PARTICIPATORY COASTAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE MUNICIPALITY OF EL NIDO

September 2006

Prepared for:

PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Palawan Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300 Email: [email protected] Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234

Funded through a loan from :

JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Prepared by:

PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with ALMEC Corporation CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc. DARUMA Technologies Inc. Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc.

Photo Credits:

All photos by SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component Project Management Office

This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are properly acknowledged as the source of information

Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the written consent of the publisher.

Printed by:

Futuristic Printing Press, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines

Suggested Citation:

PCSDS. 2006. Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment Report for El Nido Municipality Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

List of Tables v List of Figures vi Acronyms and Abbreviations Used viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of The Study 1 1.2 Project Site Description 1

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 8 2.1 General Objective 9 2.2 Specific Objective 9

3.0 METHODOLOGY 9 3.1 PCRA Site Selection 10 3.2 Preparatory Activities 10 3.3 Data Collection 12 3.3.1 Community Map 12 3.3.2 Trends 12 3.3.3 Transects 13 3.3.4 Time Lines 13 3.3.5 Seasonal Calendar 13 3.3.6 Social Data 13 3.3.7 Scoring Ranking and Resource Flows 13 3.4 Scope and Limitations 13

4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 14 4.1 Historical Trend 14 4.1.1 Coastal Wetlands Ecosystems 14 4.1.2 Seagrass Ecosystems 17 4.1.3 Coral Reef Ecosystems 18 4.1.4 Marine Fishery Species 19 4.1.5 Marine Fishery 23 4.2 Transect 33 4.2.1 The Key Ecosystems/Habitats and Existing Resources 34 4.2.2 Resource Use and Livelihood 34 4.2.3 Issues, Problems and Recommendations 34

______iii

Title Page

4.3 Temporal Data Using the Seasonal Calendar 45 4.4 Social and Institutional Character 60 4.4.1 Poverty 60 4.4.2 Food Security 61 4.4.3 Gender Roles and Development 61 4.4.4 Institutions 65 4.4.5 The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in 69 Environmental Management

ANNEXES 70

Annex 1. Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, 70 Barangay Bebeladan, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Annex 2. Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, 73 Barangay Bucana, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Annex 3. Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, 78 Barangay Teneguiban, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Annex 4. Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, 85 Barangay Mabini, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

______iv LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Summary of Historical Trend of Mangrove Forests Status, Selected 16 Sites., El Nido, Palawan, 2004

2 Summary of Historical Trend of Seagrass Conditions, Selected, 18 Sites, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

3 Summary of Historical Trend of Coral Reefs, Selected Sites, El 19 Nido, 2004

4 List of Common Marine Fishery Resources, Selected Sites, El 20 Nido, Palawan, 2004

5 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, 24 Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

6 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, 25 Dilapira/Base Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

7 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time in 26 Site 3 (Darocotan Bay)

8 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time in 27 Site 4 (Shark Fin Bay)

9 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters, Dilapira/Base 30 Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

10 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, 31 Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

11 Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, 32 Sharks Fin Bay, 2004

12 Coastal/Marine Profile, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 36

13 Coastal/Marine Profile, Dilapira/Base Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 39

14 Coastal/Marine Profile, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 40

15 Coastal/Marine Profile, Shark Fin Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 43

______v

Table No. Title Page

16 Seasonal Calendar, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 46

17 Seasonal Calendar, Dilapira/Base Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 50

18 Seasonal Calendar, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 54

19 Seasonal Calendar, Sharks Fin Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 58

20 Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 62 2004

21 Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Dilapira/Base Bay, El Nido, 63 Palawan, 2004

22 Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, 64 Palawan, 2004

23 Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Sharks Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 65 2004

______vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 Location Map, Municipality of El Nido, Palawan 2

2 Municipal Map, Municipality of El Nido, Palawan 3

3 Existing Land Use, El Nido, Palawan, 2004 4

4 Perception of Economic Status, Selected Sites, El Nido, 60 Palawan, 2004

5 Venn Diagram Showing the Inter-relationships between the 66 Government and Organizations, Barangay Bucana, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

6 Venn Diagram Showing the Inter-relationships between the 67 Government and Organizations, Barangay Teneguiban, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

7 Venn Diagram Showing the Inter-relationships between the 68 Government and Organizations, Barangay Mabini, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

______vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED

A & D Alienable and Disposable

BAS Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

BC Barangay Council

BHW Barangay Health Worker

BOD Board of Directors

BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management

BUSELCO Busuanga Electric Cooperative

BWSA Barangay Waterworks and Sanitation Association

CADC Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim

CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles

CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

CBCRM Community-Based Coastal Resources Management

CFI Culion Foundation, Inc.

CIP Conservation International – Philippines

CIDSS Comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social Services

CIP Conservation International Philippines

CL Council of Leaders

CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan

COOP Cooperative

CRM Coastal Resources Management

DA Department of Agriculture

DAR Department of Agrarian Reform

DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOH Department of Health ______viii

DOLE Department of Labor and Employment

DOT Department of Tourism

DOTC Department of Transportation and Communication

DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways

DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network

EMB Environmental Management Bureau

FAP Foreign-Assisted Project

GIS Geographic Information System

HLRB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

ICHSP Integrated Community-Based Health Systems Project

IP Indigenous People

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KLM Kilusang Ligtas Malarya

LC Land Classification

LDC Local Development Council

LGC Local Government Code

MAO Municipal Agriculture Office

MDC Municipal Development Council

NATRIPAL Nagkakaisang mga Tribu ng Palawan, Inc.

NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

NHA National Housing Authority

NIA National Irrigation Administration

______ix NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System

NGO Non-Government Organization

NSO National Statistics Office

ODA Official Development Assistance

PALECO Palawan Electric Cooperative

PAMB Protected Areas Management Board

PCRA Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment

PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

PCSDS Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff

PFI PATH Foundation, Inc.

PO People’s Organization

PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office

PTCA Parent Teachers Community Association

PVOs Private Voluntary Organizations

RHU Rural Health Unit

RWSA Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association

SB Sangguniang Bayan

SEAP Self-Employment Assistance Program

SEP Strategic Environmental Plan

SK Sangguniang Kabataan

TC Tribal Council

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

ZO Zoning Ordinance

______x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of a participatory field assessment of the coastal resources of the Municipality of El Nido, Palawan. The Municipality of El Nido is located in the northern-most tip of Palawan mainland. It lies between 11o27’ and 119o27’ latitude. It is bounded on the north by Linapacan Strait (Luzon Sea), on the east by Taytay Bay (Sulu Sea), on the south by the Municipality of Taytay, and on the west by South China Sea. It has a total land area of 92,326 hectares. This is 3.20 percent of the total land area of the Province of Palawan.

The assessment was implemented by the Capacity-Building Team of the ECAN Zoning Component Project in collaboration with the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD).

OVERVIEW OF PCRA

The goal of the PCRA is to rapidly generate information on the coastal resources which will serve as inputs to the ECAN Zoning for environmental management purposes. PCRA focuses assessment from the perspective of local resource users. The Capacity- Building Team deployed a multi-disciplinary team of resource economist, sociologist, community development specialist, livelihood specialist, coastal resource and forestry experts to determine the present status of coastal resources in El Nido. This is accomplished through the use of participatory tools and techniques such as resource mapping, historical transect, trend lines, wealth ranking, venn diagrams, resource flow and transect walk during the gathering period of two weeks. PCRA produced species list per coastal habitat, historical transects, trend lines, resource flows, venn diagrams that all serve as indicators of overall coastal resources status, community needs, issues and concerns.

THE MUNICIPALITY OF EL NIDO

The municipality has a total population of 16, 456 (PPDO 2000). Compared to other parts of the Philippines, El Nido is sparsely populated, with its population density of 54 persons/km2. The population of El Nido is composed of a mixture of indigenous peoples and immigrants from other parts of the Philippines. Among the indigenous peoples are the Tagbanuas and the Cuyunos. There are 18 barangays that compose the municipality, four (4) of which are classified as urban and 14 as rural. The barangay settlements are located almost exclusively along the coast and fishing is a key activity, both for subsistence and trading purposes.

Marine environments in El Nido are very diverse and some of the most extensive in the Philippines. These include mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and a large portion of

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi the province’s coral reefs that comprises 36% of the nation’s total coral reef area. The area still supports a high level of marine biodiversity and some reefs are in relatively good shape. In spite of its low population density (54 persons/km2) there has been intense fishing pressure in the area, along with extensive use of illegal fishing methods, including explosives, muro-ami, and cyanide.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Coastal Resources

The existing mangrove forests in the El Nido municipality are found in the following barangays, namely: Villa Libertad, Pasadena, Bucana, Teneguiban, Sabaltana, Coron-corong, Manlag, Villa Paz, Mabini, New Ibajay, and Bebeladan.

Since 1970, the area covered by mangrove forests in El Nido has declined significantly, according to the people. Major losses of mangrove areas occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. The decrease in mangrove cover over the years can be attributed to harvesting of mangroves for charcoal or fuel wood production, and by forest clearing for housing purposes. The increasing population continues to threaten the remaining mangrove areas due to all types of uncontrolled shoreline development that includes land reclamation, illegal construction of houses and other structures such as ports and harbors, commercial charcoal production, conversion of mangrove areas for aquaculture, and overexploitation by traditional users.

The coral reefs in and around Bacuit Bay have a cover ranging from 20% to 80%, though most communities are better developed on the outer islands.

Throughout El Nido, coral reefs are being degraded and destroyed at unprecedented rates due to human activities. Major causes of degradation include the increasing population pressure which leads to overexploitation of the resources; sedimentation resulting from human terrestrial activities (unsound agricultural and forestry practices, mismanagement of watersheds, exploitation of mangroves, earth-moving for construction and the dumping of terrestrial and marine wastes; destructive fishing practices (dynamite fishing, cyanide fishing, muro-ami, dragging nets over reefs, use of small mesh nets and traps, traditional spearing and spearing using scuba); anchor damage by boats caused by inshore fishermen and tourists; and, pollution due to nearby populated areas.

A total of 42 common finfish species, 38 shell species, 14 other invertebrates species, 6 mammals and reptiles, 9 marine plants that include mangrove, algae and seagrasses and 5 unidentified species were identified by the respondents during the conduct of PCRA. These indicate the diversity of fish species and other marine resources in the selected sites. The municipality ranks third as the highest fish producing municipality in Palawan province. Fishing is the main economic activity of 3, 963 households while farming is secondary. Fishing is a year-round activity except during inclement weather as shown in the Seasonal Calendar. Fishing grounds in El Nido are in

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii Bacuit Bay, Mansilawit, Pinangantingan, Bararing, Cagbatang, Lamoro, Calitang, Bucana, Cabuli and Linapacan Strait.

Based on the Palawan Provincial Planning and Development Office’s 2002 figures, the total annual fisheries production of El Nido is 1,530 metric tons. This indicates a 13.2% decline in El Nido’s fish production from 1990 to 2002, which can be attributed to the encroachment of commercial fishing vessels in the municipal waters and other illegal fishery activities such as cyanide fishing and dynamite fishing.

The most common gears used in fishing are jigger, pursue seine, gillnet, trawl line, long-line, and beach seine. The jigger fishing method is the most common method used in 8 out of 18 barangays. The volume of fish catch per day depends on the type of fishing gear used. For the small fishers, however, gillnets fishing method is the most common gear used and it produces the highest volume of fish catch ranging from 10-150 kg. The existing fisheries are mainly supported by coral reef species. Reef fishes also dominate the catch sold at the market. Pelagic species are represented only by anchovies (Stolephorus spp.), round scads (Decapterus spp.), and Indian mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.) whereas demersal fishes included breams (Nemipteridae) and snappers (Lutjanidae). These groups are commonly caught by bottom set gillnets. Fish sold as observed in the markets or vend from on the streets are of poor quality, as the higher quality fishes are sold to merchants for export to Manila.

Fisheries development in the area has been characterized by the gradual expansion of fishing grounds at a pace that is dictated by the rate of resource depletion. As the available resources in the fishing areas decrease, the fishery simply adjusts by expanding the area that is fished.

Poverty

The municipality is experiencing increasing pressure from households who live below the poverty line. As of today, only 18.00 percent of 1,604 households surveyed had income greater than the poverty threshold. The disparity in social and economic status is manifested by differences in quality of housing, in food security, in diet, and in financial ability to access health services. Such differences would need to be taken into account both in problem identification, and in targeting specific groups when planning community development intervention.

Food Security

The total production of rice, which is the staple food, was 11,250 metric tons while the total volume of rice required is 3,193 metric tons. This means that the production of rice is more than enough to supply the needs of the population.

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii Gender Roles and Development

The result of the PCRA showed that except for certain aspects of household chores in which wives and daughters play more roles, most of the aspects of gender roles such as in livelihood and decision making are participated in by both men and women.

Institutions

A number of local institutions both from within and outside the barangays, and from government and non-governmental entities are working in the related subject barangays of the sites. However, work still needs to be done in terms of their interrelationships. There is weak coordination and integration between the local governments and the other entities working within the barangays. While coordination is being done with other partner agencies within the barangay, certain organizations work with minimal coordination with the barangay LGUs.

A number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play important roles in environmental management programs, specifically in the areas of community development, carrying out alternative livelihood projects, and protection and management of natural resources. However, the role of the NGO could only be at best a “partner” and facilitating agent if the real end goal is community empowerment.

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The ECAN Zoning Component aims to protect, wisely utilize, and conserve Palawan’s natural resources in order to achieve sustainable environmental management.

The goal of the project is to achieve sustainable development in Northern Palawan through appropriate use of land and coastal waters; the sustainable use of natural resources; and the protection, conservation and rehabilitation of natural environment through the implementation of SEP Law. Specifically, the project aims to:

• formulate an institutional framework for the ECAN Zoning system in Northern Palawan based on Republic Act No. 7611; and • enhance the capability of PCSDS, local governments, communities and other stakeholders in pursuing sustainable development in Northern Palawan.

The project seeks to produce an ECAN Zoning Plan, which consists of ECAN maps, and ECAN Management Guidelines. The ECAN Zoning Plan should provide directions and guidelines for appropriate use of areas and resources including agriculture, forestry, fishery, settlement, and infrastructure from the viewpoint of ecosystem protection and natural environment conservation. There are two priority sites of the project, one of which is the Municipality of El Nido.

Part of the first steps in ECAN Zoning is community diagnosis which involves collecting data on a community and identifying its needs and problems. Community diagnosis provides a profile or description of a community that should be very helpful in understanding and analyzing the situation. The result of the situational analysis contributes to the identification of environmentally critical areas network and development of management framework and guidelines for the Municipality. But more importantly, the process is able to account for the indigenous knowledge and perspectives of the community stakeholders in particular, and people’s participation in the conduct of the project in general.

1.2 Project Site Description

The municipality of El Nido is located in the northernmost tip of Palawan mainland. It lies between 11º27' latitude and 119º27' longitude, Figures 1 and 2. It is bounded on the north by Linapacan strait (Luzon Sea), on the east by Taytay Bay (Sulu Sea), on the south by the Municipality of Taytay and on the west by South China Sea.

______INTRODUCTION 1

Municipality of El Nido

Figure 1. Location Map, Municipality of El Nido, Palawan 2006

______INTRODUCTION 2

Figure 2. Municipal Map, Municipality of El Nido, Palawan, 2006

The municipality was formerly called “BACUIT” during the Spanish occupation. The town, which became a regular municipality in 1916, was then a barrio of the municipality of Taytay and was known as “Talindak” since its inception in 1892. By virtue of Republic Act No. 1140 enacted in 1954, the municipality was established and named “EL NIDO” after the rare species of the swallow called “SWIFT” or “NIDO” (Colocalia fucifaga) which produces the precious edible birds’ nests – the delicacy of the Chinese.

______INTRODUCTION 3 El Nido has an approximate land area of 92,326 hectares (Source: CLUP 2003). This is 3.20 percent of the total land area of the Province of Palawan. The municipality is characterized by rugged hills and mountainous terrain interspersed by level to rolling lands, and mangrove swamp areas at river deltas adjoining the ocean bodies. Metamorphic rocks that are very resistant to weathering characterize the imposing highlands.

Only small patches of lowland are present which occurs on minor coastal plains. Some streams are found in alluvial valleys.

The coastlines of the municipality are highly indented in such a fashion that no part of the interior is more than 11 km from the sea. Numerous islets can be found lying mostly in the western portion of its coastal waters. The islands, although not particularly high, are generally mountainous.

El Nido Existing Land Use

(in has)

51% 32%

4% 13%

Forest Agriculture Built-up Grassland Islands Others

Figure 3. Existing Land Use, El Nido, Palawan 2004

The El Nido municipality is endowed with rich natural resources which include the forests, agricultural lands, and marine resources. It has considerable tourism potentials because of its natural beauty and unique landscape characterized by white beaches, black marble formations, coral reefs, various species of wildlife, waterfalls and rare flora and fauna.

A significant portion of the municipality is part of the El Nido – Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area (ENTMRPA), a declared protected area under the NIPAS. The terrestrial portion of the reservation is characterized by different land uses that include primary forest, secondary forest, reproduction brushland, agricultural land, paddy fields, mangrove forest and settlement areas (DOT, 1996). The recent PCRA conducted by the team showed that there are four forest types within the reservation. These are the lowland ______INTRODUCTION 4 evergreen rainforest, forest over limestone, beach forest, and mangrove forest. The mainland part of the reservation has scattered lowland evergreen rainforests in both pristine and disturbed conditions. Old growth and young regeneration forests of this type are dominated by trees belonging to the family Dipterocarpaceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Melianaceae, Moraceae, Annonaceae, Leguminosae, and Guttiferae.

The beach forests on the sandy fringes of the small islands of the reserve consist of species such as Sterculi foetida, Barringtonia asiatica, Heritiera littoralis, Hernandia ovigera, erythrina, Thespesia, Pongamia pinnata, Pometia, Calophyllum inophyllum, Terminalia catappa, Ficus spp. Alstonia scholaris, Guettarda speciosa, Scaevola, Premna, Schefflera, Caesalpinia nuga, Cerbera manghas, Crinum asiaticum, Pandanus, Alocasia, Dona cannaeformis, Tabernaemontana, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Ipomoea pes- caprae, Cynodon dactylon, Eupatorium, Flagellaria indica and Morinda citrifolia, among others.

______INTRODUCTION 5 Patches of mangrove forests are found in some coastal areas of the mainland. These are mostly young stands or regenerating mangrove species. Their dominant species are those belonging to the genus Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Excoecaria, Xylocarpus and Aegiceras. Other associated species in the mangrove ecosystem are Acrostichum, Buchanania, Licuala, and Oncosperma.

The marine environment of El Nido is very diverse and some of the most extensive in the Philippines. This includes the mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. Particularly, the quality of the reefs within and outside Bacuit Bay were estimated to range from 20% to 80% live coral cover. The peculiar geologic characteristics of the area on the other hand, appear to have precluded the development of large expanse of well-developed coral reef flats. The depths of these coral communities range from 5 - 30 meters. Some areas have a second reef flat that drops to 70 meters. The area still supports a high level of marine biodiversity and some reefs are in relatively good shape.

The municipality has a total population of 16, 456 (PPDO 2000). Compared to other parts of the Philippines, El Nido is sparsely populated, having a low population density of 54 persons/km2. The population in El Nido is composed of a mixture of indigenous peoples and immigrants from other parts of the Philippines. Among the indigenous peoples are the Tagbanuas and the Cuyunos. There are 18 barangays that compose the municipality, four (4) of which are classified urban and 14 are rural. The barangay settlements are located almost exclusively along the coast.

______INTRODUCTION 6

El Nido ranks third as the highest fish producing municipality in Palawan province. Fishing is the primary source of income in the municipality. About 6,927 households or 57.2% of the total households in El Nido depends on fishing as their main source of income. More than half (3,963) of these households were classified as marginal fishers (farming households who are also part-time fishing households particularly during off-farming season). Fishing is a year-round activity except during inclement weather. Fishing grounds in El Nido are located in Bacuit Bay, Mansilawit, Pinangantingan, Bararing, Cagbatang, Lamoro, Calitang, Bucana, Cabuli and Linapacan Strait.

The most common gear used in fishing are jigger, pursue seine , gillnet, trawl line, long-line, and beach seine. The jigger fishing method is the most common method used in 8 out of 18 barangays. The volume of fish catch per day depends on the type of fishing gear used. For the small fishers however, gillnets fishing method is the most common gear used and it produces the highest volume of fish catch ranging from 10-150 kg.

The existing fisheries are mainly supported by coral reef species. Reef fishes also dominate the catch sold at the market. Pelagic species are represented only by anchovies (Stolephorus spp.), round scads (Decapterus spp.), and Indian mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.), whereas demersal fishes included breams (Nemipteridae) and snappers (Lutjanidae).

______INTRODUCTION 7 These groups are commonly caught by bottom set gillnets. Fish sold as observed in the markets or vend on the streets are of poor quality, as the higher quality fishes are sold to merchants for export to Manila.

The total annual fisheries production of El Nido is 1,530 metric tons, based from the PPDO figures of 2002, indicating that El Nido fish production declined by 13.2% in a span of twelve years. This decline in production can be attributed to the encroachment of commercial fishing vessels in the municipal waters and other illegal fishery activities such as cyanide fishing and dynamite fishing.

The municipality belongs to Type I Climate which is characterized by two distinct seasons; the dry season from December to May and the wet season from June to November. April is the driest month while August is the rainiest accompanied with the usual persistent gales and torrential rains.

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The basic approach follows the integrated approach to area development planning that considers the best use of limited resources by assessing the present and future needs and systematically evaluating the lands’ ability to supply them; resolving conflicts between competing uses; between the needs of individuals for production now and in the future; and the needs of individuals and of society; identifying sustainable alternative uses and choosing those that best meet the needs; and planning to bring about the needed changes.

The ECAN Zoning Component Project is a support project for the management of environment and natural resources in Northern Palawan. It includes a capacity building component that aims to develop and implement a comprehensive Capacity Building Program involving PCSDS, LGU staff, communities and other stakeholders respectively, towards strengthening their institutional capability for more effective implementation of ______OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 8 environmental policies and sustainable environmental management system in general, and the ECAN Zones management schemes in particular.

The conceptual approach in community empowerment is one of releasing the potentials of the communities. The people must share the viewpoint of PCSDS with respect to the natural environment. Given environmental knowledge, the supportive policies, and the regulations and programs within which people can pursue socio- economic activities, the community of environmental resource users should be able to protect, conserve, and sustain the environment on their own with minimum intervention from the government.

To build partnership among the different stakeholders, it is necessary to determine how people perceive and value the different aspects of environment and development in general. Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment (PCRA) is one of the tools employed to validate primary/secondary data and to identify community issues. Based on the identified issues, an appropriate capacity building plan can be developed to empower the communities. The PCRA data will also serve as an input in the preparation of an effective ECAN Zoning Framework and Management Plan.

2.1 General Objective

Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment (PCRA) is a participatory planning approach where local knowledge is harnessed to characterize and evaluate coastal habitats and resources in El Nido municipality. Resource assessment involves gathering and analyzing environmental, ecological, social and economic information about the area from the residents themselves. The data generated should contribute to environmentally sustainable economic development in El Nido by identifying potential usefulness, limits, and opportunities for coastal resources.

2.2 Specific Objective

The study will provide information on the current situation of El Nido in the area of coastal habitats and resources from the perspective of their users. Data generated will serve as inputs to the Municipal Environmental Profile, information and education campaign, Livelihood Assessment, ECAN Zoning and Management Plans. It will also determine how people perceive and value the different aspects of their physical environment and development in general. Aside from these, PCRA will also serve as a venue and provide opportunities for local fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the conduct of the project.

3.0 METHODOLOGY

The PCRA focuses assessment from the perspective of local coastal resource users. Through the PCRA, the local people assisted to collectively generate and organize environmental and ecological information on the coastal environment and its past, present, and future utilizations. PCRA clearly manifests an interactive and multifaceted process with interrelated components.

______METHODOLOGY 9 3.1 PCRA Site Selection

Sites for the Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment (PCRA) were identified and decided by the PCRA Team based on its unique characteristics, strategic location and representativeness. Specifically, the PCRA sites selected are the following:

a) Site 1: Bacuit Bay b) Site 2: Dilapira/Base Bay c) Site 3: Darocotan/Sibaltan Bay d) Site 4: Shark Fin Bay

3.2 Preparatory Activities

The Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment (PCRA) was conducted for three weeks. Preparatory activities, however, started as early as December 2002 with an extensive review of existing relevant documents. This was followed by the preparation of a PCRA plan which described and listed the following: site selection; PCRA team composition; data needs to be collected; data-gathering tools and techniques; identification of stakeholders and possible respondents; selection and sequencing of data collection techniques; analysis and interpretation of data. Four research assistants were recruited and hired to form part of the PCRA Team. PCRA plans were also presented to PCSDS counterparts for discussion. A three-day orientation-workshop was conducted to familiarize the team with the objectives, process, methodologies, tools and field work activities to be done. Actual field work was done for a period of three weeks last starting late November to December 15 2003.

The actual PCRA exercise for one community or barangay took 2-3 consecutive days. The process and methods used in the conduct of PCRA are outlined hereunder:

1. Review of secondary information

Reports, planning documents, legal documents, maps, satellite images – pertaining to the municipality of El Nido were first collected and reviewed. The collection of secondary data included environment-related ordinances, regulations, plans and other documents produced and/or enacted at different levels of governance to determine past and present government involvement or non-involvement in coastal resource management.

______METHODOLOGY 10 Scientific studies, on the other hand, provided research-based information on the status of coastal ecosystems and the living and working conditions in coastal communities.

2. Preparation of PCRA plan

A PCRA plan was prepared, discussed and submitted to PCSDS for approval. The plan detailed the process of site selection, formation of PCRA Team, data needs to be collected, methodology, tools and techniques that will be followed, data analysis and interpretation.

. 3. Formation of PCRA Team

A PCRA Team was formed during the month of March 2003 which was inter-disciplinary with its members having varying educational backgrounds and experiences. Specializations include fishery, sociology, economics, forestry, community development, marine environment, livelihood, health, agriculture, education and research.

4. Orientation-workshops

A three-day orientation-workshop for the PCRA Team members was conducted on November 2003 in order to be familiarize them with the PCRA objectives, outputs, processes, tools and standardize the gathering of information.

5. Community entry and preparation

After informing barangay officials and leaders of the PCRA, schedules for meetings were arranged. Groundwork before the PCRA activities ensured the identification and establishing contacts with key informants, and the attendance of target participants.

______METHODOLOGY 11 3.3 Data Collection

In addition to secondary information as well as data on existing projects, institutions, and government services, four basic data sets were gathered.

3.3.1 Community Map

Prior to work in the community, rapport building is very important for all development workers. This challenging job can become easier by doing an exercise that really brings people closer. Community mapping is an exercise that helps outsiders get in touch with the local people.

More importantly, it gave an opportunity for both the research team and the community itself to understand and visualize the entire social, economic, and political setup of a particular village community within a very short period. It also provided insights of all the available natural and manmade resources, prevailing agro-ecological conditions and socio-cultural dimensions that exist in the community. Understanding and exploring this entire situation is very crucial to designing and developing any initiative in the community.

The process involved explaining the objectives of the exercise to the participants and identifying key informants - local people who hold more knowledge and information about the community - from the community group. Then, a checklist of information and resources that would be placed/drawn in the map is prepared. Four types of data were gathered: habitats (coastal and terrestrial) and its location, resources available, use of resources and issues. The types of data were drawn on the map using both color and number coding system, which the participants formulated to illustrate the different kinds of habitats, resources, and issues on a 1:10,000 base map. Farm sketches were made for a representative sample of households in the community. Six to eight farms were identified, with attention given to the variety of ecological, income, land use, and ethnicity present in the community. Team members prepared sketches by doing a transect walk around the farm with PCRA participants.

3.3.2 Trends

TREND LINES were developed based on village perspectives of changes in rainfall, crop production, soil loss, biodiversity, deforestation, health, population, marine habitats, fish catch, fishing gears and other related topics of concern to the community.

The village RESOURCE MAP was prepared with village leaders in order to identify physical and economic details and to locate the community’s infrastructure as well as resources. The ______METHODOLOGY 12 map was presented to and validated by the larger PCRA group; subsequent revisions/ refinements were made based on the feedbacks gathered.

3.3.3 Transects

A village transect was produced, in cooperation with participants, which identified types of land use, problems, and opportunities to solve problems. The transect also helped the team determine sub-zones within the community that require special consideration.

3.3.4 Time Lines

Using focus group discussion, the PCRA team solicited from the participants what they considered to be the most important events in the community’s past. A time line was prepared as an output.

3.3.5 Seasonal Calendar

Another output of the focus group discussions is a seasonal calendar. Data on land use, food availability, disease, food surplus, and cash availability were organized and entered into a time scale of 12 to 18 months. The seasonal calendar also helped to record community views of problems and opportunities.

3.3.6 Social Data

Data on VILLAGE INSTITUTIONS were gathered from residents by asking them to rank community institutions in order of importance and by constructing diagrams that indicated the relationships between and among these institutions.

3.3.7 Scoring, Ranking and Resource Flows

Whenever possible, collected data were scored and ranked according to importance. Resource flows were drawn to determine goods produced and marketed by the community.

3.4 Scope and Limitations

The Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA) focused on the perceptions of 187 community representatives who were considered as stakeholders and from existing secondary data. Secondary data compiled by the municipality, as recorded in their CLUP were also used. However, much of this information is outdated and its level of reliability is suspect.

Only 4 sites covering twelve (12) out of a total of 14 communities were selected in the Municipality of El Nido, mainly on account of restricted funding. The participants were not pre-selected nor randomly selected but were invited by the Barangay Officials and based on who were available. It would have been better if more communities were selected and more participants were invited.

______METHODOLOGY 13 PCRA was one approach through which all sectors of the community were effectively involved in coastal resources assessment. Unlike other methodologies, however, the nature of PCRA demanded more than just skill in the technical application of the methodology.

4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSES

The coastal zone is defined as “the strip of land and adjacent lake or ocean (water and submerged land) in which the land ecology and land use affect lake and ocean space ecology and vice versa. Functionally, it is a broad interface between land and water where production, consumption and exchange processes occur at high rates of intensity. Ecologically, it is an area of dynamic biochemical activity but with limited capacity for supporting various forms of human use. Geographically, the outermost boundary is defined as the extent to which land-based activities have measurable influence on the chemistry of the water or on the ecology or biota. The innermost boundary is one kilometer from the shoreline except at places where recognizable indicators for marine influences exist, like mangroves, nipa swamp, beach vegetation, salt beds, marshlands, bayous, recent marine deposits, beach and sand deposits, and deltaic deposits in which case the one-kilometer distance shall be reckoned from the edges of such features” (National Environmental Protection Council, 1980)

The El Nido coastal zone is typical of tropical coasts, with at least four major resource units occurring along its shallow coastlines: coral reefs, sea grass, beach systems and coastal wetlands (including mangroves).

4.1 Historical Transect

The historical transect, which is a pictorial representation of an area through time, was used in the study. It was used to show trends in both bio-physical and socio-economic conditions.

4.1.1 Coastal Wetland Ecosystem

Coastal wetlands cover mangroves and their associates, such as Nypa fruticans (nipa palm), rivers and estuaries-mudflats ecosystems.

The mangrove ecosystem, often referred to as coastal woodland, tidal forest and mangrove forest, is commonly understood to be made up of a collection of woody plant species associated with characteristic fauna and flora and anaerobic soils found in the inter-tidal zone.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 14 Mangroves provide food and shelter to a large and varied group of fishes and shellfish. The leaf detritus (fallen and decaying leaves) provide the base of the major mangrove community food chain. The aerial roots provide shelter for many species of commercial fish and shellfish, particularly in their juvenile and most predator prone stages.

Mangrove forests also provide protection from storm surges and high winds associated with tropical typhoons. This is important to a country that is hit by an average of 20 typhoons a year. Other uses of mangroves include: protection against soil erosion and sedimentation thereby abating coral reef degradation; land building through soil accretion (sediment from the land collects among the dense roots building up the land); trapping coastal pollutants which may otherwise severely damage adjacent marine ecosystems; wildlife sanctuary; and other aesthetic, educational and scientific values.

Estuaries, on the other hand, are invaluable ecosystems located along the coast where rivers meet the sea. Together with the mixing of waters is the mixing of sediments from the rivers and from the sea. These sediments are deposited at the mouths of estuaries as mudflats. These flats stretch along several kilometers of coast, especially where a great number of freshwater streams empty into the sea. This estuarine-mudflat ecosystem lies near the mangrove forest ecosystem. Usually, there is a gradation from the muddy substrate covered by mangroves to the bare inter-tidal zone made up of sand flats and mudflats.

The main food source in the estuarine-mudflat ecosystem is the large quantity of organic material (detritus) coming from the mangrove forest ecosystem that is usually deposited with the sediments. Primary consumers, either living on or burrowing in the mud, feed on these organic materials. Examples of these consumers are barnacles, mussels, oysters, polychaetes, burrowing mollusks and other zooplanktons. Attracted to these numerous and diverse populations present in estuaries and mudflats are secondary consumers such as shore birds, fish and invertebrate predators like crabs, some types of shrimps and carnivorous marine worms. Estuaries and mudflats also serve as nursery and breeding grounds of commercially important fish resources, aside from stabilizing the shoreline.

Mangrove formation is well developed in the coastal areas that are influenced by salt or brackish water at high tide such as the mudflats at the lower reaches of tidal streams and estuaries that are sheltered from the effects of high energy waves and strong winds.

The existing mangrove forests in the El Nido municipality are found in the following barangays, namely: Villa Libertad, Pasadena, Bucana, Teneguiban, Sibaltan, Coron-corong, Manlag, Villa Paz, Mabini, New Ibajay, and Bebeladan.

Since 1970, the area of mangrove forests in El Nido has declined significantly according to the people as reflected in Table 1. Those along Shark Fin Bay and Bacuit Bay were reported as good and fair, respectively, while those at Dilapira and Darocotan bays were worst. Major losses of mangrove areas occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 15

Table 1. Summary of Historical Trend of Mangrove Forests Status , Selected Sites, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

BACUIT DILAPIRA DAROCOTAN SHARK FIN BAY BAY BAY BAY

1950’s EXCELENT EXCELLENTEXCELLENT EXCELLENT 1970’S EXCELLENT POOR POOR EXCELLENT 1980's POOR POOR POOR FAIR 1990's GOOD POOR POOR GOOD PRESENT FAIR POOR POOR GOOD

Satellite data showed that the municipality experienced a decrease in mangrove cover from 3,110 ha in 1979 to 2,381 ha in 1998 (Palawan State of the Environment. 2004) The decline in mangrove cover over the years can be attributed to harvesting of mangroves for charcoal or fuel wood production, and by forest clearing for housing purposes. However, there was an increase of 24 ha of mangrove forest in El Nido from 2,357 ha in 1992 to 2,381 ha in 1998 (Palawan State of the Environment. 2004). This might be an indication of the growing awareness among residents of the importance of mangrove forests and more controlled utilization of the resources. Yet, increasing population continues to threaten the remaining mangrove areas, resulting to the destruction of mangrove forests due to all types of uncontrolled shoreline development (e.g. land reclamation, illegal construction of houses and other structures such as ports and harbors), commercial charcoal production, establishment of fish pens for aquaculture, and overexploitation by traditional users.

Pollution is the primary threat to estuaries since they receive all the wastes from the land rivers. Non-biodegradable chemical wastes like heavy metals, used oils and pesticides are the most dangerous because they accumulate in the sediments and enter the food web through the large number of invertebrates. Large quantities of organic pollutants in untreated sewage from human settlements and industrial discharges also deplete oxygen in the water. Hence, pollution may result to less biodiversity due to death, impairment of reproductive capability and weakened resistance against disease. ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 16

Another threat to estuaries is reclamation and illegal construction since estuaries are strategic locations for ports, industrial complexes, commercial establishments and human settlements. Reclamation for these purposes and conversion of the estuarine- mudflat areas to aquaculture ponds, salt pens and farms will lead to a loss of an ecosystem important as a productive transition zone between rivers, land and sea.

4.1.2 Seagrass Ecosystem

Sea grasses are distinguished from other marine plants like seaweeds by their roots and vascular system and the ability to flower.

Found along the coast, supporting mangroves in the tropics, the sea grasses (commonly called lusay) comprise one of the most conspicuous ecosystems of the shore. The presence of extensive sea grass meadows is favorable to coastal productivity and protection. The sea grass beds function as a spawning, nursery or feeding ground of fishes, shrimps and other animals. However, as human population increases, so does the multiplicity of demands on the marine environment. Since sea grass beds occupy the shallow waters along coastal fringes, they are vulnerable to man’s activities like dredging operations, sakag and cyanide fishing. It is often difficult to restore damaged sea grass cover.

The presence of seagrass communities in almost the entire shallow waters surrounding the province of Palawan. The quality of the seagrasses was seen to have deteriorated through the years since the 1950’s except in Sharks Fin Bay, Table 2.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 17

Table 2. Summary of Historical Trend of Seagrass Conditions, Selected Sites, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

BACUIT DILAPIRA DAROCOTAN SHARK FIN BAY BAY BAY BAY

1950’s EXCELENT EXCELLENTEXCELLENT EXCELLENT 1970’S EXCELLENT FAIR FAIR EXCELLENT 1980's POOR FAIR FAIR EXCELLENT 1990's GOOD POOR POOR EXCELLENT PRESENT GOOD POOR POOR EXCELLENT

4.1.3 Coral Reef Ecosystems

Coral reefs are shallow-water, tropical marine ecosystems characterized by a tremendous variety of plants and animals and high primary productivity. Coral reefs are massive deposits of calcium carbonate that have been produced by corals with major additions from calcareous algae and other organisms that secrete calcium carbonate.

Common fauna found in coral reef ecosystems are cnidarians such as jellyfishes, hydroids, soft and hard corals, sea anemones; fishes (including aquarium fishes); mollusks such as clams, top shells and oysters; echinoderms such as sea cucumbers, sea urchins, brittle stars and starfishes; sponges; reptiles such as sea snakes; and, other miscellaneous invertebrates.

Coral reefs are important because these are the most biologically productive of all natural communities. In fact, a single reef alone may support as many as 3,000 species of coral fish and shellfish. Coral reefs also provide an area for recreation and tourism due to its aesthetic appeal, biological richness, clear waters and relative accessibility. Moreover, coral reefs protect coastal villages by protecting the shoreline and acting as a self-repairing breakwater. Coral reefs also provide an important source of animal protein.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 18 The coral reefs in and around Bacuit Bay have a cover ranging from 20% to 80%, though most communities are better developed on the outer islands.

The coral reefs of El Nido have deteriorated in quality since the 1950’s, Table 3. Major causes of degradation include increasing population pressure which leads to overexploitation of the resources; sedimentation resulting from human terrestrial activities (unsound agricultural and forestry practices, mismanagement of watersheds, exploitation of mangroves, earth-moving for construction and the dumping of terrestrial and marine wastes; destructive fishing practices (dynamite fishing, cyanide fishing, muro-ami, dragging nets over reefs, use of small mesh nets and traps, traditional spearing and spearing using scuba); anchor damage by boats caused by inshore fishermen and tourists; and, pollution from nearby settlement areas.

Table 3. Summary of Historical Trend of Coral Reefs, Selected Sites, El Nido 2004

BACUIT DILAPIRA DAROCOTAN SHARK FIN BAY BAY BAY BAY

1950’s EXCELENT EXCELLENTEXCELLENT EXCELLENT 1970’S EXCELLENT EXCELLENTEXCELLENT EXCELLENT 1980's POOR GOOD GOOD GOOD 1990's GOOD FAIR FAIR FAIR PRESENT FAIR POOR POOR FAIR

4.1.4 Marine Fishery Resources

A total of 42 common finfish species, 38 shell species, 14 other invertebrates species, 6 mammals and reptiles, 9 marine plants that include mangrove, algae and seagrasses and 5 unidentified species were identified by the respondents during the conduct of PCRA. Table 4 shows the diversity of fish species and other marine resources identified per PCRA site.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 19 Table 4. List of Common Marine Fishery Resources, Selected Sites, El Nido, Palawan 2004

Sharks Local Name Common Bacuit Dilapira/ Darocoton Fin Bay (Tagalog/Cuyunin/Visaya) Name Bay Base Bay

Fish Pink-ear Amadas Emperor X Bagulan Fish X Banak Mullet X X Bangus Milkfish X Bantol Stone fish X Bayaban Fish X Bayang Sickle fish X Threadfin Bisugo bream X X X Bugaong Therapons X Bulgan Sea bass X Dalag Mudfish X Dalagang-bukid Fusilier X Danggit Rabbitfish X X Dilis Anchovy X Galunggong Round Scad X Guno Silversides X Hito Catfish X X Indong Eel X X Kanduli Sea catfish X Kanlay Fish X Emperor Kanuping bream X Kikiro Spade fish X Lampasot Dolphin X Langogan X

X X X Lapu-lapu Grouper Lumahan Mackerel X Mangagat Red snapper X Big-eyed

Matambaka scad X X Maya-maya Snapper X Mol-mol Parrotfish X Pagi Stingray X X X X Palata Damse fish X X Palos Fish X Parangan Fish X Pating Shark X X X X ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 20 Sharks Local Name Common Bacuit Dilapira/ Darocoton Fin Bay (Tagalog/Cuyunin/Visaya) Name Bay Base Bay

Samaral Rabbitfish X X X Sap-sap / lawihan Slipmouth X X Black- blotch Tabangka jawfish X X Fork-tailed Tabangongo catfish X Yellow fin Tambakol tuna X Torsilyo Barracuda X Tulingan Tuna X Shells Alaala Shell X Alikomo Shell X Apugan Shell X Aripuros Shell X X Baka-baka Shell X Bakalan Ark shell X X Bagasay Shell X X Balilit Shell X X Budyong Helmet shell X Halaan Venus shell X Window Kapis pane shell X X X Kegpan Shell X Kibaw Shell X X X Lampirong Shell X Liswi Cone shell X X Manla Shell X Manlot Shell X X Pasyak Shell X X Poka Shell X Punaw Venus shell X Pusik Shell X Spider shell Ranga-ranga /Saang /conch X X Sabilan Shell X Saka-saka Shell X Samong Top shell X Sihi Shell X Sikad-sikad Shell X X Sobra-sobra / lapas Shell X X Suso Shell X Taklobo Giant clam X X

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 21 Sharks Local Name Common Bacuit Dilapira/ Darocoton Fin Bay (Tagalog/Cuyunin/Visaya) Name Bay Base Bay

Dolphin Taktakon shell X Talaba Oyster X X X X Tarab Pen shell X Tipay Ark shell X Tutok Shell X Tuway Shell X X Wakwak Sea worm X Bubble Wasay-wasay shells X X Other Invertebrates Aguyokoy Fidler crab X Mud/mangr Alimango ove crab X X X X Alimasag Blue crab X X X X Sea Balatan cucumber X X X X Banagan Lobster X X X Penaeid Hipon shrimp X X Pugita Octopus X X X X Pusit Squid X X X Seahorse Seahorse X X Starfish Starfish X Penaeid Sugpo shrimp X X Mangrove worm/ship Tamilok borer X X X Tirik Sea urchin X X Tauban / Kulambutan Cuttlefish X X X Marine Mammals/Reptiles Ahas Sea snake X Monitor Bayawak lizard X Whale Butanding shark X Dugong Dugong X X X Lumba-lumba Dolphin X Marine Pawikan turtle X X X X Plants Baryaw-baryaw Seagrass X X X Kulapo Seaweed X X Lambayong Seagrass X ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 22 Sharks Local Name Common Bacuit Dilapira/ Darocoton Fin Bay (Tagalog/Cuyunin/Visaya) Name Bay Base Bay

Lato Seaweed X X X X Lumot Green algae X Nipa Nypa X X X Coconut Niyog tree X Ragayray Seagrass X Taguykoy Ghost crab X Unidentified Sili X Manga X Bulalo X Paket-paket Seaweed X Sea Batonan cucumber X

4.1.4 Marine Fishery

The municipal marine fishery of El Nido is declining in production over the years. Tables 5 - 8 show the average fish catch per day of small-scale fishing operators for various years since the 1970’s. The values were based on focus-group discussions using the Trend Line method during the conduct of the PCRA. The table also shows an increase in motorization over the years and increasing trend in the number of hours spent for fishing, from 2-3 hours (average/day) in 1970 to 12-36 hours average per day in 2003.

The obvious consequence of decreased catch is reduced income. Although the price of fish catch had increased by 25% in a span of 30 years, the cost of production and inflation rate (average of 10% annually) makes the price increase insignificant. Moreover, inspite of numerous good fishing grounds, generally high catch rates, El Nido-based fishers remained poor because of inadequate marketing support. Drying fish catch became a logical next step to gain better price. Today, fishers remain poor due to depleted resources stemming from lack of adequate fisheries management.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 23 Table 5. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Parameters 1970’s 1980's 1990's 2000

Mostly Sibid (de mostly use mostly use Fishing Vessels sagwan) motorboat motorboat 95% motorboat Fishing Gear Fishing boat 50% Fishing boat Palubog 70% Palubog 5% Hook and line 40% Paanod 5% Baklad 1% 50% Lambat palubog Baklad 5% Bobo 20% 20% Basnig 20% Paanod 20% Hook and line 40% Livefish 90% Ganti-ganti Fishing Area Seashore Seashore From seashore 500 m. from Mangroves to 5km. seashore to Area 1.Guntao From seashore 2.Lalutaya to 5km. 3.Bulalo 4.Hinlulutok 5.Kamago oil rig

Fish Caught Dilis Dilis Burao Burao Sapsap Pusit Kalapato Klapato Alumahan Burao Sapsap Sapsap Talakitok Bisugo Espada Suno Kanuping Kalapato Kalaso Tambakol Bisugo Espada Suno Tulingan Talakitok Mansa Pusit Kanuping Talakitok Bagsak Tanguingui Upot Hasa

Time Spent during Barring 3 to 5 Barring 3 to 5 Basnig 12 Palubog 2 fishing/volume hours/1000 kg hours/1000 kg hours/500 hours/>=50 kg Hook & line 8 Hook & line 24 Hook & line 24 Hook & line 70 hours/100-200 kg hours/100-1000 hours/80 kg hours/<=100 kg kg Price of Fresh Fish Sapsap P2.00/kl Taningui Tanigui Tanigui Bisugo P3.00/kl P35.00/kl P35.00/kl P75.00/kl Burao P7.50/kl Burao P7.50/kl Burao P30.00/kl Sapsap P5.00/kl Sapsap P5.00/kl Sapsap P20.00/kl Kanuping Kanuping P25.00/kl P35.00/kl Sono P50.00/kl Talakitok P50.00/kl Sono: • o/s 120.00/kl • g/s 300.00/kl ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 24 Parameters 1970’s 1980's 1990's 2000

• u/s 80.00/kl • ulpot 60.00/kl • lawihan 80.00/kl

Price of Live Fish Sono P250- Sono: 400.00/kl • to 3kls o/s P1,100.00 • .5 to 1kl g/s P1,100.00 • 3-4gms u/s P350.00 • 2gms tropical 20.00 fingerlings

Table 6. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, Dilapira/Base Bay, 2004

Parameters 1970's 1980's 1990's Present

Fishing Boats Paddle boats Paddle boats Paddle boats 32% Paddle boats 32% Sail boats 32% Sail boats 1% Sail boats 0% Lunday Sail boats 5% Lunday 1% Lunday 1% Motorized banca Lunday 1% Motorized banca Motorized banca (10HP) Motorized banca (10 HP) 65% (10 HP) 66% Balsa (10 HP) 61% Balsa 1% Balsa 1% Balsa 1% Fishing Gears Timing Timing Timing Kitang Kawil Kawil Kawil Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Lambat Lambat Lambat Pana Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Kawil Kitang Kitang Timing Pana Pamating Pamating Pamating Pana Pana Baklad Baklad

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 25 Parameters 1970's 1980's 1990's Present

Fishing Grounds Around Lalutaya Around Lalutaya Around Lalutaya Around Lalutaya Island Island Is Is Near the beach Near the beach Near the beach Near oil drilling Front of Calitang Front of Calitang Front of Calitang Guntao Island Around Bito Around Bito Around Bito Island Island Island Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Duli Duli Duli Near oil drilling Guntao Island Fish Caught Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Dilis Dilis Dilis Dilis Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Espada Espada Espada Espada Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Galunggong Galunggong Galunggong Galunggong Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Pusit Pusit Pusit Pusit Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Samaral Samaral Samaral Samaral Pak-an Dalagang Bukid Hipon Matambaka Alimango Pagi Pak-an Pugita

Table 7. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time in Site 3 (Darocotan Bay)

Parameters 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000

Fishing Boat Paddle boats Paddle boats Paddle boats 32% Paddle boats 32% Sail boats 32% Sail boats 1% Lunday 1% Lunday Sail boats 5% Lunday 1% Motor boats 66% Motor boats Lunday 1% Motor boats 65% Balsa 1% Balsa Motor boats 60% Balsa 1% Balsa 2% Fishing Gear Timing Timing Timing Timing Kawil Kawil Kawil Kawil Ganti-ganti Lambat Lambat Lambat Pamo Kitang Kitang Kitang Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Pamating Baklad Baklad Pamo Pamating Pamating Pamo Pamo

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 26 Parameters 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000

Fishing Around Lalutaya Around Lalutaya Around Lalutaya Around Lalutaya Grounds Island Island Island Island Near Beach Near Beach Near Beach Near Beach Front of Calitang Front of Calitang Front of Calitang Front of Calitang Around Bito Around Bito Around Bito Around Bito Island Island Island Island Front of Sitio Duli Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Near Oil Drilling Duli Duli Duli Guntao Island Near Oil Drilling Cagbuli Guntao Island Cagbuli Fish Catch Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Dilis Dilis Dilis Dilis Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Espada Espada Espada Espada Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Galungong Galungong Galungong Galungong Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Pusit Pusit Pusit Pusit Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Samaral Samaral Samaral Samaral Pak-an Pak-an Pak-an Matambaka Matambaka Matambaka Pagi Pagi Pagi Pugita Pugita Pugita Dalagang Bukid Dalagang Bukid Shrimp Alimango

Table 8. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time in Site 4 (Shark Fin Bay)

Paramaters 1970's 1980's 1990's 2003

Type of Fishing Sail boats Paddle boats Paddle boats Paddle boats Vessels Paddle boats motor boats motor boats motor boats Raft Lunday No. of Fishing Motorized- Motorized 5 Motorized 10 Motorized 24 Vessel Paddle boats -10 Paddle boats 7 Paddle boats 5 Paddle boats 35 Fishing Gear Hook and Line Hook and Line Hook and Line Hook and Line Nets Nets Nets Nets Tuble Tuble Tuble Tuble Makasla/Lagtang Makasla/Lagtang Fish Corral Fish Corral Fish Corral Pana Pana ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 27 Paramaters 1970's 1980's 1990's 2003

Pana

Fishing Ground Sitio Pinamudian Sitio Pinamudian Sitio Sitio Area (200m) (200m) Pinamudian Pinamudian Old Baryo (100- Old Baryo (100- (200m) (200m) 200m) 200m) Old Baryo Old Baryo Pintikan (300m) Pintikan (300m) (100-200m) (100-200m) Barok (200m) Barok (200m) Pintikan Pintikan (300m) (300m) Barok (200m) Barok (200m) Fish Catch Amadas Banak Amadas Banak Banak Green Groupers Banak Green Amurok Samaral Green Groupers Groupers Silay Sapsap Samaral Samaral Green Groupers Tabangungo Sapsap Sapsap Samaral Hito Hito Tabangungo Sapsap Bisugo Bisugo Hito Tabangungo Siga Torsilyo Bisugo Baritos Dalagang Bukid Langugan Molmol Maya-maya Langugan Molmol Hito Molmol Kanuping Bisugo Kanuping Siga Time Spent Net 1 hour/1 Net 1 hr/0.5 Net 4 hours/8 Net 12 hours/2 During basket basket kg kg Fishing/volume Hook and line 4 Hook and line 4 Hook and line 8 Hook and line hours /10 kg hours/8 kg hours/5 kg 12 hours/2 kg Price of Catch P150/kilo P3.00/kg P15 - 20/kg P25 - 30/kg

The most common gear used in fishing are jigger (255), pursue seine (246), Gill- Net (56), Troll-line (44), long-line (19), and beach seine (18). The jigger fishing method is the most common method used in 8 out of 18 barangays. The volume of fish catch per day depends on the type of fishing gear used. For the small fishers however, gillnets fishing method is the most common gear used and it produces the highest volume of fish catch from 10-150 depending on the type of fish usually caught.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 28 Fishing is the primary source of income in the municipality. About 57.2 % of the total households (6,927) in El Nido depends on fishing as their main source of income. There were 3,963 households who were classified as marginal fishers (farming households who are also part time fishing households particularly during off farming season) and these households outnumber the total number of households employed in fishery alone.

Existing fisheries are mainly supported by coral reef species. Reef fishes also dominate the catch sold at the market. Pelagic species are represented only by anchovies (Stolephorus spp.), round scads (Decapterus spp.), and Indian mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.), whereas demersal fishes included breams (Nemipteridae) and snappers (Lutjanidae). These groups are commonly caught by bottom set gillnets. Fish sold as observed in the markets or vend on the streets are of poor quality, as the higher quality fishes are sold to merchants for exports to Manila.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 29 Table 9. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters, Dilapira/Base Bay,ElNido, Palawan 2004

Parameters 1970's 1980's (%) 1990's (%) Present (%)

Fishing Boats Paddle boats 32 32 32 Sail boats 5 1 0 Lunday 1 1 1 Motorized banca (10HP) 61 65 66 Balsa 1 1 1 Total 100 100 100 Fishing Gears Timing Timing Timing Kitang Kawil Kawil Kawil Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Lambat Lambat Lambat Pana Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Kawil Kitang Kitang Timing Pana Pamating Pamating Pamating Pana Pana Baklad Baklad Around Lalutaya Around Fishing Grounds Island Lalutaya Island Around Lalutaya Island Near the beach Near the beach Near the beach Front of Front of Front of Calitang Calitang Calitang Around Bito Around Bito Around Bito Island Island Island Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Duli Duli Duli Near oil Near oil drilling drilling Guntao Guntao Island Island Fish Caught Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Dilis Dilis Dilis Dilis Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Espada Espada Espada Espada Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Galunggong Galunggong Galunggong Galunggong Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Pusit Pusit Pusit Pusit Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Samaral Samaral Samaral Samaral Pak-an Dalagang Bukid Hipon Matambaka Alimango Pagi Pak-an Pugita

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 30 Table 10. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Parameters 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000

Paddle boats Paddle boats Paddle boats Fishing Boat Paddle boats (32%) (32%) (32%) Sail boats Sail boats (5%) Sail boats (1%) Lunday Lunday (1%) Lunday (1%) Lunday (1%) Motor boats Motor boats Motor boats Motor boats (60%) (65%) (66%) Balsa Balsa (2%) Balsa (1%) Balsa (1%)

Fishing Gear Timing Timing Timing Timing Kawil Kawil Kawil Kawil Ganti-ganti Lambat Lambat Lambat Pamo Kitang Kitang Kitang Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Ganti-ganti Pamating Baklad Baklad Pamo Pamating Pamating Pamo Pamo Around Around Lalutaya Around Around Lalutaya Fishing Grounds Island Lalutaya Island Lalutaya Island Island Near Beach Near Beach Near Beach Near Beach Front of Front of Front of Front of Calitang Calitang Calitang Calitang Around Bito Around Bito Around Bito Around Bito Island Island Island Island Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Front of Sitio Duli Duli Duli Duli Near Oil Near Oil Drilling Drilling Guntao Guntao Island Island Cagbuli Cagbuli

Fish Catch Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Sapsap Dilis Dilis Dilis Dilis Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Bisugo Espada Espada Espada Espada Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Alumahan Galungong Galungong Galungong Galungong Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Pusit Pusit Pusit Pusit Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan Samaral Samaral Samaral Samaral ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 31 Parameters 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000

Pak-an Pak-an Pak-an Matambaka Matambaka Matambaka Pagi Pagi Pagi Pugita Pugita Pugita Dalagang Dalagang Bukid Bukid Shrimp Alimango

Table 11. Trends and Correlations of Selected Parameters Through Time,Sharks Fin Bay, 2004

Paramaters 1970's 1980's 1990's 2003

Type of Fishing Sail boats Paddle boats Paddle boats Paddle boats Vessels Paddle boats motor boats motor boats motor boats Raft Lunday No. of Fishing Motorized- 5 10 24 Vessel Paddle boats -10 7 5 35 Fishing Gear Hook and Line Hook and Line Hook and Line Hook and Nets Nets Nets Line Tuble Tuble Tuble Nets Makasla/Lagtang Makasla/Lagtang Fish Corral Tuble Fish Corral Pana Fish Corral Pana Pana Fishing Ground Sitio Pinamudian Sitio Pinamudian Sitio Sitio Area (200m) (200m) Pinamudian Pinamudian Old Baryo (100- Old Baryo (100- (200m) (200m) 200m) 200m) Old Baryo Old Baryo Pintikan (300m) Pintikan (300m) (100-200m) (100-200m) Barok (200m) Barok (200m) Pintikan Pintikan (300m) (300m) Barok (200m) Barok (200m)

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 32 Paramaters 1970's 1980's 1990's 2003

Fish Catch Amadas Banak Amadas Banak Banak Green Groupers Banak Green Amurok Samaral Green Groupers Groupers Silay Sapsap Samaral Samaral Green Groupers Tabangungo Sapsap Sapsap Samaral Hito Hito Tabangungo Sapsap Bisugo Bisugo Hito Tabangungo Siga Torsilyo Bisugo Baritos Dalagang Bukid Langugan Molmol Maya-maya Langugan Molmol Hito Molmol Kanuping Bisugo Kanuping Siga Time Spent Net (1 hour) Net (4 hours) Net (12 During Fishing Hook and Line (4 Hook and Line hours) hours) (8 hours Hook and Line (12 hours Volume of Catch Net (1basket) Net (1/2 basket) Net (8 kgs) Net (2 kgs) Hook and Line Hook and Line Hook and Line Hook and (10 kgs) (8 kgs) (5 kgs) Line (2 kgs) Price of Catch P150/kilo P3.00/kg P15 - 20/kg P25 - 30/kg

The main reason for declining production of the municipal sector was the dwindling catch. Tables 9-12 show the average fish catch per day of small-scale fishing operators for various years. The values were based on focus-group discussions using the Trend Line method during the conduct of the PCRA. The tables also show increasing number of hours spent for fishing from 2-3 hours (average/day) in 1970 to 12-36 hours average per day in 2003.

The obvious consequence of decreased catch is reduced income. Although the price of fish catch have increased by 25% in a span of 30 years, the cost of production and inflation rate (average of 10% annually) makes the price increase insignificant. Moreover, inspite of numerous good fishing grounds, generally high catch rates, El Nido-based fishers remained poor because of inadequate marketing support. Drying fish catch became a logical next step to gain better price. Today, fishers remain poor due to depleted resources stemming from lack of adequate fisheries management.

4.2 Transect

A transect is a series of observations performed while walking and swimming or riding a boat across an area (village, marketplace, forest, farm plot, beach, reef). PCRA used transect to build a coastal profile which is a cross-section of the coastal community or site, showing the connection between land and sea. Information in the profile was built up from one or more transects.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 33 The coastal profile produced revealed the interrelationship between various ecosystems in the coastal zone especially from the inland watershed to the marine ecosystems. It helped the people gain an understanding about the coastal area like the extent of habitats, severity of problems, resource use, and others.

Moreover, the tool used provided a venue for the community to share information among themselves and view their area in a different perspective.

4.2.1 The key ecosystems/habitats and existing resources

The identified key coastal ecosystems and habitats in the selected sites. include river/freshwater ecosystem, seashore/beach ecosystem, estuarine ecosystem, mangrove ecosystem, tidal flats habitat, seagrass ecosystem, coral reef ecosystem, island ecosystem, open water ecosystem. The marine species indicate the diversity of marine life in the sites. The species identified include plants and animals commonly hunted for food as well as species that are indicator of the health of the coastal marine ecosystem such as marine turtles, mammals, and reptiles.

4.2.2 Resource Use and Livelihood

The identified varied uses are reflective of the importance of the different ecosystems and habitat types for the communities. The uses can be linked with the major economic importance of the ecosystems and related habitats for fishing, fish rearing/aquaculture, and seaweed culture. Other uses include recreation, tourism , docking area, and source of construction material aggregates for the seashore/beach, and housing and fuelwood material source for the mangrove. Specific to Darocoton Bay, the islands and islets are used as temporary refuge during inclement weather and the mangrove swamplands are converted to rice fields.

4.2.3 Issues, Problems and Recommendations

The multi-use nature of the different ecosystems and habitats brings with it issues and problems as perceived by the communities. The destruction of the coastal environment and natural resources is the key problem in the sites. Fishing as a key use of the coastal marine zones has its accompanying issues and problems that includes the use of cyanide/other poisonous chemicalsn including farm insecticides and pesticides and blast fishing that destroy the coral reefs. Other resource destructive activities include cutting of mangrove for charcoal, beach quarrying, settlement in mangrove swampland and conversion to nipa plantation, and kaingin method of farming in the uplands that bring eroded soil in the coastal marine zone. ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 34

Competition for the fishery resources was also perceived as a problem for the communities. The competition is between small and big fisherfolks within the community in terms of the sighting of fish corrals that hinders other small fishermen from fishing, and encroachment of commercial fishers in the municipal waters. The use of islands as refuge of illegal fishers in Darocoton bay, and garbage is also seen as a problem/issue by the communities.

The communities suggested a number of initiatives to address the identified issues and problems. The recommendations focused generally on regulation in the form of ordinance formulation, strict implementation of laws and logistical support to law enforcement bodies.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 35

Table 12. Coastal/Marine Profile, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

RIVER SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/ SEA GRASS OPEN BEACH AREA MUDFLAT BAHURA ISLAND WATER

Resources ALIMANGO BALATAN BANAK TAMILOK SAMAONG TABANGKA PUGITA HITO BULALO BISUGO ALIMANGO SILI MANGA BANAGAN GALUNGG KADULI LISWE SAMARAL TOWAY TALABA GURO SUNO ONG LAPUNG PUNAW TAUBAN SAKASAKA TAKTAKAN PARANGAN LAWIHAN LUMAHAN PUTI BAKALAN TALABA LAPAS PAWIKAN ULPOT MATANG SUGPO KAPIS HALAAN PAGI BALATAN BAKA NIPA AHAS LATO DUGONG PAWIKAN TUNA TAUBAN TULINGAN PUGITA PAGI MANLOT PATING WASAY- WASAY LAMPASOT PUSIT

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 36 RIVER SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/ SEA GRASS OPEN BEACH AREA MUDFLAT BAHURA ISLAND WATER

Resource • FISHI • BOAT • FISHING • FISHING • Fishing GROUND • FISHI • FIS Use and NG TERMINAL GROUN GROUND (Reef gleaning) NG HiNG livelihood GROUND • PICNIC D (Hook (Reef • FISH CAGE GROUND GROUND (Crab AREA and line) gleaning) (Kawil, (Kawil, potting) • FISH • FISH • USE FOR pana,banag, paanod, • CRA DRYING CAGE HOUSE banagan, palubog, B • FISH • CHARCOAL ganti-ganti, pahila, CULTURE PONDS MAKING compressor, lintig, • PICN • CHARCOAL paanod, hulbot- IC AREA MAKING palubog, hulbot, • BOA • CRAB pahila) pangulong, T CULTURE basnig TERMINAL • TOURIST SPOT

Issues and • POIS • QUARRYIN • QU • CHARCOAL • POISONING problems ONING OF G ARRYING MAKING RIVER • Garbage DUE TO CYANIDE

INSECTICI DE

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 37 RIVER SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/ SEA GRASS OPEN BEACH AREA MUDFLAT BAHURA ISLAND WATER

Recommen • IEC, • ORDINANC • IMP • REGULATE • IEC • RA • IMPLEM dations ORDINAN E LEMENT CHARCOAL • ORDINANCE IN 8550 ENT CE • COASTAL LAW MAKING POISONING • NIP LAW CLEAN-UP (CORALS) AS ACT (RA8855 • IMPLEMEN 0, NIPAS T LAW ACT, SEP LAW RA 7611)

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 38 Table 13. Coastal/Marine Profile, Dilapira/Base Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

RIVER SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES AREA HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/MUDFLAT SEA GRASS BAHURA iSLAND OPEN WATER SITE BEACH Resources ALIMANGO BALATAN BANAK TAMILOK SAMAONG TABANGKA PUGITA HITO BULALO BISUGO ALIMANGO SILI MANGA BANAGAN GALUNGGONG KANDULI LISWE SAMARAL TOWAY TALABA GURO SUNO LUMAHAN LAPUNG PUTI PUNAW TAUBAN SAKASAKA TAKTAKAN PARANGAN LAWIHAN MATANG BAKA SUGPO BAKALAN TALABA LAPAS PAWIKAN ULPOT TUNA NIPA KAPIS HALAAN PAGI BALATAN TULINGAN AHAS LATO DUGONG PAWIKAN PAGI TAUBAN PATING PUGITA LAMPASOT MANLOT PUSIT WASAY- WASAY ALIMASAG Resource Use and • FISHING • BOAT • FISHING • FISHING GROUND • FISHING GROUND (Reef • FISH FISHING livelihood GROUND (Crab TERMINAL GROUND (Reef gleaning) gleaning, fish cage) ING GROUND GROUND potting) • PICNIC (Hook and • CRAB CULTURE (Kawil, pana, (Paanod, palubog, • CRAB AREA line) • USE FOR HOUSE banag, banagan, kawil, pahila, CULTURE • FISH • FISH CAGE • CHARCOAL ganti-ganti, lintig, hulbot- • PICNIC AREA DRYING • FISH PONDS MAKING compressor, hulbot, pangulong, • BOAT • TOURIST SPOT paanod, basing) TERMINAL palubog, pahila)

Issues and probems • POISONING OF • QUARRYI • QU • CHARCOAL • POISONING RIVER DUE TO NG ARRYING MAKING CYANIDE INSECTICIDE Recommendations • IEC, ORDINANCE • ORDINAN • IMP • REGULATE • IEC • RA 8550 • IMPLEMENT CE LEMENT CHARCOAL • ORDINANCE IN POISONING • NIPAS ACT LAW • COASTAL LAW MAKING (CORALS) (RA88550, CLEAN-UP NIPAS ACT, IMPLEMENT SEP LAW RA LAW 7611)

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 39

Table 14. Coastal/Marine Profile, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/MUDFLAT SEA OPEN SITE RIVER BEACH AREA GRASS BAHURA ISLAND WATER

Darocotan Crabs Sand Crabs Balatan Crabs Lapu-lapu Trees Tangige Bay Shrimp Lambayong Nipa Budyong (shell) Danggit Endong Crops Lapu-lapu Banak Beach Grass Alikumo (crab) Lampirong Bulgan Lobster Sand Espada Mangagat Alaala (shell) Kebaw (shell) Pios/kapis Kanoping Crabs Gravel Sapsap Salungsungan Aguyocoy Shrimp Manta Rays Kanlay Squid Talisay Malasugi Bayawak (crab) Kapis Shark Seahorse Bagulan Coconut Asoos Eel Turtle eggs Snail Lato Octopus Banana Kalapato Danggit (seaweed) Pusik (shell) Sweet Alumahan Bangus Tirik Saang (shell) Potato Tulingan Talaba Balat Wasay-wasay Liswi Pusit Kikiro Manlot Manlet/Taklobo (shells) Pugita Bayang Red coral Sihi Pitik Pagi Tipay (bivalve) Toto Lobster Bugaong Apugan (shell) Talaba Bagulan Palata Baka-baka (shell) Sea Turtle Katsili Seaweed Torsilyo Paros Balat Pugaw Bisugo Dilis Hito Kanduli

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 40

Table 14. (continuation) SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/MUDFLAT SEA OPEN SITE RIVER BEACH AREA GRASS BAHURA ISLAND WATER

Darocota • FISHIN • Fish drying • FISHING • FISHING GROUND (kawilan ng • FISHING • FISHING • Kublihan • FISHING n Bay G GROUND area GROUND bisugo, Timing-an, Ilawan ng GROUND GROUND ng bangka GROUND (Hudhod/sudsod, • Docking area (Panak/bobo, pangulong, Bakladan, Pamusitan, (Spear fishing, (Kawilan, Spear • P (Spear fishing, Panak/bobo, panti, for boats) Bintol Pamantihan) Pang-ilawan) fishing, Dynamite, unduhan Baringan, kawil) • Recreation • Mud crab culture • Seaweed fishing, Cyanide ng Pantihan, • LIGUAN (Pasyalan, • Prawn Culture culture(ie fishing pangulong Kawilan, • PUNDU Picnic ground • Fishpond Tambalang) • Tambahan • R Bakladan, HAN • Tourism • Nipa material for • Tumbukan efuge of Pamusitan, • DAANA (Beach housing illegal Dynamite N resorts) • Fuel wood for fishers fishing, • BINTOL • Conversion to domestic use • P Cyanide ricefield • Conversion to rice lace of fishing, field SWAG Compressor, Hulbotan • Mangrove • P rehabilitation arola Site • Fish caging • S • Baklad eaweed farming • Recreation

• Passage way

ISSUES • Lumalaki • Wast • Kaingin • Baklad construction • Cyanide fishing • Refuge • Dynamite AND ang ilog e throwing • Charcoal making Muro-ami of illegal fishing PROBL • Soil • Garb • Squatting fishers • Cyanide fishing EMS erosion age • Nipa harvesting • Illegal • Illegal • quarying • Nipa commer Commercial harvesting cial fishing fishing • Baklad that • Baklad hinders small that fishers hinders small fishers

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 41

Table 14. (continuation) SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/MUDFLAT SEA OPEN SITE RIVER BEACH AREA GRASS BAHURA ISLAND WATER

RECOM • Construct • Strict • Strict • Stop commercial fishing in municipal • Stop dynamite • Stop commercial • Agency • Ban MENDA breakwater to implementation implementation of waters and cyanide fishing in support to baklad TIONS minimize soil of law banning law on cutting of fishing municipal waters stop construction erosion the throwing of mangroves • Regular illegal • Regular • Allow wastes Ban illegal squatting patrolling and fishing patrolling and sand quarrying • Ban apprehension • Regular apprehension of illegal squatting of illegal patrolling illegal fishers fishers and apprehensi on of illegal fishers

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 42

Table 15. Coastal/Marine Profile, Sharks Fin Bay, El Nido,Palawan 2004

SITE RIVER SEASHORE/ BUCANA MANGROVES AREA HIBASAN/PUTIKAN/MUDFLAT SEA GRASS BAHURA iSLAND OPEN WATER BEACH Sharks Fin Nipa Sand Balilit Aliporos Lato Molmol Bisugo Bay Crab Tagoycoy tree Kibaw Bakalan Samaral Amadas Mayamaya Shrimps Coconut tree Tamilok Bagasay Sea cocumber Sea urchin Shark Bayaban Alikomo Pasyak Sea horse Taklobo Stingray Sihi Kegpan Tarab Dalagang Bukid Langogan Sabilan Sikad-sikad Alimasag Pawikan Dugong Manla Wakwak Tauban Kapis Sea cocumber Talaba Starfish Bantol

Sapsap Torsilyo Matambaka Tabangongo Lato Pawikan Stingray

Sharks Fin • FISHING • Docking • FISHING GROUND • FISHING GROUND (Shell • FISHING • FISHING • FISHING Bay GROUND (Shell area (Shell gathering Gathering, hook & line, GROUND (Hook & GROUND GROUNDGillnet Gathering, hook and • Picnic area • Charcoal gillnet, fish corral, crab pot line, gillnet) (Spearfishing, Hook & line line, gillnet, crab pot) • Source of making • Seaweeds gillnet, hook & line) • Crab fattening gravel & sand • Housing • Nipa for hollowblock Material Shingles • Fish • Docking drying area • Fish processing • Buy & sell of marine products

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 43

Table 15. (continuation)

PARAMETERS RIVER SEASHORE BUCANA MANGROVES AREA HIBASAN SEA GRASS BAHURA Island BEYOND DEEP ISSUES AND • Namamatay • Ginagawang • Dead PROBLEMS ang isda at tulos ng corals crabs sanhi baklad caused by ng insecticides • Ginagawang cyanide & mula sa mga uling dynamite basakan • Convertion into • Lack of support • Masukal sanhi Nipa to Bantay ng mga plantation Dagat natumbang kahoy na dala ng baha (Baroc River) RECOMMENDATIONS • Magkaroon ng pag-aaral • Use kawayan • Bigyan sa for baklad ng kaukulang paggamit ng kemikal na di • Mangrove pondo para sa nakakaapekto sa ilog Reforestration pagbabantay ng • Seminar on karagatan/ environmental protection Enforcement of law

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 44

4.3 Temporal Data Using the Seasonal Calendar

The Seasonal Calendar was used to document regular cyclical periods (i.e., seasonal) and significant events that occurred during a year and influence the life of a community. The Seasonal Calendar provided a general picture of important environmental, cultural and socio-economic periods throughout the year. It emphasized qualitative information focusing more on periods (usually lasting a few days or more) than events (that usually last a day or less). The periods were based on experiences from previous years.

The climatic condition of an area affects and defines the lives of coastal marine communities to a certain extent. The PCRA participants identified two distinct seasons in the sites, a dry season also known as Amihan that occurs from October to March and a wet season called Habagat that occurs from June to September. A transition season, also known as Daplak or Norte, occurs between April to May.

The specific illnesses tend to occur year-round or during specific months. Those reported to occur year-round include influenza,disbetes, ulcer, cough and cold, intestinal parasites, asthma, and UTI.

Meanwhile the communities were replete with social activities which they celebrate. The most unique of these is the Pist ng Kulambo, a municipal-wide feast that promotes combating and irradicating malaria in the municipality.

In terms of economic activities, fishing is done all throughout the year with the target fishery species having each own seasonality. Farming, on the other hand, is seasonal depending on the crop being planted. There are, however, community members who do both farming and fishing.The time when to go fishing is determined by the off-farming season. To augment their income, the participants exploit the adjacent forests for rattan, honey, bird’s nest, lumber/timber, and wildlife.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 45 Table 16. Seasonal Calendar, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Weather Amihan Habagat Daplak/Norte Health Diarrhea Bronchitis Influenza Malaria Diabetes U.T.I. Ulcer Arthritis Marine Dapa, tampalpuki-palad Dilis Balo, subingan Baritos Pacol Surahan Molmol alimusan/ bayabar Hito Canuping Bilyas/lunga lunga Pugita Lobster

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 46 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Pamparo Ilak Durado Malsugi Kikiro VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks Mangagatt Marine (continuation) Kantures salaysalay - ginto Pusit Balat Alimasag Tulingan Espada Bisugo Sapsap Guno Tanguigi Kanduli torsilyo/ pakakag Kalapato dalagang bukid samaral/dangit maya -maya Talakitok matambaka galongong Tuna Bano kawayanin Mamsa ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 47 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Pagi Pating Pawikan Dugong lumba - lumba FINGERLING- milkfish Shrimp Green grouper

VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

manngagat Agriculture Cereals harv Soil 1st Soil/ est prep. harve 1st st harv RICE est Planting harvest Soil Kaingin prep. Fruit trees/banana/nuts Mango Harvest Spray Harvest cleanin Cashew g Banana Harvest Planting Harvest flow erin Starapple g Copra Harvest Root crops

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 48 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Sweet potato Planting harvest Vegetables harve plant Pechay st ing plant harves String beans ing t plant harves Okra ing t plant harves Bitter gourd ing t Planti harves Squash ng t Planti harves Eggplant ng t Planti harves Sponge guard ng t Planti harves Common gourd ng t Forest Harvest/no harv buyer est Rattan during June Harv harve Honey est st Harvest harve Birds nest st Lumber Varies according to demand Charcoal Wildlife

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 49

Table 17. Seasonal Calendar, Dilapira/Base Bay, El Nido,Palawan,2004

VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Weather Amihan Habagat Daplak/Norte Social Activities Bgy Fiesta 8-9 Foundation Valentines Day Nutrition Day Womens Day Mosquito net day (Pista ng Kulambo) Disabled persons day Intramurals Christmas party Independence Day All Saints Day Senior Citizen Day Flores de Mayo Feast of Ocean Health Malaria Bronchitis Cough and cold Diarrhea Intestinal parasite Sore eyes Influenza

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 50 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Tuberculosis Ashma UTI Hypertension Measle Marine Pusit Peak season; Big – 21 kg Tanigue max of 3 pcs Small – 3 kg High price after “daplak” and high Low price for both Dried P80/kg; Dilis Price for dried dried and fresh Fresh P150/kg; Baklad 200-1000 Alumahan kg; net 2-30 kg Bisugo Low price High price Baklad 200-1000 Kalapato kg; net 2-50 kg Salay-salay Dalagang Bukid High catch High price 3-400 kg; Average Salay Ginto 10 kg Dugong Sighting Turtle Nesting Pangitlog ng Pusit Max of 5 1.5-5.0 kg/pc Lapu-lapu pcs/fisher Espada Volume of catch varies Sapsap Volume of catch varies Kanduli Volume of catch varies Pampano Peak 80 kg Volume of catch varies Peak season: live P180/kg; Fresh Pusit P80/kg; Dried P300/kg Lapad (Tamban)

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 51 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Tigue Tulingan High catch Only during good weather condition High catch High catch Pugita Lobster High catch Samaral (danggit) Agriculture Rice Production Soil Preparation Planting Application of fertilizer Insecticide,Herbicide Harvesting Fruit trees/banana/nuts harvest planting planting Price P300/hundred Banana planting harvest, off season Price P35- 40/ganta; 20 sacks average Cashew Coconut harvest every 4 months 1.5 T/ha; P7-8/kg 500kg/tree; P10/kg Jan-Mar; P40/kg Nov-Dec Mango

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 52 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Citrus P20/kg Jackfruit P5/kg Root crops Camote planting P50/balde Forest products lean Peak lean 1st class P140,000/kg 2nd class P85,000/kg no class P30,000/kg Bird’s nest Honey Peak P400/gallon

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 53

Table18. Seasonal Calendar, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Weather Amihan Habagat Daplak/Norte Social Activities Foundation Senior Citizen Day High school

Health Malaria Bronchitis Cough and cold Influenza Conjunctivities Mumps Chicken pox Marine peak Lambat; 2-80 kg; P30/kg kalapato Baklad peak Lambat; 5-20 kg; P30/kg lumahan Baklad peak Kawil: 5-30 kg; tanigue P65/kg Sensoru; 100-600 dilis kg; dried P50/kg ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 54 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Bobo; 2-10 kg; dried/fresh P35- danggit 120/kg Lambat; 5-30 kg; dried/fresh P35- dalagang - bukid 40/kg peak Palutang/pamo; 8- tulingan 10 kg Baklad; 200- 1500kg; dried P8- galungong 10/kg Peak 1-80 kg; dried squid P110-180/kg Kitang; 15-70 kg; P35/kg Kawil; 2-10kg; kanuping P35/kg suno/ lapu- lapu Kawil; 1-10 kg; 10-50 kg; dried bisugo P20-65/kg 10-50 kg; dried banak P30-45/kg 5-15 kg; dried kalaso P45/kg P80-110/kg; small octopus P45/kg tauban 3-20 kg; P65/kg kalamuhoy P40/kg saguisi P40/kg matambaka P12/kg dilat P5/kg mol - mol P8/kg salay batang P12/kg ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 55 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

maya maya P45/kg liglig P35/kg kalamuhoy P25/kg baritos P15/kg flying fish P20/kg shark ( palikpik) P12/kg rey P10/kg tuna P10/kg lison P35/kg tamban P15/kg pak-an P15/kg Agriculture Cereals Upland rice Land preparation planting harvesting Uplands/rainfeed 60 Land preparation planting 1st harvest ha; 35 cavans/ha; Rainfeed rice P250-300/sack Corn planting harvesting

Fruit trees/banana/nuts Grass cutting Harvesting 90 ha, buyers within the bgy.; 18-20 sacks/ha; P35/ganta, Cashew P15/kg Harvest every quarter; planting April-May 10 ha no regular buyers; 420 kg/ha; Coconuts (copra) P18/kg Banana (harvest 1 year P35/hundred, P8/kg after planting ) Mango harvest Spray application Root crops Sweet potato harvesting planting harvesting

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 56 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks Forest Products No buyer since 1993 because of the Rattan (bugtong, implementation of palasan) Forestry Code Ipil 12 bf, buyers from El Nido; Narra 22 bf, buyers from Mindoro and Lumber/timber Cuyo

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 57

Table 19. Seasonal Calendar, Sharks Fin Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

Weather Amihan Habagat Daplak/Norte Social Activities Bgy Fiesta Womens Day Mosquito net day (Pista ng Kulambo) Christmas party Health malaria diarhea Intestinal parasite colds & cought sipon trangkaso sore eye Marine Sap-sap torsilyo besogo matambaka banak samaral green grouper crabs 5kg/dayx3mosx1 alimasag ______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 58 VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks

fisher=450 kg

mol-mol Agriculture Cereals 2nd 1st cropping, 2nd cropping, 80 ha; harvest 35 cropping planting harvest sacks/ha; P250/sack Lowland rice season season Harvest Upland Upland land 10 ha; harvest 20 Upland rice time planting preparation sacks/ha; P300/sack VARIABLE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks Fruit trees/banana/nuts Harvest season 150 ha; P25-30/ganta Cashew Planting 5 ha; P35/hundred Banana season Coconut (copra) Mango P15/kg Coconuts Root crops Cassava Harvest season Planting time P40/lata Forest Resources rattan Low season Peak season Low season 1st class P140,000/kg 2nd class P85,000/kg 3rd class P30,000/kg birdnest honey bee Peak season P450/gal anibong kahoy

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 59 4.4 Social And Institutional Set-Up

4.4.1 Poverty

The municipality is experiencing increasing pressure from households who live below the poverty line. As of today, only 18.00 percent of the total number of 1,604 households surveyed had incomes greater than the poverty threshold. Eighty-two percent identified themselves in the lowest socio-economic status rank.

Wealth Distribution in Selected Sites

16%

82% 2%

Rich Better Off Poor

Figure 4. Perception of Economic Status, Selected Sites, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

The results of this wealth ranking highlight a number of clear differences between the wealthier and poorer members of this community in terms of access to resources that can affect health. These differences include differences in quality of housing, in food security, in diet, and in financial ability to access health services. Such differences would need to be taken into account both in problem identification, and in targeting specific groups when planning community development intervention.

Fishing and related industries are the main sources of income for about 79 percent of the total households in El Nido. Likewise, farming households comprise about 21 percent. Fisheries development in the area has been characterized by the gradual expansion of fishing

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 60 grounds at a pace that is dictated by the rate of resource depletion. As the available resources in the fishing areas decrease, the fishery simply adjusts by expanding the area that is fished.

4.4.2 Food Security

The total production of rice, which is the staple food, was 11,250 metric tons while the total volume of rice required is 3,193 metric tons. This means that the production of rice is more than enough to supply the needs of the population.

4.4.3 Gender Roles and Development

The matrix of gender roles Tables 20-23 show that except for certain aspects of household chores in which wives and daughters play greater roles, most of the aspects of gender roles such as in livelihood and decision making are participated in by both men and women.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 61 Table 20. Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Parent Children

PARAMETERS Father Mother Sons Daughters

AGRICULTURE Planting X x Harvesting X X x X Drying of rice X x Selling X X x X Total 4 2 4 2 FISHING Hook & line X X x X Scaling x X x X Drying Selling X x X Total 2 3 2 2 LIVELIHOOD Piggery x x X Poultry x x Sari-Sari Store x X X Total 3 1 2 2 HOUSEHOLD

CHORES Cooking x x x X Washing x X Cleaning x X Total 1 3 1 3 DECISION MAKING No. of children x x x X Family Planning x x x X Education x x x X Total 3 3 3 3 GRAND TOTAL 13 12 12 12

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 62 Table 21. Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Dilapira/BaseBay, ElNido, Palawan, 2004

Children Parents

PARAMETERS Father Mother Sons Daughters

AGRICULTURE Planting x x Harvesting x x Drying of rice x x x Selling x x Total 4 4 1 0 FISHING Hook & Line x x Scaling x Drying x x X Selling x x X Total 1 3 3 2 LIVELIHOOD Piggery x x Poultry x x Sari-Sari Store x X Total 2 2 1 1 HOUSEHOLD

CHORES Cooking x Washing x X Cleaning x X Total 0 3 0 2 DECISION MAKING No. of Children x x Family Planning x x Education x x x X Total 3 3 1 1 GRAND TOTAL 10 15 6 6

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 63 Table 22. Gender Roles on Tasks, Darocoton Bay, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

Parents Children

PARAMETERS Father Mother Sons Daughter

AGRICULTURE Planting x x Harvesting x x x X Drying of rice x x Selling x Total 3 4 1 1 FISHING Hook & Line x x Scaling x X Drying x x Selling x x X Total 2 3 2 2 LIVELIHOOD Piggery x x Poultry x x Sari-Sari Store x X Total 2 2 1 1 HOUSEHOLD

CHORES Cooking x x X Washing x X Cleaning x x X Total 1 3 1 3 DECISION MAKING No. of Children x x Family Planning x x Education x x x X Total 3 3 1 1 Grand Total 11 15 6 8

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 64 Table 23. Gender Roles on Selected Tasks, Sharks Fin Bay, El Nido,Palawan 2004 Parents Children PARAMETERS Father Mother Sons Daughter

AGRICULTURE: Planting x x Harvesting x x Drying of rice X x x Selling X x Total 4 4 1 0 FISHING: Hook & Line x x Scaling x Drying x x X Selling x x X Total 1 3 3 2 LIVELIHOOD: Piggery x x Poultry x x Sari-Sari Store x X Total 2 2 1 1 HOUSEHOLD

CHORES Cooking x Washing x X Cleaning x X Total 0 3 0 2 DECISION MAKING: No. of Children x X Family Planning x X Education x X x X Total 3 3 1 1 GRAND TOTAL 10 15 6 6

4.4.4 Institutions

The PCRA results showed that a number of local institutions both from within and outside the barangays, and from the government and non-governmental intities are working in the related subject barangays of the sites. The barangays are Bucana, Teneguiban and Mabini. However, work still need to be done in terms of their interrelationships. The figures indicate the weak coordination and integration between the local governments and the other entities working within the barangay. While coordination is being done with other partner agencies within the barangay, certain organizations work with minimal coordination with the barangay LGUs.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 65

MICROCOPIST T DILG BHW

BRGY. DAY RHU COUNCIL CARE

OFFICE THE MAYOR ZONE BRGY. TANOD DENR LEADER Barangay PAO BUCANA BEANS DSWD ENF

SENIOR LUPON MUN. CITIZEN ENGINEERING PRRM FISHERMEN TAGAPAMAYAP A OFFI CE FARMERS BFARMC

GROUPS OUTSIDE Barangay GROUPS WITHIN THE Barangay BUCANA BUCANA

legend: DSWD - Department of Social Welfare & Development ENF- El Nido Foundation Inc. RHU - Rural Health Unit DILG - Department of Interior & Local Government PRRM - Phil Rural Reconstruction Movement DENR-PAO- Department of Environmnet of Natural Resources Protected Area Office BEANS - Baranagy Environment & Agriculture Nutrition Scholar BFARMC - Barangay Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Management Council

Figure 5. Venn Diagram showing the Inter-relationships between the Government and Organizations, Barangay Bucana, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 66

Institutional Relationship of Different Organizations & Groups within & Outside Barangay Teneguiban

PNP WOMEN ENF ASSO BHW OFFICE SENIOR BRGY. OF THE COUNCIL MAYOR CITIZEN MICROSCOPIST NATRIPAL BARANGAY DEP - TENEGUIBAN ED MIDWIFE LUPON GOV'T. TAGAPAMAYAPA BRGY. OFFICE TANOD BEAN

PRRM TFA BFARMC oplan linis DA group

GROUPS INSIDE THE GROUPS OUTSIDE THE BRGY. BRGY.

Legend: PNP-Phil National Police ENFI - El Nido Foundation Inc Dep Ed - Department of Education DA - Department of Agriculture TFA - Tribal Filipino Apostolate BEANS - Barangay Environment & Agriculture Nutrition Schoolars BHW - Barangay Health Worker BFARMC - Barangay Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Management Council Figure 6. Venn diagram showing the Inter-relationships between the Government and Organizations, Barangay Teneguiban, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 67

Mayor's Office

DSWD DILG Senior citizen pers Barangay on OCW RHU Council

Barangay NIPAP Samahang BHW Kababaihan Mabini 1 Dep Ed BEANS PRRM ENF MA SK FFA Brgy. Tanod

PNP KLM

Roman Adventist Catholic Church Church

RHU- Rural Health Unit ENF- El Nido Foundation Inc. KLM- Kilusan Laban sa Malaria BHW- Barangay Health Worker Dep Ed- Deapatrment of Education SK- Sangguniang Kabataan BEANS- Barangay Environmnet & Agriculture Nutrition Scholar PRRM- Phil Rural Reconstruction Movement PNP- Philippine National Police DSWD- Department of Social Welfare & Development DILG- Disarmament Of Interior & Local Government NIPAP- National Protected Area Programme

Figure 7. Venn diagram showing the Inter-relationships between the Government and Organizations, Barangay Mabini, El Nido, Palawan, 2004

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 68 4.4.5 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Environmental Management

To date, agencies and sectors including the government and multilateral institutions, have assigned a critical role to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in environmental management programs, specifically in the areas of community development, carrying out alternative livelihood projects, and protection and management of natural resources. Notable also is the legal mandate given to NGOs by: the Local Government Code (LGC) to participate in the local development council; the NIPAS Act to sit in the local Protected Area

Management Board (PAMB) to participate in the monitoring and implementation of Agenda 21 by the Philippine Government (Añonuevo, C.T. 1994)

These indicate recognition of the increasing influence and expanding role NGOs play in effecting changes in Philippine society, in general, and in the grassroots communities, in particular. It is also a result of the relative effectivity and dynamism of NGOs in their conduct of development work.

Given the framework and agenda, the role a service NGO must take could only be facilitative, in the sense that the real actors are the people in the communities. Environmental management “is not only building the capacity of the resource to renew itself but more so, enhancing the capabilities of the people in the communities to manage their own live and resources” (Añonuevo, 1994). Thus, the role of the NGO could only be at best a “partner” agent if the real end goal is community empowerment.

______RESULTS AND ANALYSES 69

ANNEXES

Annex 1 – Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, Barangay Bebeladan, El Nido, Palawan 2004

NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES Remarks ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL 1.SIPAG Laundry services 60 members P2400.00 P 115,000.00 ( Monthly income ) more than or membership Building less P2000.00 motorized banca

2. Barangay Fisheries & Aquatic inactive Resources Management Council (BFARMC) 3.Bebeladan Farmers caters of farmers product for Association market 26 members P5000.00 Barangay Council

provision of health services 4.Senior Citizen (DSWD) 40 members P5000.00 Barangay Council 5.Kalipunan ng Liping funeral benefits(each member Pilipino in case of death, credit assistance 50 members (group loan) P50,000.00 P4000.00 Barangay council (enterprise development) and 6.El Nido Foundation health 24 households services ( condom and pills) 80 households P4200.00 7.Municipal Social daycare services (school), 70 pupils P54000.00 P54000.00 ______ANNEXES 70 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES Remarks ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL Welfare & Development organization of persons with Incentives of (MSWD) disabilities 42 persons ( Barangay ) (municipal) daycare provision of assisted devices 42 persons center 8.Rural Health Unit provisions of medicines and (RHU) health services ( condom and pills) all brgy. Constituents LGU 9.Municipal Nutrition supplemental feeding Action (malnourished) 13 children LGU Office (MNAO) all brgy. 10.Office of the Mayor basic services Constituents P50000.00 LGU rehab of school P120000.00 LGU concrete pathways P120000.00 LGU spare parts (water system) P40000.00 LGU rehab of hall P90000.00 LGU footbridge (sitio kiminawit) P60000.00 LGU daycare center brgy.3 P50000.00 LGU rehab of shop bldg. (DepEd) LGU

11.Kilusan Laban sa malaria all brgy. Malaria control,microscope,slide,lancet Constituents P1000.00 P75000.00 Shell Foundation (KLM) microscopist incentives 12.Barangay Environmnet & Operation Timbang (OPT) 276 children P1500.00 P3000.00 Agriculture Nutrition quarterly monthly/province LGU

______ANNEXES 71 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES Remarks ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL Scholar barangay (BEANS) fund (LGU)

13.Barangay Health Worker (BHW) blood smear,BP P300.00 P3000.00 LGU quarterly 14. Barangay Tanod (peacemaker) peacemaker 15.BRGY. TANOD peace maintenance 16.Municipal Agriculture Office inactive

______ANNEXES 72 Annex 2 – Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, Barangay Bucana, El Nido, Palawan 2004

Budget Name of Organization Programs & Services Beneficiaries Remarks

Internal External

Internal 1. Barangay Health Worker provide health services, assist 818 HH 15,000 for budget midwife in the conduct of regular supplies provided & allocated by malaria blood smearing, blood 5,000 for the pressure, HH census and vitamins Bgy council family planning session 50,400 for incentives

The internal 2. Bucana Farmers Assn. Livelihoood assistance to the 15 members 50,000 & External members such as duck raising, for Bldg budget was a joint constructed farmers training construction project center, construction of 1.7 km 200,000 & funded by farm to market road farm to PRRM Facilitated training for crab fattening market road

3. Barangay Fisheries & Assist in the implementation of 36 members 10,000 Aquatic Resource Mgt fishery law, banca regulation & provided by Council (BFARMC) registration, Implement aquatic PRRM Livelihoood projects

______ANNEXES 73 Budget Name of Organization Programs & Services Beneficiaries Remarks

Internal External 10,800 4. Bgy Environment & Conduct HH survey, operation 818 HH 10.8 700 provided for by the Bgy Agriculture Nutrition timbang re: malnourished status incentives from LGU Council Scholar (BEANS) feeding for children Monthly for incentives

all Barangay 5. Bgy Tanod Maintain peace & order, serve as constituents 60,000 10,000 Tanod medical confiscated police force in the community benefitted incentives allow illegally cut lumber in the absence of PNP. from Bgy from bgy though the participation Assist Bgy officials in the law council Council of community members in enforcement of fishery & forestry environmental campaign against laws violators

Budget was 6. Bgy Council Administer in local governance 818 HH provided in accordance to & administration the IRA Formulate bgy development plans Allocation & programs Provide assistance for basic services to the constituents ______ANNEXES 74 Budget Name of Organization Programs & Services Beneficiaries Remarks

Internal External Construction of pathway only 30 7. Senior Citizen Provide assistance for elderly 58 members 10,000 members welfare program re: mutual aid from Bgy are elderly Council Active internal 8. 4 Day Care Worker Social services, provide 200 children 30,000 budget allocated by education for pre-schooler, incentive the feeding of malnourished 24,000 bgy council children supplies & materials all bgy 9. Lupon Tagapamayapa Provide assistance to bgy council constituents 5,000 allocated by in resolution conflict or serve as are benefited the grievance committee Bgy council

10. Zone Leader Supervision of territorial zones as 9,000 aid from Bgy appointed by the Bgy Captain to council assist in the peace & order

all 12,000 aid 1unit 11. Microscopist Malaria control re: medical constituents by microscope provided by interpretation of blood smear for Bgy council Shell

______ANNEXES 75 Budget Name of Organization Programs & Services Beneficiaries Remarks

Internal External Foundation malaria findings Inc. all 12. Municipal Agriculture & Fishery Programs constituents Agriculturist Office

Bgy allocated 13. Office of the Basic services such as financial aid constituents 100,000 50,000 for water Mayor for 2 high school teachers system in Sitio Calitang Rehabilitation of roads & 130,0000 both Foot Bridge construction from LGU

ENFI Bgy provided 1 14. El Nido Foundation Inc. Family Planning Program constituents unit microscope Health Program for Sitio Calitang in collaboration of Barangay 15. DENR-Protected Area law enforcement activities within Council & Municipal Office (PAO) protected area Government

16. Municipal Engineering Supervise & implement infrastructure 70000 was ______ANNEXES 76 Budget Name of Organization Programs & Services Beneficiaries Remarks

Internal External Allocated Office program & projects by LGU to Bgy fence 17. Phil Rural 2 units solar Reconstruction Community Development & panel installed by Movement (PRRM) Biodiversity Program PRRM

18. DSWD Social services & welfare program 98 disabled 5,000 bgy re: feeding of malnourished children, Counterpart medical assistance to disabled persons e.g.; wheel chairs, hearing aid, child protection assistance & parental guidance all bgy 18. DILG Provide assistance to Barangay officials officials particularly in Local Government Code Training

______ANNEXES 77 Annex 3 – Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, Barangay Teneguiban, El Nido, Palawan 2004

NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL Implementing the Barangay plans & P824,208.00 1.BARANGAY COUNCIL rules 586 household IRA Concreting brgy Law enforcement of environmental laws 3,066 population 70000 (mun) Hall (700,000) 89000 (mun) calamity fund 100,000 (province) Materials 38,000 (bgy. Fence) 80,000 (mun) teachers aid 20,000 (bgy counterpart 40,000 (mun) day care center

2. BHW ( Brgy. Health all bgy. Worker) health services constituents 40,000 IRA facilities & equip 32,400 incentive 25 members 13,000 incentives (mun)

3. BEANS health care services 3840.00 (Brgy.Environment, for children from 582 children incentive

______ANNEXES 78 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL all bgy. 4000.00 Agriculture, & Nutrition 0-6 years old. constituents convention protect & conserve Scholar ) natural resources from illegal activities. conduct trainings for mother about backyard gardening. take care of pets. distribution of seeds to farmers. feeding malnourished. conduct IE (mother class) ASIN Law

sanitation & beautification 4. WOMEN'S ASSO. program 12 members membership fee P25.00

maintain peace and all bgy. 42,000 5. BRGY. TANOD order constituents incentive

______ANNEXES 79 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL 3000 travel allowance maintain beautification & 6. OPLAN LINIS GROUP sanitation 3 members 4000 brgy.

immunization all bgy. 84,000 7. MIDWIFE activities constituents (mum) pre-natal

8. LUPON all bgy. TAGAPAMAYAPA grievance committee constituents 5800 (brgy) amicable settlement

command 9. SITIO LEADER responsibility all sitio member 10800 (brgy) assess brgy. Council for implementing barangay laws.

all bgy. 10. MICROSCOPIST malaria control constituents 24000 brgys. 2 units microscope 5000 facilities & KLM equipment

______ANNEXES 80 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL 11. BFARMC (Bgy. Fisheries and Aquatic implement marine Resources Council resource law registration of boats P10.00

implement 724,000 12. TFA reforestation project 39 members PRRM 20 has. funded by PRRM established of 14000 brgy 250,000 community building counterpart PRRM 64,000 goat raising/dispersal PRRM

13. SENIOR CITIZEN mutual aide 30 members 20% discount transportation & medicine.

IP's rights & welfare 14. NATRIPAL protection 150 members implement ancestral domain claims

741 (elementary 56,000 15. DepEd proper education pupil) Barangay 80,000 (mun) 1 dagmay

______ANNEXES 81 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL assist to the ( Department of implementation of 14,000 prior Education) environmental 70 (students) aide 1 mayaod for two sanitation. teachers. 1 diapila assist during election day. 1 proper 1 high school all bgy. 16. Office of the Mayor medical assistance Constituents 50,000 mun lakbay Barangay establishment of day care center (ligad and cagbuli)

17. Phil Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) reforestation all members 700,000 establishment of 14,000 bgy community building counterpart 150,000 goat raising & disperdsal 64,000 conduct of trainings & seminars 25,000

______ANNEXES 82 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL Conduct farm demonstration 18. DA ( Department of seminar farmers lack of supplies livelihood project , dispersal (pig, cow, Agriculture ) duck) Pesticides Fertilizers Technical assistance

19. ENF ( El Nido all bgy. Foundation family planning Constituents Inc. ) malaria control distribution of mosquito nets construction of health center 5,000 5,000 building counterpart counterpart (gravel & sand) 205,000 ENF

50,000 mun counterpart

construction of brgy road (6km) sablayan all bgy. 20. Governor's Office to Constituents 6M province

______ANNEXES 83 NAME OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET BENEFICIARIES REMARKS ORGANIZATION SERVICES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL 50,000 Barangay proper province Construction construction of brgy hall

provide assistance to 21. Phil National Police brgy Tanod & brgy (PNP) council all in maintaining peace and order.

______ANNEXES 84 Annex 4 – Profile of Organizations and Their Programs and Projects, Barangay Mabini, El Nido, Palawan 2004

PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

all brgy. some of funds are coming 1. Women Association * oplan linis Constituents No budget from * program management (fiesta) 58 members popularity contest through * backyard gardening benefit dance * construction of women’s center note: request livelihood project from DSWD

membership - 5.00 annual contribution 80

2. Sangguniang 49,000.00 Kabataan (SK) * sponsored sports kabataan members incentives from brgy. IRA (SK) activities * beautification of brgy. Hall * anti drugs campaign

all brgy. 25,000.00 3. Barangay Health * home visit (EDCT) Constituents incentives 9600.00 Worker (BHW) * regular oplan linis 12 members incentives from Barangay * regular monthly meeting from LGU ______ANNEXES 85 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

* stream cleaning * BF cleaning * chlorination * tubog kulambo * health education * backyard gardening

4. Senior Citizen 27 members 2000.00 travels from Brgy. 5 incentives membership fee 100.00 ( mutual aid) 5. Day Care Worker 4000.00 (DCW) * conduct seminars 1 DCW incentives from brgy. Council all brgy. 2000.00 * day care services Constituents travel (senior citizen, PWD children from 3-6 yrs. old organized school youth 2000.00 * operation timbang maintenance of day care 18000.00 center honorarium from LGU bonus – no exact amount

______ANNEXES 86 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

6. PWD (person with disability) no mutual aid pay

0 -72 mos. ( yearly NOTE: identify 7. BEANS * operation timbang ) malnourished 0 - 18 mos.( 1500.00 (Brgy. Environmental yearly & monthly monthly ) incentives from Brgy. Agricultural 2000.00 Nutrition * mothers class (health 2 members thresher fr. Brgy. Scholar. ) education ) * backyard gardening from LGU * information 12,000.00 campaign incentives from Province. 1 BEANS 2,400.00 (iodized salt ) incentives * feeding malnourished

8. GROUP OF ADVENT * social welfare 8HH solicit fund for social * conduct bible study welfare. 300 bags of 9. MAFFAS * construction of dam 20 HH cement from PRRM 3 sites ( Mabini Farmers & * fish cage 1 hand tractor a. PASTO * milk fish & green Fishing Association ) grouper 1 tracer b. MANLAG

______ANNEXES 87 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

30,000.00 culture labor c.BAROK

* contraction of 10.PRRM irrigation 25 HH ( Phil. * donation of hand Reconstructions tractor from PRRM movements ) * fish cage

11. EL Nido * distribution of all brgy. foundation mosquito net Constituents 40,000.00 from El Nido foundation * chlorination of dug (ENF) well * distribution of chloriquine & Premaquinne * donation of blood lancelet, 5,000.00 slide, alcohol, cotton, office supplies. 25,000.00 fr 12. Rural Health Unit * vaccination 206HH Brgy. for incentives, travel, ( RHU) * health sanitation medical supplies, * medical supplies for deworming maintenance of brgy. * maintenance of health station health station. ______ANNEXES 88 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

* family planning * blood pressures

13. Roman Catholic * conduct bible study 180HH

* health service 12,000.00 14. Kilkusan Laban sa training 100HH incentives 6,000.00 fr. Brgy. * conduct microscopy Malaria (KLM) training fr. KLM * malaria control

* concreting of school all brgy. 80,000.00 15. MAYORS OFFICE fence Constituents LGU municipal school program. * radio comm. (mun. project ) * renovation of school bldg. 100,000.00 from LGU 10.000.00 lakbay brgy. brgy.

counterpart 16.Nat'l integrated protected area program. * conduct survey on (NIPAP) terrestrial 150HH map.

______ANNEXES 89 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

* processing of documents on housing materials * enforcement of laws regarding environmental protection

* construction of 17. BRGY. COUNCIL school fence 15,000.00 Brgy. Counterpart * clean & green program * gabay sa mamayan action 17,000.00 center. * GMAC office renovation * solid waste management 15,000.00 program * installation of culvert for drainage 5,000.00 of sitio Proper * rehabilitation of eroded road 15,000.00 * formulate brgy. Ordinances 20,000.00 from brgy. Calamity fund and resolutions. ______ANNEXES 90 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

18. DEPT. OF 4,000.00 SOCIAL * day care services 35 children incentives for day care worker WELFARE & * assist in the mutual DEV'T aid 35HH 2,000.00 (fr. Brgy.) 2,000.00 (DSWD) of senior citizen 1 day care worker travel maintenance of day care * organize meeting of PWD center (fr. Brgy.) * assist programs of 18,000.00 women incentives Fr. Brgy. association. 5,000.00 fr 19. Department of * provide education 200 pupils brgy. 720,000.00 support for sports activity Education (DepEd) * provide assistance 6 elem. Teachers salary from national community government. * support the brgy. Council in the program for the protection of children. 20. PHIL. NAT'L * conduct training & all brgy. POLICE seminars Constituents for Barangay Police. * assist to Barangay in the

______ANNEXES 91 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

implementation of peace & order. * support the Barangay Council in the monitoring of illegal activities. * assist in the Anti - Drug campaign

* support & assist the all brgy. 20,000.00 21. BGRY TANOD Barangay Constituents incentives fr brgy. in maintaining peace & order 7 brgy. Tanod * assist Barangay officials during preparations of Bgy activities re: anti-drug campaign, and other illegal activities within the barangay jurisdiction * support in the implementation

______ANNEXES 92 PROGRAM & BUDGET BUDGET ORGANIZATION SERVICES BENEFICIARIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL REMARKS

of barangay ordinance concerning peace and order. * conduct training & all brgy. 1,500.00 22. Dept of Interior & seminars Constituents (seminars) from brgy. to brgy. officials Local Gov'ernment about brgy. governance. * conduct training & 15,000.00 ( seminars seminars) from LGU coordination w/ PNP for the brgy. Tanod & Lupon tagapamayapa hala. * guide direct supervision to brgy. official, in terms of brgy. administration. * responsible for the monitoring of reports of barangay. Program & projects accomplished & implemented.

______ANNEXES 93