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Faith Based Aviation: an Ethnographic Study of Missionary Flights International

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Faith Based Aviation: an Ethnographic Study of Missionary Flights International FAITH BASED AVIATION: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF MISSIONARY FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL by Joseph H. Cooper A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aerospace Administration Middle Tennessee State University May 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Paul A. Craig Dr. Wendy S. Beckman Dr. Ronald J. Ferrara Dedication The researcher is grateful for the opportunity those at MFI provided, in opening their hearts, minds and doors into their organization. Little did I know God was laying the foundation for this study in the Fall of 2011 with my first graduate classes! What has been discovered and revealed is the incredible gem of MFI. Hopefully, this has been shared with the reader. I have been incredibly blessed. This study is dedicated to Stephen F. Saint and family of I-TEC USA and to the men, women and families of Missionary Flights International and those they serve. Ryan Anders Larry Campbell Al and Rose Colson Stan and Gloria Curtis Nancy Fersing Kenny Gumpel Ric Hallquist Ian and Staci Hengsy Joe Karabensh Phil Karnes Brent Killian Brian Lites John and Trina Long Harold Martin Wes Norton Ray Oostdyk Bob and Barbara Ramsey Stan and Gloria Sands Dick Snook Kevin Stratton ii Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the faculty of the Department of Aerospace of Middle Tennessee State University for patiently mentoring me in my second career and in particular, Professor Earnest E. Austin Professor Wendy S. Beckman Professor Mark N. Callender Professor Paul A. Craig iii Abstract The development of faith-based missionary aviation is a post-World War II phenomenon. The war effort demonstrated the value, utility, and global reach of aviation to remote, underdeveloped areas of the world. With the beginnings of a worldwide infrastructure for aviation, Christian aviators realized aviation could increase the range and effectiveness of their efforts to reach the world for Christ (Mellis, 2006). Although individual organizations provide statistical information and data about flight operations there is a lack of external evidence and relevant research literature confirming the scope and value of these faith based aviation organizations and operations. A qualitative, ethnographic study was conducted to document the activities of one faith- based aviation organization to gain an understanding of this little known aspect of civilian aviation. The study was conducted with Missionary Flights International (MFI) of Fort Pierce, FL which has been involved in faith-based, missionary aviation since its inception in 1964. As an aviation organization “MFI strives to offer affiliated missions the kind of efficient service and professionalism expected of an airline operation” (Missionary Flights International, 2013, p.1). MFI is a lifeline for missionaries to Haiti and the Dominican Republic, fulfilling their motto of “Standing in the Gap”. MFI provides twice a week service to the island of Hispaniola and the Republic of Haiti. In this in-depth study insight and understanding was gained into the purpose of MFI, their daily routines and operations, and the challenges they face in maintaining their flight services to Haiti. This study provided documentation of the value and utility of such aviation efforts and of the individuals involved in this endeavor. iv Table of Contents Page List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………..viii Chapter CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………5 CHAPTER II – RESEARCH AND DATA ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY………………23 The Rationale for Ethnographic Research……………………………………………….24 The Rationale for a Qualitative Approach………………………………………….........28 Preparation…………………………………………………………………………….....31 Method…………………………………………………………………………………...33 Procedure………………………………………………………………………………...35 Analysis of Data………………………………………………………………………….39 CHAPTER III – RESULTS……………………………………………………………………40 The Core Phenomena…………………………………………………………………….44 The First Core Phenomenon: Aviation…………………………………………………..47 Aircraft……………………………………………………………………...........48 Part 125 Flight and Maintenance Operations…………………………………….50 Flight Preparations……………………………………………………………….56 Professionalism…………………………………………………………………..56 External Confirmation……………………………………………………...........60 v Participant Observation………………………………………………………….61 The Second Core Phenomenon: Missions and Missionaries…………………………….68 Service……………………………………………………………………………69 To Serve………………………………………………………………………….74 Evangelization and Prayer……………………………………………………….77 Faith in God’s Provision, Support and Fund Raising……………………………78 History and Culture………………………………………………………………82 People and Human Assets……………………………………………………….87 Volunteers……………………………………………………………………….89 External Confirmation……………………………………………………...........90 Participant Observation………………………………………………………….91 Summary of Results……………………………………………………………………...94 CHAPTER IV – DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………..96 Limitations of this Study………………………………………………………………..101 Recommendations and Future Research………………………………………………..103 References……………………………………………………………………………………...105 Appendix A: IRB Approval Letter…..……………………………………………………….109 Appendix B: MTSU IRB Informed Consent Document for Interviews…………………...110 Appendix C: MTSU Department of Aerospace Consent of Research Proposal…………..111 Appendix D: MTSU IRB Consent for Participation by Researchers……………………...112 Appendix E: Interview Questionnaire (MFI Personnel)……………………………………113 Appendix F: Interview Questionnaire (Non MFI-Personnel)……………………………....114 Appendix G: Maps and Images………………………………………………………………115 vi List of Tables Table Page 1. Four Potential Research Phenomena with Subcategories……………………………………..47 2. Two Final Research Phenomena with Subcategories……………………………………………..47 vii List of Figures Figure Page 1. Triangulation: Interviews, Questionnaires and Observations………………………………...46 2. Map of South Florida and Caribbean………………………………………………………...115 3. Map of Haiti …………………………………………………………………………………116 4. Photographs of MFI and DC-3 TP….………………………………………………………..117 5. Photographs of Cap-Haitien, Pignon and Port-au-Prince, Haiti…………….……………….118 viii 1 CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION Aviation is an expeditious means by which people and cargo can be transported especially in remote areas where traditional modes of transportation may not exist. Charitable aviation fills a gap where commercial aviation cannot be financially sustained. We are accustomed to measuring profits by looking at the financial bottom line. There are many things of equal or greater importance that aren’t measured monetarily: missions accomplished, hurdles overcome, lives saved! An exceptional example of this was is the global response to the devastating 2010 earthquake in the Republic of Haiti. According to the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, general aviation conducted more than 15,000 flights in 2010 in support of missions for humanitarian purposes. The earthquake that struck the small island nation of Haiti in January 2010 was a prime example of how aircraft operators can quickly mobilize in times of crisis to help solve the transportation challenges facing government agencies and nongovernmental relief organizations. Nearly one hundred general aviation aircraft flew over 700 mercy flights, transporting 3,800 passengers and 1.4 million pounds of relief supplies in the days immediately after the earthquake, providing a lifeline to Haiti. These efforts were recognized in a United States Congressional Resolution in May 2010 (National Business Aviation Association, 2010). Americans are known as a charitable and giving people. In the last year of record, 2011, Americans donated over $300 billion to charitable organizations (Voice of America, 2012). There is an equal measure of charity in aviation. Nonprofit aviation organizations throughout the country include those that introduce young people to flight; museums; restoration and preservation organizations; and professional organizations. There are also organizations and individuals that donate aviation services, such as flight services and maintenance and education 2 to needy patrons. They all qualify under the United States Internal Revenue Service 501 (c) (3) classification as charitable organizations. It is estimated for every charitable dollar donated to non-profit aviation organizations, three to five dollars of charitable aviation services are generated (Camerlin, 2003). There are two basic categories of non-profit organizations, faith-based and humanitarian or secular. These organizations are: sectarian, related to a religious group or sect; and non- sectarian, or not related to any religious group or sect. This characteristic is usually announced in the organization’s own description. By definition, the term faith-based is used to describe sectarian organizations and the term humanitarian is used to describe non-sectarian organizations. It is this former group, those providing faith-based aviation services, that is the focus of this study. Although not a legal term, faith-based organizations are often used to refer to charitable religious organizations whose primary purpose or activities are religiously motivated (Fritz, 2013). Under the United States Internal Revenue Service 501 (c) (3) classification, organizations qualify for nonprofit status when they do not benefit financially or politically from their activities. For the sake of definition, nonprofit is considered the same as not-for profit; and are both, sectarian and non-sectarian. Faith-based,
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