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ANA MARCIA CHARNEI.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ ANA MARCIA CHARNEI CLADONIACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA LIQUENIZADOS) EM AMBIENTES DE ALTITUDE DA SERRA DO MAR NO SUL DO BRASIL CURITIBA 2013 1 ANA MARCIA CHARNEI CLADONIACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA LIQUENIZADOS) EM AMBIENTES DE ALTITUDE DA SERRA DO MAR NO SUL DO BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica, área de concentração em Taxonomia, Biologia e Diversidade de Algas, Fungos e Liquens, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sionara Eliasaro CURITIBA 2013 2 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente agradeço a Deus pelas oportunidades e pessoas colocadas em meu caminho. À CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) pela bolsa concedida. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica (PPB-Bot) pela estrutura fornecida e aos seus professores pelo conhecimento partilhado. À professora Dra. Sionara Eliasaro por toda atenção e conhecimento transmitido. Também pela seriedade e criticidade na análise da dissertação. A todos os meus familiares pelo incentivo. À Alice Gerlach, companheira de todos os momentos: laboratório, saídas de campo, almoços no RU e happy hours. Também pelo incentivo, ajuda na obtenção de imagens e montagem das pranchas. Ao grande amigo Flávio Beilke pela ajuda nas coletas, pelas inúmeras conversas e risadas. Ao doutorando e grande amigo Emerson Gumboski pela inestimável ajuda. Obrigada pela paciência, saídas de campo, envio de bibliografias, obtenção de imagens, sugestões, correções e discussões taxonômicas. À Vanessa Ariati por nos acompanhar ao Morro Caratuva e ao Pico Paraná. Ao Vitor de Freitas Batista por nos guiar ao Pico da Serra do Tabuleiro. À Shirley Feuerstein pela amizade e pelo agradável convívio em todos os dias em que dividimos o Laboratório de Liquenologia. À Camila Alves pela amizade. Pelas inúmeras conversas sempre tão agradáveis. À Márcia Silva pela amizade e pela delicadeza. Aos amigos da PPG-Bot por todo convívio, aprendizagem e troca de experiências. Aos funcionários dos herbários ICN, MBM e SP pela presteza no empréstimo de espécimes. A todos os funcionários do Departamento de Botânica. À professora Thelma pelas correções dos relatórios. À professora Maria Regina pelo empréstimo do scanner. II Aos liquenólogos Michel Navarro Benatti, Jesus Hernandez, Samuel Hammer e Eimy Rivas Platas pelas bibliografias repassadas. Ao Dr. Teuvo Ahti pelas discussões taxonômicas. À professora Dra. Neli K. Honda pela presteza na identificação química e no envio de importantes bibliografias. À Manuela Dal-Forno pelas análises moleculares. Ao Instituto Ambiental do Paraná (IAP) e a Fundação do Meio Ambiente (FATMA) pela concessão das autorizações de coleta. Aos funcionários da biblioteca de Ciências Biológicas pelo auxílio na busca de importantes bibliografias. Muito obrigado, sem vocês este trabalho não seria possível! III EPÍGRAFE ―Ode Serranista Que a lenha de nossas fogueiras nunca se acabe Que a água de nossos cantis não seque jamais Que nossas pernas não tenham cãimbras Que nossos pés aguentem para sempre Pois nosso destino é seguir o rastro da vida O que faremos mesmo sem pés Porque há confiança de que A trilha nunca se perderá O último sempre vem chegando A cobra não é venenosa O vento não derruba o abrigo A comida não terminará A noite vai passar e dará lugar ao dia‖ Leão Quam IV RESUMO A família Cladoniaceae inclui cerca de 500 espécies, distribuídas em todos os continentes, e possui como principal característica talos dimórficos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar um levantamento desta família em ambientes de altitude da Serra do Mar no Sul do Brasil, bem como caracterizar morfológica, química e ecologicamente as espécies encontradas, proporcionar meios para a identificação das mesmas através de chaves, ilustrações e descrições e contribuir para o conhecimento liquenológico no Sul do Brasil. Foram realizadas excursões de coleta e observação a campo em nove pontos acima de 900 metros na Serra do Mar do Paraná e Santa Catarina e também foram analisados espécimes depositados nos herbários MBM e UPCB. Os exemplares coletados foram incorporados ao herbário UPCB. Em laboratório foram realizadas observações morfológicas e anatômicas sob microscópio estereoscópico e óptico. Para a análise de metabólitos secundários foram utilizados testes de coloração de talo, observação do talo sob lâmpada UV e cromatografia em camada delgada seguindo as técnicas padrões em liquenologia. Dos 858 espécimes analisados foram encontradas 52 espécies, sendo uma de Cladia e 51 de Cladonia, destas quatro são propostas como novas para a ciência: Cladonia mackii Charnei & Eliasaro, C. maculata Charnei & Eliasaro, C. quiririensis Charnei & Eliasaro e C. paranaensis Charnei & Eliasaro. Cladonia multiformis G. Merr. é novo registro para a América do Sul. Foram registradas cinco novas ocorrências para o Sul do Brasil: C. anaemica (Nyl.) Ahti, C. carassensis Vain., C. clathrata Ahti & L. Xavier, C. imperialis Ahti & Marcelli e C. uncialis (L.) F. H. Wigg., além de 14 novos registros para o Estado do Paraná e 11 para Santa Catarina. São mencionadas pela primeira vez as formas e as dimensões dos ascósporos de C. ahtii S. Stenroos e C. meridionalis Vain, bem como a forma e a dimensão dos conídios de C. calycanthoides (Vain.) Ahti & Marcelli. Para todas as espécies de Cladonia foram feitas descrições, comentários e ilustrações. Palavras-chave: Cladia. Cladonia. Paraná. Santa Catarina. Taxonomia. V ABSTRACT The family Cladoniaceae includes about 500 species, distributed in all continents, and has as main characteristic dimorphic thallus. This study had as main purpose to make a survey on this lichen family in altitude environments of the Serra do Mar in Southern Brazil, as well characterize the morphology, chemistry and ecologically of all the species found, provide means for their identification through keys, illustrations and descriptions and contribute to the lichenological knowledge in Southern Brazil. Collections and observations in the field were made in nine points above 900 meters in Paraná and Santa Catarina States and were also analyzed specimens deposited in MBM and UPCB Herbarium. The samples were incorporated to the UPCB Herbarium. In laboratory were made morphological and anatomical analysis under stereomicroscope and optic microscope. For the chemical analysis, spots tests of the thallus were made and also the observations the thallus under UV light and thin layer chromatography, following standard methods in lichenology. From 858 samples analyzed were found 52 species, one of Cladia and 51 of Cladonia, these four are proposed as new to science: Cladonia mackii Charnei & Eliasaro, C. maculata Charnei & Eliasaro, C. quiririensis Charnei & Eliasaro and C. paranaensis Charnei & Eliasaro. Cladonia multiformis G. Merr. is new record to South America. Were recorded five new records to the Southern Brazil: C. anaemica (Nyl.) Ahti, C. carassensis Vain., C. clathrata Ahti & Xavier Filho, C. imperialis Ahti & Marcelli and C. uncialis (L.) F. H. Wigg. and 14 species are new records to Paraná, as well 11 to Santa Catarina. Are recorded for the first time the shape and sizes of the ascospores of C. ahtii S. Stenroos and C. meridionalis Vain., as well the shape and sizes of the conidia of C. calycanthoides (Vain.) Ahti & Marcelli. For all species of Cladonia were made descriptions, comments and illustrations. Key words: Cladia. Cladonia. Paraná. Santa Catarina. Taxonomy. VI LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Pontos de coleta ............................................................................... 15 Figura 2: Pico Paraná, Estado do Paraná, ponto culminante do Sul do Brasil. 16 Figura 3: Monte Crista, Estado de Santa Catarina .......................................... 16 CAPÍTULO 2 Figure 1: Location of the mountains studied in Serra do Mar .......................... 59 Figures 2-7: 2- Cladonia calycanthoides. 3- C. clathrata. 4- C. fissidens. 5- C. flagellaris. 6- C. imperialis. 7- C. penicillata ..................................................... 60 Figures 8-9: 8- Cladonia rappii. 9- C. verticillaris ............................................. 61 CAPÍTULO 3 Figuras 1-5: 1- Cladonia chlorophaea. 2- C. furfuracea. 3- C. grayi. 4 A-B- C. multiformis. 5- C. ochracea .............................................................................. 85 Figura 6-11: 6- Cladonia ochrochlora. 7- C. polyscypha. 8- C. pyxidata. 9- C. ramulosa. 10- C. subradiata. 11- C. subsquamosa ......................................... 86 CAPÍTULO 4 Figures 1-4: 1- Cladonia mackii. 2- C. maculata. 3 A-B- C. paranaensis. 4 A-B- C. quiririensis ................................................................................................. 100 CAPÍTULO 5 Figuras 1-6: 1- Cladonia cartilaginea. 2- C. ceratophylla. 3- C. corniculata. 4- C. furcata. 5- C. megaphylla. 6- C. paranaensis ................................................ 129 Figuras 7-10: 7- Cladonia pityrophylla. 8- C. quiririensis. 9- C. signata. 10- C. solida .............................................................................................................. 130 CAPÍTULO 6 Figuras 1-6: 1- Cladonia carassensis. 2- C. crispatula. 3- C. mackii. 4- C. palmicola. 5- C. polystomata. 6- C. squamosa .............................................. 151 CAPÍTULO 7 Figuras 1-6: 1- Cladonia confusa. 2- C. consimilis. 3- C. divaricata. 4- C. kalbii. 5- C. substellata. 6- C. uncialis .....................................................................
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