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Lista De Canale Orange Home TV Prin Cablu
Lista de canale Orange Home TV prin cablu Abonamentul Entry Abonamentul Explore Abonamentul Global Interes general Interes general Interes general 111 ProTV 119 PrimaTV 111 ProTV 120 National TV 111 ProTV 120 National TV 113 Antena 1 120 National TV 112 ProTV HD 121 Pro 2 112 ProTV HD 121 Pro 2 114 Kanal D 121 Pro 2 113 Antena 1 HD 122 Pro 2 HD 113 Antena 1 HD 122 Pro 2 HD 116 TVR 1 125 Pro Gold 114 Kanal D 123 Look Plus TV 114 Kanal D 123 Look Plus TV 117 TVR 2 127 TVR 3 115 Kanal D HD 124 Look TV HD 115 Kanal D HD 124 Look TV HD 118 Antena Stars 116 TVR 1 125 Pro Gold 116 TVR 1 125 Pro Gold Știri 117 TVR 2 126 TVR HD 117 TVR 2 126 TVR HD 118 Antena Stars HD 127 TVR 3 118 Antena Stars HD 127 TVR 3 156 Antena 3 161 Nasul TV 119 PrimaTV 128 Neptun TV 119 PrimaTV 128 Neptun TV 157 Romania TV 162 Digi 24 158 Realitatea 167 TV5 Monde Știri Știri 159 B1 155 Orange Info 162 Digi 24 155 Orange Info 165 BBC World News HD Sport 156 Antena 3 HD 165 BBC World News HD 156 Antena 3 HD 166 CNN 157 Romania TV 166 CNN 157 Romania TV 167 TV5 Monde 222 Telekom Sport 5 225 Eurosport 158 Realitatea 167 TV5 Monde 158 Realitatea 168 France 24 223 Telekom Sport 6 227 Eurosport 2 159 B1 168 France 24 159 B1 169 TVE 224 Pro X 160 National 24 Plus 172 Bloomberg 160 National 24 Plus 170 DW (Europe) Filme 161 Nasul TV 161 Nasul TV 171 CC TV News 565 Pro Cinema 573 Paramount Sport 162 Digi 24 172 Bloomberg 567 Diva 574 Comedy Central Extra 222 Telekom Sport 5 HD 225 Eurosport Sport 568 AXN 576 TV 1000 223 Telekom Sport 6 HD 227 Eurosport 2 222 Telekom Sport 5 HD 226 -
SERVICII DE TELEVIZIUNE Agenda
“ TELEKOM TV CEA MAI BUNA EXPERIENTA DE DIVERTISMENT” SERVICII DE TELEVIZIUNE agenda INTRO SERVICII TELEVIZIUNE IPTV ARGUMENTE DE VANZARE CONTINUT FUNCTIONALITATI DVBC ARGUMENTE DE VANZARE CONTINUT FUNCTIONALITATI DTH ARGUMENTE DE VANZARE CONTINUT FUNCTIONALITATI CATV ARGUMENTE DE VANZARE 2 TEHNOLOGIILE TV DISPONIBILE IN TELEKOM DTH =Televiziune digitala prin satelit IPTV = Televiziune digitala prin Internet DTH (Direct To Home) este intregul sistem de transmitere a IPTV (Internet Protocol Television ) reprezinta comunicarea semnalului de la HeadEnd pana la satelit si inapoi catre imaginilor si a sunetului intr-o retea care se bazează pe IP. In sistemul de receptie al abonatului. Romtelecom IPTV-ul este disponibil in retelele ADSL, VDSL si GPON. CATV = Televiziune analogica DVB-C = Televiziune digitala prin cablu CATV ( Community Access Television ) este sistemul de DVB-C (Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable) reprezinta distribuire a canalelor TV catre abonati prin intermediul standardul de emisie a televiziuniilor prin cablu in sistem semnalelor RF transmise prin cablu coaxial. digital. In Telekom, aceasta tehnologie este oferita prin intermediul retelelor FTTB/FTTH. Nu sunt necesare echipamente sublimentare pentru functionarea serviciului . Permite conectarea unui numar nelimitat de TV-uri in casa abonatului; 3 SOLUTII COMPLETE DE TELEVIZIUNE cea mai mare diversitate de canale TV cunoscute pentru majoritatea oamenilor (canale must have) competitii sportive in exclusivitate televiziune online gratuita promotii cu HBO inclus (canalul -
16.11.2010 Nr Societate/Localita
Biroul Licente Autorizari Intocmit: Cristina Tanase Verificat: Razvan Frinculescu Data: 16.11.2010 Nr Societate/Localitate/Judet Programele din ultima anexa Programe la care se Programe noi incluse in Acorduri/contracte reinnoite Aviz/Anexa/Programe/ renunta grila 1. GLOBAL SERVICE SRL 42 - sistem analogic - TVR SPORT KLUB TV NEPTUN KANAL D, ROMANTICA, ANIMAL CULTURAL, TVR1, TVR2, TVR 3, TVR PLANET, DISCOVERY CHANNEL, A1266.4/08.07.2008 (AXENTE SEVER, INFO, TVR CLUJ, TV 5, PRO TV, MINIMAX. AGARBICIU, COPSA MICA, VALEA ANTENA1, REALITATEA TV, KANAL VIILOR, MOTIS, SEICA MARE, SURA D, PRIMA TV, ANTENA3, OTV, MARE, HAMBA, JUD.SIBIU) NATIONAL TV, TARAF TV, FAVORIT Anexa nr.11 din 23.09.2010 TV, KISS TV, N24 PLUS, DDTV, THE Nr. programe aprobate: 42 MONEY CHANNEL, SPERANTA TV, AS Nr. de programe solicitate: 42 TV, ONE TV, TV SIBIU, TELEVIZIUNEA Solicitare inregistrata la CNA: VTV, ACASA TV, ANTENA2, B1 TV, 14030/28.10.2010 ETNO TV, EUFORIA LIFESTYLE TV, PRO CINEMA, PV TV, ROMANTICA, SPORT KLUB, SPORT.RO, VOX NEWS, ANIMAL PLANET, DISCOVERY CHANNEL, MINIMAX, DUNA TV. 2. MEDVEST COMEXIM SRL 44 - sistem analogic - TVR ANTENA 1, ANTENA 3, NATIONAL CULTURAL, TVR1, TVR2, TVR 3, TVR TV, FAVORIT TV, N 24PLUS, A2337/06.04.2004 (BECIU, INFO, TVR INTERNATIONAL, TV 5, ANTENA 2, EUFORIA LIFESTYLE, BRANCOVEANCA, DUDU, PLOPII- PRO TV, ANTENA1, REALITATEA TV, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, SAVINESTI, JUD.TELEORMAN) KANAL D, PRIMA TV, ANTENA3, OTV, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC WILD. Anexa nr.16 din 02.09.2010 NATIONAL TV, TARAF TV, FAVORIT Nr. programe aprobate: 44 TV, KISS TV, N24 PLUS, U TV, Nr. de programe solicitate: 44 MYNELE TV, DDTV, TRINITAS TV, TV Solicitare inregistrata la CNA: NEPTUN, PARTY TV, THE MONEY 14039/28.10.2010 CHANNEL, TVRM EDUCATIONAL, SPERANTA TV, TVT’89, ACASA TV, ANTENA2, B1 TV, ETNO TV, EUFORIA LIFESTYLE TV, PRO CINEMA, SPORT.RO, TVRM CULTURAL, VOX NEWS, ANIMAX, KIDSCO, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC WILD, MINIMAX, EUROSPPORT. -
Editorial by Nicolás Smirnoff
WWW.PRENSARIO.TV WWW.PRENSARIO.TV //// EDITORIAL BY NICOLÁS SMIRNOFF CEE: ups & downs at the new digital era Central & Eastern Europe is going forward through the new digital era with its own tips. The region has suffered a deep crisis from 2008 to 2017- 2018, with many economies Prensario just standing up. This has International meant rare investment pow- er and long-term plans, but at the same time the change ©2018 EDITORIAL PRENSARIO SRL PAYMENTS TO THE ORDER OF moves fast and comparing to EDITORIAL PRENSARIO SRL other territories, CEE shows OR BY CREDIT CARD. REGISTRO NACIONAL DE DERECHO strong digital poles and de- DE AUTOR Nº 10878 velopment appeals. Argentina: In favor, most of the biggest broadcast- OTT platforms? It is what main broadcasters Las Casas 3535 ers are group of channels that include many of the world are doing, to compete better in CP: 1238 the new converged market and to generate Buenos Aires, Argentina countries, so it is easier to set up cross region- Tel: (+54-11) 4924-7908 al plans and to generate high-scale moves. proper synergies. If content business moves Fax: (+54-11) 4925-2507 On the opposite, there are many different to franchise management, it is important to USA: languages and audiences, so it is difficult to be flexible enough to any formula. 12307 SW 133 Court - Suite #1432 spread solutions that work to every context. This Natpe Budapest? It promises to be bet- Miami, Florida 33186-USA Phone: (305) 890-1813 Russia is a big Internet pole and now it is ter than last ones, with the region going up Email: [email protected] also a big production hub for international and the need of pushing more and more col- Website: www.prensario.tv companies setting up studios or coproduc- laborations. -
Decizia Nr. 1068 Din 21.11.2019 Privind Somarea S.C. UPC ROMÂNIA S.R.L
CONSILIUL NA Ţ IONAL AL AUDIOVIZUALULUI ROMÂNIA Autoritate publică BUCUREŞTI autonomă Bd. Libertăţii nr. 14 Tel.: 00 4 021 3055356 Sector 5, CP 050706 Fax: 00 4 021 3055354 www.cna.ro [email protected] Decizia nr. 1068 din 21.11.2019 privind somarea S.C. UPC ROMÂNIA S.R.L. Bucureşti, str. Sg. Constantin Ghercu nr. 1A, et. 8-10, sector 6 C.U.I. 12288994 Fax: 0311018101 Întrunit în şedinţă publică în ziua de 21 noiembrie 2019, Consiliul Naţional al Audiovizualului a analizat situația întocmită de Serviciul Inspecţie cu privire la reţelele de comunicaţii electronice din localitățile Ocland și Ocna de Jos, jud. Harghita și Tulcea, jud. Tulcea, aparţinând S.C. UPC ROMÂNIA S.R.L. Distribuitorul de servicii S.C. UPC ROMÂNIA S.R.L. deţine următoarele avize de retransmisie: - nr. A 5776/21.02.2008 pentru localitatea Ocland, jud. Harghita; - nr. A 5781/21.02.2008 pentru localitatea Ocna de Jos, jud. Harghita; - nr. A 5801/22.07.2019 pentru localitatea Tulcea, jud. Tulcea. În urma analizării situației sintetizate prezentate de Serviciul Inspecție, membrii Consiliului au constatat că distribuitorul de servicii S.C. UPC ROMÂNIA S.R.L. a încălcat prevederile articolelor 74 alin. (3) și 82 alin. (2) din Legea audiovizualului nr. 504/2002, cu modificările şi completările ulterioare. Potrivit dispozițiilor invocate: Art. 74 alin. (3): Distribuitorii de servicii pot modifica structura ofertei de servicii de programe retransmise numai cu acordul Consiliului. Art. 82 alin. (2): Distribuitorii care retransmit servicii de programe au obligaţia, la nivel regional şi local, să includă în oferta lor cel puţin două programe regionale şi două programe locale, acolo unde acestea există; criteriul de departajare va fi ordinea descrescătoare a audienţei. -
We Are All Rwandans”
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “We are all Rwandans”: Imagining the Post-Genocidal Nation Across Media A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television by Andrew Phillip Young 2016 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION “We are all Rwandans”: Imagining the Post-Genocidal Nation Across Media by Andrew Phillip Young Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Chon A. Noriega, Chair There is little doubt of the fundamental impact of the 1994 Rwanda genocide on the country's social structure and cultural production, but the form that these changes have taken remains ignored by contemporary media scholars. Since this time, the need to identify the the particular industrial structure, political economy, and discursive slant of Rwandan “post- genocidal” media has become vital. The Rwandan government has gone to great lengths to construct and promote reconciliatory discourse to maintain order over a country divided along ethnic lines. Such a task, though, relies on far more than the simple state control of media message systems (particularly in the current period of media deregulation). Instead, it requires a more complex engagement with issues of self-censorship, speech law, public/private industrial regulation, national/transnational production/consumption paradigms, and post-traumatic media theory. This project examines the interrelationships between radio, television, newspapers, the ii Internet, and film in the contemporary Rwandan mediascape (which all merge through their relationships with governmental, regulatory, and funding agencies, such as the Rwanda Media High Council - RMHC) to investigate how they endorse national reconciliatory discourse. -
Decizia Nr. 1041 Din 14.11.2019 Privind Somarea S.C. TV ALFA OMEGA 2005 S.R.L. Cu Sediul În RÂMNICU SĂRAT, Str. Topliceni, Bl
CONSILIUL NA Ţ IONAL AL AUDIOVIZUALULUI ROMÂNIA Autoritate publică BUCUREŞTI autonomă Bd. Libertăţii nr. 14 Tel.: 00 4 021 3055356 Sector 5, CP 050706 Fax: 00 4 021 3055354 www.cna.ro [email protected] Decizia nr. 1041 din 14.11.2019 privind somarea S.C. TV ALFA OMEGA 2005 S.R.L. cu sediul în RÂMNICU SĂRAT, str. Topliceni, bl. 15, ap. 3, jud. Buzău C.U.I. 17113179 Telefon: 0746065856 Întrunit în şedinţă publică în ziua de 14 noiembrie 2019, Consiliul Naţional al Audiovizualului a analizat raportul întocmit de Serviciul Inspecţie cu privire la reţeaua de comunicaţii electronice din localitatea BUDA, jud. Buzău aparţinând S.C. TV ALFA OMEGA 2005 S.R.L. Distribuitorul de servicii S.C. TV ALFA OMEGA 2005 S.R.L. deţine avizul de retransmisie nr. A 6710.1/24.11.2016 pentru localitatea BUDA, judeţul Buzău. Analizând raportul prezentat de Serviciul Inspecţie, membrii Consiliului au constatat că distribuitorul de servicii S.C. TV ALFA OMEGA 2005 S.R.L. a încălcat prevederile articolelor 74 alin. (3) și 82 alin. (2) din Legea audiovizualului nr. 504/2002, cu modificările şi completările ulterioare. Potrivit dispozițiilor invocate: Art. 74 alin. (3): Distribuitorii de servicii pot modifica structura ofertei de servicii de programe retransmise numai cu acordul Consiliului. Art. 82 alin. (2): Distribuitorii care retransmit servicii de programe au obligaţia, la nivel regional şi local, să includă în oferta lor cel puţin două programe regionale şi două programe locale, acolo unde acestea există; criteriul de departajare va fi ordinea descrescătoare a audienţei. În fapt, în urma controlului efectuat de inspectorul teritorial al C.N.A., în data de 16.09.2019, în localitatea BUDA, judeţul Buzău, la staţia CATV cu denumirea TV ALFA OMEGA 2005, aparţinând S.C. -
Psychosocial Influences in Multiethnic Communities
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 180 ( 2015 ) 127 – 135 The 6th International Conference Edu World 2014 “Education Facing Contemporary World Issues”, 7th - 9th November 2014 Psychosocial influences in multiethnic communities Lucian Săcăleana*, Daniela Gîfub,c a“Petru Maior” University, Nicolae Iorga 1, Târgu Mure ș 54008 Romania b“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Carol I 11, Iași 700506 Romania cUniversity of Craiova, Alexandru Ioan Cuza 13, Craiova 200585 Romania Abstract This paper proposes a pilot study on the psychosocial impact on coexistence in multiethnic communities in order to improve the current educational policies. In fact, the case study reflects the problems of a multiethnic community that includes in significant shares Romanians, Hungarians and Rroma. We propose a methodology based on a corpus of data collected in three communities whose ethnic groups have different shares, analyzed both from a quantitative and qualitative perspective; individual and comparative (two by two, respectively all three). The main beneficiaries of the proposed analysis are sociologists, psychologists, political scientists, teachers, politicians, implicitly the whole society. © 20152015 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevierby Elsevier Ltd. LtdThis. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peerhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/-review under responsibility of The Association). “Education for tomorrow” / [Asociatia “Educatie pentru maine”]. Peer-review under responsibility of The Association “Education for tomorrow” / [Asociatia “Educatie pentru maine”]. Keywords: educational policies, multiethnic communities, ethno-social discourse, psychosocial impact. 1. Introduction The paper brings in discussion a different approach than other works found by us in specialty literature about how the multiethnic communities can live together in the same state. -
Organization Country
19 Organization Country 3DD ENTERTAINMENT United Kingdom 7A MEDIA, CORP United States 9 STORY DISTRIBUTION INTERNATIONAL Ireland A+E NETWORKS United States ABOUT PREMIUM CONTENT France ALFRED HABER DISTRIBUTION United States ALL3MEDIA INTERNATIONAL United States ANIMIKI SEE DISTRIBUTION Canada ARCANA STUDIO INC Canada ARTE FRANCE France ARTICO DISTRIBUTION INTL, S.L. Spain ARTWORKS ENTERTAINMENT S. DE R.L DE C.V. Mexico ATRESMEDIA TELEVISION Spain ATV Turkey AUSTRAL FILMS Argentina AZTECA Mexico BALANGA France BANIJAY RIGHTS United Kingdom BBC STUDIOS Mexico BBC STUDIOS United States BETA FILM GMBH Chile BEYOND DISTRIBUTION LTD Ireland BIG MEDIA United States BLUE ANT MEDIA Canada BOAT ROCKER STUDIOS Canada BOOMERANG TV / LAGARDERE STUDIOS DISTRIBUTION Spain BORSALINO France C MAJOR ENTERTAINMENT Germany CAKE United Kingdom CALINOS ENTERTAINMENT Turkey CANAL 13 S.P.A. Chile CARACOL TELEVISION United States CBS STUDIOS INTERNATIONAL United States CDC UNITED NETWORK Belgium CHINA FANTAWILD ANIMATION INC. China 19 CHINA INTERCONTINENTAL COMMUNICATION CENTER (CICC) China CINEFLIX RIGHTS United Kingdom CINEMEX PRESENTA Mexico CINEPOLIS DISTRIBUCION Mexico CJ ENM CO., LTD. Korea (South) COMAREX SA DE CV Mexico COMEDIHA! DISTRIBUTION Canada COPENHAGEN BOMBAY SALES Denmark CROWN MEDIA INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION United States CYBER GROUP STUDIOS France D3 TELEFILM United States DANDELOOO France DEUTSCHE WELLE / TRANSTEL Germany DEVISED TV Spain DHX MEDIA LTD Canada DICK CLARK PRODUCTIONS United States DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS LLC United States -
46Societatea Romana De Tele
SOCIETATEA ROMANA DE TELEVIZIUNE Anexa nr.3/46 CUPRINS Nr. formular Documentul de politici publice sectoriale, strategie si coordonarea politicilor structurale pentru anul 2010 si perspectiva 2011-2013 01 Sinteza fondurilor alocate pe surse si pe titluri de cheltuieli Sume alocate de la bugetul de stat 02 Bugetul pe capitole, subcapitole, paragrafe, titluri de cheltuieli, articole si alineate 02a Destinatia sumelor/cheltuielilor alocate din bugetul de stat Programe de investitii publice 28 Programele de investitii publice, pe grupe de investitii si surse de finantare 29 Fisele obiectivelor/proiectelor/categoriilor de investitii pag.2 DOCUMENT DE POLITICI PUBLICE SECTORIALE, STRATEGIE SI COORDONAREA POLITICILOR STRUCTURALE pentru anul 2010 si perspectiva 2011-2013 1. TITULAR: SOCIETATEA ROMANA DE TELEVIZIUNE COD TITULAR: 46 2. MISIUNEA INSTITUTIEI PUBLICE Misiunea Societatii Romane de televiziune (SRTv) este definita de legea sa de organizare si functionare (Legea nr.41/1994, republicata, cu modificarile si completarile ulterioare) si anume aceea de serviciu public autonom de interes national, independent editorial, ce isi desfasoara activitatea sub controlul Parlamentului. Societatea Romana de Televiziune, ca serviciu public in realizarea obiectivelor generale de informare, educatie, divertisment, e obligata sa prezinte, in mod obiectiv, impartial, realitatile vietii social-politice si economice interne si internationale, sa asigure informarea corecta a cetatenilor asupra evenimentelor publice, sa promoveze, cu competenta si exigenta, valorile limbii romane, ale creatiei autentice culturale, stiintifice, nationale si universale, ale minoritatilor nationale, precum si valorile democratice, civice, morale si sportive, sa militeze pentru unitatea nationala si independenta tarii, pentru cultivarea demnitatii umane, a adevarului si justitiei. In indeplinirea atributiilor pe care le are, Societatea Romana de Televiziune trebuie sa respecte principiile ordinii constitutionale din Romania. -
O Lista De Canale
MaxDSS Barcelona, distributie si instalatii TV in Europa. Comercial/ Abonamente: 642359264 tehnic: 642102808 LISTA DE CANALE INCLUSE IN GRILA TELEKOM martie 2018 SS 78 de canale cu Telekom TV Satelit – 7 euro/lună GENERALE: PRO 2, Pro 2HD, Pro Gold, Antena 1 HD, B 1 TV, Canal D, Pro TV HD, Canal D HD, Look Plus, National TV, National 24 Plus, Neptun TV, Prima TV, Pro TV, TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, TVH, TVR HD, Antena 1 STIRI: Agro TV, CNN, Telekom Info, Nasul TV, Realitatea TV, RTV, Antena 3, BBC WN, FILM: AXN, AXN Spin, Comedy Central Extra, Diva Universal, TV 1000, Film Box, Film Box Plus, Paramount, PRO Cinema, TNT, Bolywood TV, Cinemaraton, SPORT: Telekom Sport 1, Telekom Sport 2, Telekom Sport HD, Telekom Sport HD, Eurosport, Eurosport 2, PRO X, Telekom Sport 3, Telekom Sport 4 COPII: Baby TV, Boomerang, Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, Disney Junior, Ginx TV, Nikelodeon DOCUMENTARE: Animal Planet, Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geografic Channel, National Geografic Wild, BBC Earth LIFESTYLE: Antena Stars, Happy Channel, Look TV, Look TV HD MUZICA: Etno TV, Favorit TV, Inedit TV, Mooz Dance, MTV Romania, Taraf TV, Zu TV, Mooz Hits INTERNATIONALE: France 24, TV5 Monde RELIGIE: Trinitas TV M 95 de canale cu Telekom TV Satelit – 9,2 euro/lună toate cele de mai sus plus: FILM: AXN Black, AXN White, FilmBox Extra HD COPII: Nick JR DOCUMENTARE: Da Vinci Learning, Discovery Science, Crime & Investigation, History HD, DTX, National Geografic People LIFESTYLE: E! Entertainment, FTV, Food Network, Travel Channel, Paprika TV MUZICA: -
Media Reform and Democratization: A
MEDIA REFORM AND DEMOCRATIZATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOUR EAST-CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES by PATRICK JOSEPH McCONNELL (Under the Direction of Alison Alexander) ABSTRACT More than a decade after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe a number of countries in the region are well on their way to making a successful transition to democracy. It is often argued that the reform of a country’s media system toward freedom and independence is an important part of this democratization process. But as some countries have progressed toward democracy more rapidly than others, one needs to consider whether certain patterns of media reform influence the democratization process in either positive or negative ways. To do so, this study examines reform efforts in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania by addressing three research questions: What are the dimensions of media reform? What is the relationship of the various dimensions of media reform during the democratization process? And what is the relationship of media reform to political and economic reform during the democratization process? While the prevailing model used to describe media reform during the democratization process is that of the “stages of transition” approach, a central claim made by this study is that media reform needs to be thought of as multi-faceted. Rather than a media system being considered a single entity, this study shows that various sectors of a media system progress toward freedom and independence at differing rates. There are also competing press philosophies and competing actors that can influence the way media reform is carried out. And it is common for political and business elites to try to skew reforms efforts to their benefit.