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Cien Años Del Genocidio Armenio.Indb Cien Años del Genocidio armenio: un siglo de silencio Cien Años del Genocidio armenio: un siglo de silencio Arthur Ghukasian Aída Acosta, José Luis Álvarez Vélez, Núria Añó, Víctor Hugo Arévalo Jordán, Freddy D. Astorga, Edgardo Daniel Barreda Valenzuela, Dora Isabel Berdugo Iriarte, Rony Bolivar, Enrique Bustamante, José Caraballo, Amado Carbonell Santos, Francisco Domene, Santos Domínguez Ramos, Julio Fernández Peláez, Miguel Alberto González González, G. H. Guarch, José Antonio Gurriarán, Dick Lester Núñez, Sandra Beatriz Ludeña Jiménez, Rodrigo Llano Isaza, Ara Malikian, Virginia Mendoza, Juan Merelo-Barbera, Jean Meyer, Marcos Antonio Pareja Sosa, Gonzalo Perera, Luis Manuel Pérez Boitel, Jorge Rubiani, Mariano Saravia, Yanira Soundy, Gustavo Sterczek, Luciano Andrés Valencia, Fernando José Vaquero Oroquieta, Máximo Vega, Gregorio Vigil-Escalera e-Dit ARX PUBLICACIONES DIGITALES COLECCIÓN MISCELÁNEA, 7 © Arthur Ghukasian (coord.), Aída Acosta, José Luis Álvarez Vélez, Núria Añó, Víctor Hugo Arévalo Jordán, Freddy D. Astorga, Edgardo Daniel Barreda Valenzuela, Dora Isabel Berdugo Iriarte, Rony Bolivar, Enrique Bustamante, José Caraballo, Amado Carbonell Santos, Francisco Domene, Santos Domínguez Ramos, Julio Fernández Peláez, Miguel Alberto González González, G. H. Guarch, José Antonio Gurriarán, Dick Lester Núñez, Sandra Beatriz Ludeña Jiménez, Rodrigo Llano Isaza, Ara Malikian, Virginia Mendoza, Juan Merelo-Barbera, Jean Meyer, Marcos Antonio Pareja Sosa, Gonzalo Perera, Luis Manuel Pérez Boitel, Jorge Rubiani, Mariano Saravia, Yanira Soundy, Gustavo Sterczek, Luciano Andrés Valencia, Fernando José Vaquero Oroquieta, Máximo Vega, Gregorio Vigil-Escalera. 2016. © de la edición (digital e impresión bajo demanda): e-DitARX Publicaciones digitales Avda. Almazora, 83, 4-E, 12005, Castellón de la Plana Tel.: 964 063 778 [email protected] www.editarx.es Depósito Legal: CS 286-2016 ISBN 978-84-944520-6-2 Quedan prohibidos, dentro de los límites contemplados por la legislación vigente, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, sea informático o mecánico, el alquiler o cualquier otra forma de cesión sin la previa autorización por escrito de los titulares. El silencio tiene tantos significados como amaneceres tienen cien años. Pero cien años de silencio es demasiado. ¿Puede haber algo más bello que el silencio en una obra musical? Hace apreciar la complejidad de los acordes, regala aliento al músico y paz al alma de los que escuchan, y por un segundo, se quedan a solas con su propio latido. Bach hacia arte con sus silencios. Pero el silencio tras un genocidio solo sigue siendo genocidio. Ese silencio no genera calma, ni mejora el alma ni se acerca de lejos al arte. Ese silencio sólo será bello cuando se rompa y las voces de los vivos griten por la muerte de esos casi dos millones de armenios muertos. Ara MALIKIAN Índice Presentación Cien años del Genocidio armenio Arthur Ghukasian 13 Un artículo imprescindible G. H. Guarch 21 Mi total apoyo Juan Merelo-Barbera Gabriel 25 Artículos Es la hora del reconocimiento del Genocidio armenio Arthur Ghukasian 31 Cuando la realidad alcanza la ficción Freddy D. Astorga 37 Carta abierta al secretario general de la ONU sobre el centenario del Genocidio armenio G. H. Guarch 41 El Genocidio armenio, desde perspectivas nacionalistas y patrióticas Juan Merelo-Barbera Gabriel 53 Todos somos armenios Máximo Vega 71 De mi raíz a la de los armenios todos Víctor Hugo Arévalo Jordán 75 El Genocidio armenio, humillación a un grupo humano al delirar la razón ilustrada: cien años de soledad y apatía Miguel Alberto González González 83 Yo me acuerdo del genocidio armenio: memoria y dignidad Francisco Domene 97 Los sesenta que debieron ser, los cien que vendrán Gonzalo Perera 103 Al filo de la muerte Jean Meyer 109 Alepo, cien años después Mariano Saravia 121 El cine que nos cuenta el Genocidio armenio Arthur Ghukasian 129 Piedras vivas de Armenia en el Líbano Fernando José Vaquero Oroquieta 139 Las otras víctimas del Imperio otomano Luciano Andrés Valencia 147 La historia no debe escribirse con sangre Enrique Bustamante 159 Los armenios en España: Levon VI gobernó Madrid en el siglo XIV José Antonio Gurriarán 163 Desolvidar lugares Julio Fernández Peláez 177 La sangrante herida de Armenia en los cien años de su genocidio religioso. Abril 24: 1915-2015 Rodrigo Llano Isaza 183 Las claves del odio Gregorio Vigil-Escalera 189 Frank Werfel y los armenios del Musa Dagh Núria Añó 193 El primer holocausto del siglo XX: deconstruyendo el pasado de Armenia Marcos Antonio Pareja 199 Armenia. Historia del primer holocausto del siglo XX Amado Carbonell Santos 205 Las trampas del silencio Virginia Mendoza 211 El infierno sartreano armenio Rony Bolívar 217 El siglo XX y el Genocidio armenio José Caraballo 223 Condena al odio y al racismo Edgardo Daniel Barreda Valenzuela 229 El genocidio armenio, una verdad que aún sangra Sandra Beatriz Ludeña-Jiménez 233 Un genocidio que se perpetúa con la indiferencia Jorge Rubiani 239 Armenia y Honduras: dos países con rostro de sangre Dick Lester Núñez 245 El genocidio de Armenia Yanira Soundy 249 Poemario A todas las víctimas de las guerras por intolerancia asesina Dora Isabel Berdugo Iriarte 255 Principios humanos José Luis Álvarez Vélez 259 Escrito en las colina de Tsitsernakaberd sobre el desfiladero de Hrazdan Luis Manuel Pérez Boitel 263 Cien años Gustavo Sterczek 269 Al pie del gigante Gustavo Sterczek 273 Genocidio armenio Aída Acosta 281 Una señal oscura Santos Domínguez Ramos 285 Relato Ardarutiun Luciano Andrés Valencia 291 Autores 315 Presentación Cien años del Genocidio armenio Arthur Ghukasian Arthur Ghukasian Durante los últimos cien años, el pueblo armenio luchó incansa- blemente para el reconocimiento de la mayor tragedia que sucedió en pleno siglo XX y que continuamente niega el gobierno turco. Décadas enteras mintiendo y manipulando a su propio pueblo y presionando a los países cuyos parlamentos debatían el tema en sus sesiones. Casi dos millones de mis compatriotas fueron muertos sin piedad en sus casas y jardines, en su tierra natal de Armenia o por el desierto, donde encontrarían la muerte huyendo de los turcos. Los que conocen estas páginas de la historia, saben que la «culpa» de esas personas era tan solo ser armenios y cristianos. Pero el principal motivo que condujo al exterminio no fue sólo su pertenencia nacional y religiosa. Tanto los jóvenes turcos, como los círculos oficiales de la Turquía contemporánea, sabían y conocían perfectamente que los armenios vivían en sus territorios, y el objetivo final de las matanzas masivas en 1915 fue privar de la patria al pueblo ancestral armenio a través del genocidio. Finalizados los ataques contra la población armenia, las autori- dades turcas, hasta la fecha, no han detenido su afán de destruir to- dos los monumentos históricos que indicaban sus orígenes armenios, y que por ello debían desaparecer inmediatamente. ¡Ningún objeto, ningún rastro que indicara la milenaria cultura armenia, ni que lleva- ra a preguntar por la cuestión armenia! Además de los supervivientes de este monstruoso crimen contra la humanidad, la historia conoce los nombres de los testigos euro- peos y otros personajes que escribieron sobre estos terribles actos y sus consecuencias. Uno de ellos, Henry Morgenthau, el entonces embajador de Estados Unidos en Estambul, describió lo sucedido en un dramático reportaje como el «Asesinato de una Nación», y lo que cuenta en sus informes y memorias es algo verdaderamente 15 Cien años del Genocidio armenio espeluznante y trágico, coincidiendo con los demás testimonios. En los innumerables escritos, de los que no se puede dudar de su objetividad, aparecen las trágicas escenas de la devastación de las ciudades y los pueblos, y las inacabables caravanas que conducían a una muerte segura. Dos millones de víctimas, bienes confiscados y robados, decenas de iglesias demolidas, cientos de cruces de piedra destruidas, millones de niños que no nacieron, una diáspora esparcida en todo el mundo a consecuencia de esta barbarie, un genocidio silenciado… «El panturquismo se convirtió en una suerte de ídolo y se tomaron las medidas más duras contra los elementos no turcos…», explicaba Johannes Lepsius, un pastor de origen alemán, al que permitieron, en 1915, llevar a cabo una investigación sobre el tema. Y por mucho que la propaganda panturquista quiera esconder los verdaderos aconteci- mientos de la época, resulta imposible hacer creer a todos los demás sus falsedades, en las que no creen ya ni sus propios ciudadanos. Nos consta que muchos intelectuales de este país, ignorando el famoso artículo 301 que condena cualquier opinión que, según los criterios del Gobierno turco, dañe los intereses nacionales, hablan en voz alta sobre un genocidio organizado y llevado al cabo por sus antepasados. Pero mis ojos siguen mirando, aún ahora, a las víctimas de este brutal asesinato de mi nación, y ello me hace inclinar la cabeza ante el Uruguay, un país de habla hispana, que ya en 1965 fue el primero entre todos los demás, en reconocer el genocidio y cuyo Gobierno ha decidido abrir un museo a la memoria de todos los caídos del Genoci- dio armenio. José Mujica, el presidente del país hasta marzo de 2015, que es un ejemplo en muchos sentidos y para mucha gente en todo el mundo, en enero del pasado año expresó, una vez más su convicción: No podemos alterar el pasado, pero tenemos que aprender de él y reconocer las barbaridades que los hombres hemos hecho, para que las próximas generaciones no caigan más en ellas, a las que el hombre está expuesto por ser el único animal capaz de tropezar varias veces con la misma piedra. Son millares y millares las miradas de los mártires que, a través de mis ojos, expresan sus sentimientos de agradecimiento al pueblo 16 Arthur Ghukasian de Argentina, cuyo Parlamento tuvo la misma valentía para decir las cosas por su nombre y donde han empezado los trabajos para la fundación del Museo del Genocidio.
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