Cien Años Del Genocidio Armenio.Indb
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Grigoris Balakian, Armenian Golgotha
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 9 April 2010 Book Review: Grigoris Balakian, Armenian Golgotha Robert Melson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Melson, Robert (2010) "Book Review: Grigoris Balakian, Armenian Golgotha," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 5: Iss. 1: Article 9. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol5/iss1/9 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Review Grigoris Balakian, Armenian Golgotha. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Pp. 509, cloth. $35.00 US. Reviewed by Robert Melson, Professor Emeritus, Purdue University, and Cohen-Lasry Distinguished Professor, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University The twenty-fourth of April 1915 is the date that marks the commencement of the Armenian Genocide. On that day, Grigoris Balakian, a high-ranking Armenian priest, was among the 250 Armenian religious, political, and cultural leaders who were arrested in Constantinople and sent 200 miles east to Chankiri to await their fate. While most of his companions were killed or died during the genocide, Balakian survived both the genocide and World War I. When the war ended in 1918, he started to write Armenian Golgotha. This is an astonishing memoir and meditation on his survival and on the course of the mass murder that destroyed more than half of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
The Cost of Memorializing: Analyzing Armenian Genocide Memorials and Commemorations in the Republic of Armenia and in the Diaspora
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR HISTORY, CULTURE AND MODERNITY www.history-culture-modernity.org Published by: Uopen Journals Copyright: © The Author(s). Content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence eISSN: 2213-0624 The Cost of Memorializing: Analyzing Armenian Genocide Memorials and Commemorations in the Republic of Armenia and in the Diaspora Sabrina Papazian HCM 7: 55–86 DOI: 10.18352/hcm.534 Abstract In April of 1965 thousands of Armenians gathered in Yerevan and Los Angeles, demanding global recognition of and remembrance for the Armenian Genocide after fifty years of silence. Since then, over 200 memorials have been built around the world commemorating the vic- tims of the Genocide and have been the centre of hundreds of marches, vigils and commemorative events. This article analyzes the visual forms and semiotic natures of three Armenian Genocide memorials in Armenia, France and the United States and the commemoration prac- tices that surround them to compare and contrast how the Genocide is being memorialized in different Armenian communities. In doing so, this article questions the long-term effects commemorations have on an overall transnational Armenian community. Ultimately, it appears that calls for Armenian Genocide recognition unwittingly categorize the global Armenian community as eternal victims, impeding the develop- ment of both the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. Keywords: Armenian Genocide, commemoration, cultural heritage, diaspora, identity, memorials HCM 2019, VOL. 7 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/202155 12:33:22PM via free access PAPAZIAN Introduction On 24 April 2015, the hundredth anniversary of the commencement of the Armenian Genocide, Armenians around the world collectively mourned for and remembered their ancestors who had lost their lives in the massacres and deportations of 1915.1 These commemorations took place in many forms, including marches, candlelight vigils, ceremo- nial speeches and cultural performances. -
The Prefiguration of Some Aspects of the Holocaust in the Armenian Genocide (Revisiting the Comparative Perspective)
The Prefiguration of Some Aspects of the Holocaust in the Armenian Genocide (Revisiting the Comparative Perspective) Vahakn N. Dadrian Zoryan Institute The field of genocide studies has been marked by a comparative tendency, while at the same time scholarship on the Holocaust has tended to focus on its singularity; the Armenian Genocide has often been treated as representing a ‘‘dress rehearsal’’ for the Holocaust. This article examines the parallels and commonalities, as well as the differences, between the two events, with a view to drawing them into a comparative perspective. More specifically, four major factors (vulnerability of the victim group, degradation of victims, war as opportunity, and fear of retaliation on the part of perpetrators) and three subsidiary factors (methods of extermination, disregard of economic factors, and terminological deflection) are examined with respect to both the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. Keywords: Holocaust, Armenian Genocide, comparative perspective From its very inception, genocide studies has been marked by a tendency to be infused with some elements of comparativeness, while the case of the Holocaust has benefited from a profusion of works focusing on and detailing elements of singularity. The World War I Armenian Genocide has served, in this respect, a useful purpose, especially because of its significant similarities to and certain commonalities with the Holocaust. This element of a nexus, a connecting link, was not only recognized but harnessed by Raphael Lemkin for a wide and encompassing project that ushered in the era of genocide studies. In ‘‘Totally Unofficial Man,’’ Lemkin wrote, In 1915 ...I began ...to read more history to study whether national, religious, or racial groups as such were being destroyed. -
Stoney Road out of Eden: the Struggle to Recover Insurance For
Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law Scholarly Works Faculty Scholarship 2012 Stoney Road Out of Eden: The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights Jeffrey W. Stempel University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law Sarig Armenian David McClure University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub Part of the Contracts Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Insurance Law Commons, Law and Politics Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the President/Executive Department Commons Recommended Citation Stempel, Jeffrey W.; Armenian, Sarig; and McClure, David, "Stoney Road Out of Eden: The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights" (2012). Scholarly Works. 851. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/851 This Article is brought to you by the Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law, an institutional repository administered by the Wiener-Rogers Law Library at the William S. Boyd School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STONEY ROAD OUT OF EDEN: THE STRUGGLE TO RECOVER INSURANCE FOR ARMENIAN GENOCIDE DEATHS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF STATE AUTHORITY, CONTRACT RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Je:jrev' W. Stempel Saris' ArInenian Davi' McClure* Intro d uctio n .................................................... 3 I. The Long Road to the Genocide Insurance Litigation ...... 7 A. The Millet System of Non-Geographic Ethno-Religious Administrative Autonomy ........................... -
Genocide Bibliography
on Genocide The Armenian Genocide A Brief Bibliography of English Language Books Covering Four Linked Phases Genocide Facts Presentation of Oral and Written Evidence for the Armenian Genocide in the Grand Committee Room, The House of Commons London 24th April 2007 First and Second Editions 2007, with Addenda 2009, Third Edition 2011, Fourth Edition 2013, Fifth Edition Centennial Presentation, the 1st of January, 2015 Sixth Edition © English By Français T.S. Kahvé Pусский Español Ararat Heritage Հայերեն London Português 2017 Genocide: Beyond the Night, by Jean Jansem, detail photography by Ararat Heritage PREFACE There are certain polyvalent developments of the past that project prominently into the contemporary world with pertinent connotations for the future, decisively subsuming the characteristics of permanence. Their significance dilates not only because well organised misfeasance bars them from justice, but also because of sociological and psychological aspects involving far-reaching consequences. In this respect, the extensive destruction brought about by the Armenian Genocide and the substantive occupation of Armenia’s landmass by its astonishingly hostile enemies will remain a multifarious international subject impregnated with significant longevity. Undoubtedly, the intensity of the issue in motion will gather momentum until a categorically justifiable settlement is attained. A broad reconstruction programme appears to be the most reasonable way forward. PREAMBLE 1st. PRELUDE TO GENOCIDE Encompasses the periods referred to as the Armenian Massacres; mainly covering the years 1894 - 96 and Adana 1909. Some titles in the bibliography record the earlier international treaties that failed to protect the Armenians. Only a small number of works have been included, predominantly relevant to this period. -
Smyrna's Ashes
Smyrna’s Ashes Humanitarianism, Genocide, and the Birth of the Middle East Michelle Tusan Published in association with the University of California Press “Set against one of the most horrible atrocities of the early twentieth century, the ethnic cleansing of Western Anatolia and the burning of the city of Izmir, Smyrna’s Ashes is an important contribution to our understanding of how hu- manitarian thinking shaped British foreign and military policy in the Late Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean. Based on rigorous archival research and scholarship, well written, and compelling, it is a welcome addition to the growing literature on humanitarianism and the history of human rights.” kEitH dAvid wAtEnpAugh, University of California, Davis “Tusan shows vividly and compassionately how Britain’s attempt to build a ‘Near East’ in its own image upon the ruins of the Ottoman Empire served as a prelude to today’s Middle East of nation-states.” pAEtEr M ndlEr, University of Cambridge “Traces an important but neglected strand in the history of British humanitarianism, showing how its efforts to aid Ottoman Christians were inextricably enmeshed in impe- rial and cultural agendas and helped to contribute to the creation of the modern Middle East.” dAnE kEnnEdy, The George Washington University “An original and meticulously researched contribution to our understandings of British imperial, gender, and cultural history. Smyrna’s Ashes demonstrates the long-standing influence of Middle Eastern issues on British self-identification. Tusan’s conclusions will engage scholars in a variety of fields for years to come.” nAncy l. StockdAlE, University of North Texas Today the West tends to understand the Middle East primarily in terms of geopolitics: Islam, oil, and nuclear weapons. -
Turkey's National Struggle: Contrasting Contemporary Views
Turkey’s National Struggle: Contrasting Contemporary Views and Understandings Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by David Richard Howard The Ohio State University June 2011 Project Advisor: Professor Carter Findley, Department of History Howard 2 Introduction: “In the first half of this century an amazing reversal took place—Turkey became a healthy nation in a relatively sick world.”1 This event, after the First World War, was one of the more controversial, mind-changing events of the early twentieth-century. The majority of the world considered the Turkish people to be finished and defeated, but the Turkish National Struggle (1919-1922) proved this opinion quite wrong. This paper examines the factors behind this successful national movement and the birth of the Republic of Turkey by offering comparative insights into contemporary accounts of the National Struggle to close in on the truth. This understanding of the subject will involve analysis and comparison of primary sources (in English) representing several different viewpoints of the period. The Turks were the only defeated people of the First World War to force a rewriting of the peace terms imposed on them at Versailles. The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) left the Turks with but a small part of central Anatolia and the Black Sea coast, and yet they managed to achieve victory in their National Struggle of 1919-1922 and force the Allied powers to a renegotiation of peace terms in the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), thereby recognizing the emergence and legitimacy of the Turkish Republic. -
Armenians and 20Th Century Genocide Debates
Armenians and 20th century genocide Debates Prof. Maria Immacolata Macioti Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Abstract During the 1800’s – before the well-known genocide, planned in the twentieth century – there were massacres and persecution on Armenian villages. It is important to underline that many Christian Armenians lived in Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of 1800’s they paid many taxes and felt themselves an important part of the Empire. Thus they would have liked to achieve more significant public roles, without losing their religion and cultural background. Howewer, the Turkish leaders and population were against their aspirations. Moreover, Armenian communities were hard-working and relatively wealthy, thus both Catholics and Protestants (the Protestant Millet, an Evangelic Armenian Movement) hoped to steal their goods. There were International problems: the revolt of Bosnia Erzegovina and Serbia, the Russian ambition. At the same time, the Young Turks took power in Turkey and to be Muslim became a fundamental requisite: obviously this requirement turned into a problem for Armenians.European countries guaranteed a protection, but at the end there were only some petitions and motions. The Berlin Agreements were worthless. In 1864 the town of Sasun was destroyed, after three weeks of massacres. In 1895 there were some bloody repression in Constantinople, Trebizond, Akhisar. Followed the martyrdom of Zeythun, a mountain town of Cilicia: the Armenian revolutionary movement was in the infancy, unable to stop massacres. The few survivors were forced to convert. And the worst was is yet to come. Introduction Opinions vary on whether a direct link exists between the massacres of the Armenians, which took place in the 19th century, (leading up to the 20th century these massacres would occasionally be concentrated on one city, one region) and what today is known as the Armenian genocide during WWII, in the 20th century— an event which no longer focuses on a particular urban mass but nearly the totality of the Armenian population. -
The Dispossession of Ottoman Armenians During the World War I Genocide
The Dispossession of Ottoman Armenians during the World War I Genocide Dr. Uğur Ümit Üngör Associate Professor Department of History Utrecht University This paper traces the Turkish government’s economic policies towards the Armenian population from the Young Turk coup d’état in 1913 to the fall of the regime in 1918. It will chart how this policy moved from boycott to discrimination, into confiscation and outright plunder, resulting in the mass pauperization of the victims. It identifies main currents and developments of this ruthless policy and how it affected Ottoman Armenian communities. The boycott movement Well before the war, the hawks within the Committee of Union and Progress urged peremptorily for the nationalist ideology to be translated into real economic action. The CUP launched a boycott movement against Western businesses as well as Ottoman Christians. In the period 1911-1914, the scope of the boycott movement gradually expanded and intensified. Initially economic boycotts were initiated against Habsburg businesses, soon to be followed by boycotts of Greek merchants, and in early 1914 ultimately also employed against Armenians. In a painstaking study of the boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire, Doğan Çetinkaya has concluded that the boycotts enjoyed the endorsement among wide circles of supporters, including port workers, immigrants, merchants, urban notables, low-ranking officers, professional classes, and peasants. The boycotts were truly a national project, a mass movement that transcended the antipathies and struggles that may have existed between classes. United in a tightly-organized empire-wide network, local trading networks and traditional guild organizations joined hands in the movement. -
Spatiality of the Stages of Genocide: the Armenian Case
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 10 Issue 3 Article 6 12-2016 Spatiality of the Stages of Genocide: The Armenian Case Shelley J. Burleson Texas State University - San Marcos Alberto Giordano Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Geography Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Burleson, Shelley J. and Giordano, Alberto (2016) "Spatiality of the Stages of Genocide: The Armenian Case," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 10: Iss. 3: 39-58. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.10.3.1410 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss3/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Spatiality of the Stages of Genocide: The Armenian Case Shelley J. Burleson Texas State University - San Marcos San Marcos, Texas, USA Alberto Giordano Texas State University - San Marcos San Marcos, Texas, USA Abstract: This article describes the construction of a historical GIS (HGIS) of the Armenian genocide and its application to study how the genocide unfolded spatially and temporally using stage models proposed by Gregory Stanton. The Kazarian manuscript provided a daily record of events related to the genocide during 1914-1923 and served as a primary source. Models outlining and describing the stages of genocide provide a structured and vetted approach to studying the spatial and temporal aspects of the genocidal process, especially genocide by attrition. -
Merenics Éva / Éva Merenics Individuality, Collectivity, Locality
Merenics Éva / Éva Merenics Individuality, Collectivity, Locality and Transnationality in Armenian Genocide Processing Institute of International Relations /Nemzetközi Kapcsolatok Intézet Témavezet ő / Supervisor: Dr. Habil. Kardosné Kaponyi Erzsébet, egyetemi tanár / Dr. Habil. Elisabeth Kardos Kaponyi, university professor © Merenics Éva / Éva Merenics 2 Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem /Corvinus University of Budapest Nemzetközi Kapcsolatok Multidiszciplináris Doktori Iskola / International Relations Multidisciplinary Doctoral School INDIVIDUALITY, COLLECTIVITY, LOCALITY AND TRANSNATIONALITY IN ARMENIAN GENOCIDE PROCESSING Doktori értekezés / Doctoral dissertation Szerz ő / Author: Merenics Éva / Éva Merenics Anyanyelvi lektor/Proofreader: Frank Thomas Zsigo Ph.D. Budapest, 2015. 3 The research for the present dissertation between 2009 and 2011 was conducted within the frameworks of the Visegrad Scholarship Program in two institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: In the Museum-Institute of the Armenian Genocide in the academic year of 2009-2010 under the supervision of Hayk Demoyan D. Sc. (director) In the Institute of History in the academic year of 2010-2011 under the supervision of Armen Maruqyan C. Sc. (senior researcher, present head of the Department of Armenian Cause and Armenian Genocide) 4 Table of Contents List of Charts.....................................................................................................................6 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................7