future effects to natural resources. The world demand for grain, meat and forest products is increasing constantly. Changes are occurring at large scale, being a compromise for policy makers to contribute to identify opportunities to readdress the productive scenario. There is available technology to reduce impacts, without restricting necessarily productivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Market Opportunities in Uruguay an Analysis of Dairy, Greenhouse Farming and the Bovine Meat Industry
    Agricultural market opportunities in Uruguay An analysis of dairy, greenhouse farming and the bovine meat industry Executive Summary This market analysis of Uruguay serves to help Dutch entrepreneurs to determine whether or not they should pursue doing business in Uruguay. In general this report focusses upon dairy, bovine meat and greenhouse farming. However the investigation into Uruguay revealed many more opportunities in the country in the foreseeable future. First and foremost, the country is one of the most developed The assessment is that entrepreneurs stand to make significant countries in the continent with a high standard for doing business gains when they figure out how to supply the domestic market in and facilitating foreign entities to conduct business with and a system where crops rotate in order to harvest produce when within Uruguay. Corruption figures a very promising compared to prices are at the highest level. other nations in the region and even Europe. One of the reasons why opening up an office in Uruguay is the availability of tax free Overall Uruguay, however small, still poses many opportunities to zones for business hence making it a attractive location to use be seized by entrepreneurs willing to work within its countries Uruguay as a hub between different nations in order to minimize borders. taxations. The intended results where to create a market opportunity report Uruguay aims to become a circular economy by 2050 and along detailing economic conditions within Uruguay, an overview of the with their goals regarding water management poses a country respective agricultural sectors, Dairy, bovine meat and greenhouse where Dutch knowledge and products can be sold to not only farming in Uruguay and a list of business opportunities and further your company but also enhance and protect living potential projects for Dutch entrepreneurs.
    [Show full text]
  • Patricia Tuomela-Millan Fair Trade Between Uruguay
    PATRICIA TUOMELA-MILLAN FAIR TRADE BETWEEN URUGUAY AND FINLAND Business Opportunities Thesis Autumn 2009 Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences Business School International Business 2 SEINÄJOKI UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Thesis abstract Faculty: Business School Degree programme: Degree Program in International Business Specialisation: International Business Author/s: Patricia Tuomela-Millan Title of thesis: Fair Trade between Uruguay and Finland. Business Opportunities Supervisor(s): Prof. Jorge Marchini Year: 2009 Number of pages: 59 Number of appendices: 3 _________________________________________________________________ The purpose of the final thesis was to find out potential business opportunities un- der the Fair-trade philosophy between Uruguay and Finland. Why Fair Trade and what products could be more interesting to commercialize. The first objective was to describe general information about both countries. The second objective was to introduce and analyze the Fair-trade and its development in both countries. The third objective was to find out the products that could be more interesting to the Finnish Fair-trade. The final thesis consists of two theoretical parts, one analysis and a study case. The history, culture and society, the economy and the bilateral treaties between the two countries make up the first part. The second part is focused on Fair-trade and its development in both countries along with an analysis of it. The third part is focused on Agrarian Cooperative of Canelones “CALCAR” study case in Uruguay with the aim to study the commercialization and market entry opportunities in the Finnish Fair-trade. As a result of the investigation it can be said that Finnish Fair-trade has a very sol- id structure and is constantly growing.
    [Show full text]
  • Productivity and Agri-Tech in Uruguay
    Productivity and Agri-Tech in Uruguay Challenges to productivity growth in agriculture and possible solutions December,2016 Productivity and Agri-Tech in Uruguay A study by Gabriela Castro-Fontoura for the Uruguayan National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA – Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria) - December 2016 Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 About this study .................................................................................................................................. 3 How do we define productivity in the agricultural sector? ................................................................ 4 Why is productivity in the agricultural sector important? .................................................................. 5 Productivity and the environment ...................................................................................................... 6 How has agricultural productivity evolved recently? ......................................................................... 7 Productivity, innovation and technology ............................................................................................ 8 What barriers are preventing productivity growth in Uruguay? .......................................................... 10 Agri-tech barriers .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]