ACTA SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL SCIENCES (ISSN: 2582-0931) Volume 4 Issue 2 February 2020 Research Article

Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

Mujahid M Al-Muqati, Isam M Abu Zeid* and Naser A Al-Kenani Received: December 26, 2019 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Published: December 31, 2019 Saudi Arabia © All rights are reserved by Isam M Abu *Corresponding Author: Isam M Abu Zeid, Department of Biological Sciences, Zeid., et al. Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. DOI:

10.31080/ASMS.2020.04.0516

Abstract

receiving considerable attention. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of on male rats The protective and health benefits of various oils as renoprotective, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic agents are recently

exposed to cadmium (Cd). In this study, 48 male rats were equally allocated into 4 groups. Rats of the first group (G1) served as normal controls. Rats of the second group (G2) were orally given 5mg/kg body weight cadmium chloride day after day. Rats the third group given to group two. Rats of the fourth group were orally supplemented with the same dose of argan oil given to group three. After six (G3) were orally administered with 700 mg/kg body weight argan oil and after three hours gave the same dose of cadmium chloride

weeks of treatment, aassessments of fasting blood glucose, and serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-c) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) were performed in control and cadmium-intoxicated rats. Rats exposed to Cd showed increased levels of serum uric acid, creatinine and LDL-c compared with the normal control group. Alterations in the studied parameters were observed in cadmium-intoxicated rats administered with argan oil. Supplemented cadmium- antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic effects of argan oil in rats exposed to cadmium chloride. intoxicated rats showed near normal biochemical profile and well preserved renal histology that substantiate the renoprotective, Keywords: Argan Oil; Cadmium; Nephropathy; Hypoglycemic; Hypolipidemic Effect

Introduction There are economic repercussions to diseases caused by pollu Pollution is the discharge of potentially harmful chemicals or tion, in terms of increased expenditure on healthcare and loss of - substances in the surrounding environment, (particularly air, soil productivity of individuals [3]. The widespread pollution can result and water) by human in amounts that could pose health hazards in adverse health effects, including damage to the brains, lungs, and [1]. Nowadays, pollution of the environment is underestimated other organ systems, for large numbers of persons [4]. This damage can result in diminished economic productivity of entire countries [3]. and overlooked as a major cause of health issues. Statistics showed [2]. Deaths caused by pollution exceed the total deaths caused by that pollution is the cause for around 7 million deaths per year One of the forms of pollution is contamination of food with lectively [2]. The harmful consequences of pollution are usually heavy metals, where their accumulation pose a serious hazard major diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis col- through their bad effect on the health of both humans and animals grams usually focus on infectious diseases [3]. . The presence of heavy metals in the environment at elevated overlooked on an international scale, where health assistance pro- [5]

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-42. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

33 level poses health hazards on the reproductive system, the cardio Natural products from , animals and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease. Today, it is estimated - [6]. The contiguous use of chemicals in agricultural and industrial that about 80% of people in developing countries still relays on tra vascular system, blood forming cells, brain and kidney functions purposes increase the concentration of heavy metal in the envi ditional medicine based largely on species of plants and animals - ronment. Pollution of the food with heavy metal contaminants can for their primary health care . Herbal medicines are currently - easily occur if the soil, plants or water used for production . in demand and their popularity is increasing yet again day by day. [15] Toxic heavy metals pollution has increased recently due to the ex Plant species with medicinal uses are mentioned in ancient litera [7] tensive industrialization, leading to atmosphere severe contami ture and many of these plants have been used in indigenous sys - - nation [8,9]. tems of medicine in many countries [16]. - -

Medicinal plants and their products are a source of a wide va portant component of batteries, cadmium pigments and plating. It riety of natural antioxidants and are used for the treatment of dis Cadmium is a soft and bluish-white in appearance. It is an im- - is also used in plastics as a stabilizer for many chemical products, eases throughout the world . (Some of these properties include - coating of metals, manufacturing of alloys, semiconductors manu [17] facturing, picture tubes in televisions, as well as in molecular biol - antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerosis, im- effects [18]. In developing countries, traditional medicine is used - mune-modulatory, and even reno-protection or hepato-protective is a highly toxic metal, it plays an important role in industrial occu ogy to antagonize voltage-dependent calcium channels. Cadmium ties as well as their wellbeing [19]. Medicinal plants are regarded - directly to elevate the socio-economic status of the rural communi- tal pollutant [10] as an acceptable, cheap, easily available and safe source of bioactive pation. In present time, it is even more significant as environmen- in the mining industry, thus, it poses a health hazard to humans. compounds for treatment of various diseases [20]. . Cadmium exposure is common among workers Chronic exposure to cadmium can have negative effects, such as The oleaginous argan (Argania spinosa digenous to the Sahara desert, the south western Moroccan areas lung cancer, weak bones, inflammatory lesions of the prostate in ) is known to be in- muscles and the liver [11,12]. It can stay in the human body for males, renal insufficiency, hypertension and damage to the cardiac tens of years as it neither can be effectively sequestered nor me family of [21]. Argan oil popularity has increased over of the Anti-Atlas and the High Atlas Mountains. It belongs to the tabolized. Consequently, it may play a role in a variety of diseases, the centuries because of its therapeutic values, which have been - including diabetes, cancer, or heart disease [13]. reported in the literature since 1219 by the prominent Arab doctor,

Cadmium accumulated in basil, ginger, turmeric, lemon grass, tree in his writings [22]. Ibn Baytar when he was the first physician to mention the argan parsley, onion, and coriander glory [11]. Soil containing heavy met als can threaten human health through consumption of vegetables, Conventionally, argan oil was commonly used in topi - - through consumption or inhalation has a negative effect on the hu and the low-level intake of soil metals over extended period of time cally to treat various conditions, such as dryness of the skin, pso- man’s health [14]. Cadmium has a very high potential to elevate dermatitis. Dryness of hair and hair loss can both be treated with - riasis, acne, eczema, wrinkling of the skin, pain in the joints, and oxidative stress in the cells by enhancing the production of reactive argan oil. Ingestion of argan oil can protect the liver and reduce oxygen species (ROS) and hampering the antioxidant mechanisms. bad cholesterol in the blood which causes atherosclerosis [23]. The toxicity caused by cadmium is mainly due to the formation of Countries in North America, Europe, and Japan started selling ar complexes with sulphydryl group of several enzymes and proteins, gan oil that can be ingested. Different extraction methods, such as - cold press technique, hand extraction, and solvent extraction can be deployed according to the purpose of use of the oil (medicinal, thus, causing conformational changes in the three-dimensional figure or by taking the place of the divalent metal cations in their zymes as cofactors for their maximal biochemical activity [10]. fers according to the method used. Different names have been given catalytic pockets which are mainly needed by main proteins or en- cosmetic, culinary, etc…), where the final composition of the oil dif- to argan oil, based on its purpose, such as cosmetic argan oil, virgin

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

34 [24]. The current study minutes for serum separation. The blood sera were then collected, aimed to investigate the renoprotective, antihyperglycemic, and argan oil, cold-pressed argan oil, and so on antihyperlipidemic protective effects of Argan (Argania spinosa L.) frozenMeasurement at -80 ° C of and blood stored glucose until use for the biochemical analysis. oil in male rats exposed to cadmium chloride. Rats were fasted for 8 hours, then blood glucose levels were es Material and Methods - Aragn oil Freedom Lite, Abbott . Thereafter, blood glucose levels were timated by taking blood samples from the tail vein using Free Style The plant oil (argan oil) used in this study was selected after an measured at the end of the experiment. [25] extensive ethnobotanical survey that involved interviewing tradi Measurement of serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, low density tional healers and literature survey. Argan oil was obtained from - lipoprotein and high Measurement of density lipoprotein Rabat City, the Kingdom of Morocco. Experimental animals The serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, LDL-c and HDL-c levels using diagnostic (My Bio Source, USA). Kits according to the manu King Fahad Centre for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz Univer were measured in cadmium-intoxicated rats by an autoanalyzer Forty-eight male Wistar rats (100 - 120 g) were supplied by facturer's instruction. sity, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The experimental animals were ac - - Assessment of histopathological changes - climatized to the laboratory conditions for one week prior to the standard plastic cages and maintained under controlled laboratory increasing grades of isopropyl alcohol and cleared in xylene. The initiation of the experiments. Rats were housed in well-aerated The formalin-fixed kidneys from all groups were dehydrated in slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) and ex amined microscopically for any histopathological changes in the conditions of humidity (55% ±10), constant room temperature (20 - standard laboratory chow diet ad libitum with free access to water. ± 2 °C) and 12:12 h light: dark cycle each day. Rats were fed with Animal handling and the experimental treatments were conducted kidneys.Statistical analysis

Use Committee of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines of the Animal Care and The obtained data in this study were expressed as mean ± stan- Experimental design dard error (SE). Statistical significance of the difference between groups, with more than two categories, was determined by one- group). The treatment (argan oil) was given orally to the respec Rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n =12/ way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Dif- - ference (LSD) post-hoc test. The statistical software package used tive groups once a day for a period of 6 weeks. The normal and for analysis was Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 24). cadmium-intoxicated• Group I: Uuntreated groups were rats andas follows: served as controls. The values were considered significantly different when the P value • Group II: Resultswas < 0.05 and highly significant when the P value was < 0.001. mium chloride day after day. Effect of argan oil on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels Rats were orally given 5mg /kg body weigh cad- • Group III: Rats were orally administered with body weight argan oil and after three hours gave the same Figure 1 showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) difference in the dose of cadmium chloride given to group II. 700 mg/kg levels of fasting blood glucose of cadmium-intoxicated rats (G2) • Group IV: Rats were orally supplemented with the same and the normal control group (G1). On the other hand, the daily dose of argan oil given to group III. oral administration of argan oil at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight Samples collection to cadmium-intoxicated rats (G3) induced a significant decrease (p At the end of the experimental period, rats were fasted for 10 ≤ 0.05) in the fasting blood glucose levels as compared with the hours, water was not restricted, and then anaesthetized with di normal control group (G1). Similarly, the treatment of cadmium- ethyl ether. Blood samples were collected from orbital plexus veins intoxicated rats (G3) with argan oil (G3) resulted in a significant - decrease (p ≤ 0.01) in the fasting blood glucose levels as compared with the cadmium-intoxicated rats (G2). in non-heparinized tubes, and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

35

Figure 1: Effect of daily oral administration of argan oil on fast Figure 2: Effect of daily oral administration of argan oil on serum - ing blood glucose levels in normal and cadmium-intoxicated rats, BUN levels in normal and cadmium-intoxicated rats, measured after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning. measured after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning. Results are ex- Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=12). Mean value is pressed as mean ± SEM (n=12). significantly different at p ≤ 0.05* compared with the normal Mean value is significantly different at p ≤ 0.01## compared with control group. Mean value is significantly different at p ≤ 0.01# the cadmium-intoxicated group. compared with the cadmium-intoxicated group. Effect of argan oil on serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

The levels of serum blood urea nitrogen showed a non-signif- icant (p ≥ 0.05) change in the cadmium-intoxicated rats (G2) as compared with the normal control group (G1). Similarly, the daily oral administration of cadmium-intoxicated rats (G3) with argan oil at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight induced a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) difference in the serum blood urea nitrogen as compared with the normal control group (G1). Conversely, the daily gavage of cadmium-intoxicated rats in argan oil (G3) resulted in a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.01) in blood urea nitrogen levels in comparison withEffect the of cadmium-intoxicatedargan oil on serum uric rats acid(G2) levels(Figure 2).

The serum uric acid levels of cadmiu-intoxicated rats (G2) Figure 3: Effect of daily oral administration of argan oil on serum revealed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) as compared with the normal control group (G1). On the other hand, the daily oral ad- uric acid levels in normal and cadmium-intoxicated rats, mea- ministration of argan oil at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight to rum uric caid levels in comparison with the normal control group sured after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning. Results are expressed cadmiu-intoxicated (G3) showed a non-significant difference in se- as mean ± SEM (n=12). Mean value is significantly different at p ≤ 0.01** compared with the normal control group. (G1). Simlarly, treatment of cadmium-intoxicated rats (G3) with ar- gan oil exihibited a non-significant change in serum uric acid levels in comparison with the cadmium-intoxicated rats (G2) (Figure 3).

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

36 Effect of argan oil on serum creatinine levels results of the present study indicated that the daily oral administra c as compared with the normal control group (G1). Moreover, the Data presented in figure 4 clearly showed that there is a highly - significant increase (p ≤ 0.001) in the levels of serum creatinine tion of cadmium intoxicated rats with argan oil resulted in a non- of cadmium-intoxicated group (G2) when a comparison was made significant changes in the serum LDL-c levels as compared with the with the normal control group (G1). Treatment of cadmium-in- cadmium intoxicated group (G2). toxicated (G3) with argan oil at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight induced a non-significant change in the levels of serum creatinine in comparsion with the normal control group (G1). Simarly, cad- mium-intoxicated rast (G3) gavaged in argan oil showed a non- significant change in the levels of serum creatinine as compared with the cadmium-intoxicated group (G2).

Figure 5: Effect of daily oral administration of argan oil on serum

LDL-c levels in normal and cadmium-intoxicated rats, measurAed after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=12). Mean value is sig- normal control group. nificantly different at p ≤ 0.01**; p ≤ 0.001*** compared with the Figure 4: Effect of daily oral administration of argan oil on serum Effect of argan oil on serum high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels creatinine levels in normal and cadmium-intoxicated rats, mea- sured after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=12). Mean value is The serum HDL-c levels of cadmium-intoxicated rats (G2) control group. significantly different at p ≤ 0.001*** compared with the normal showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) changes as compared with the normal control group (G1). In addition, the results of the present Effect of argan oil on serum low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) study indicated that after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning the HDL- levels c levels in cadmium-intoxicated rats treated with argan oil (G3) at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight resulted in a highly significant increase (p ≤ 0.001) as compared with the normal control group A comparison of serum LDL-c levels is illustrated in figure 5. (G1). The daily gavage of argan oil to the cadmium-intoxicated rats The serum LDL-c levels of cadmium intoxicated rats (G2) exhibited (G3) exhibited a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) differences in serum a highly significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in comparison with the ure 6). HDL-c levels as compared with the cadmium-intoxicated (G2) (Fig- normal control group (G1). Similarly, the cadmium intoxicated rats treated with argan oil (G3) at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the levels of serum LDL-

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

Effect of argan oil on kidney histopathology 37

mal renal corpuscles with regular outer Bowman capsule (white In the normal control kidney section, the cortex showed nor-

arrows) and intact glomerular capillaries (GC) with normal cell density (Figure 7, Control: Cortex). Kidney tubules showed intact cuboidal epithelium and narrow lumina (black arrows). The me- dulla showed normal kidney tubules with narrow lumina and in- Medulla). tact cuboidal lining epithelium (black arrows) (Figure 7, Control:

In the kidney of cadmium-intoxicated rats, the cortex showed deformed renal corpuscle (white arrow) with lobulated fibrosed glomerular capillaries (GC) and marked decrease in cell density Figure 6: Effect of daily oral administration of argan oil on serum (hypocellurarity) (Figure 7, Cadmium: Cortex). The kidney tubules showed degenerated epithelial lining, dilated lumina filled with HDL-c levels in normal and cadmium-intoxicated rats, measured hyaline or cellular casts (black arrows). The medulla had a marked after 6 weeks of cadmium poisoning. Results are expressed as atrophy of lining epithelium with dilated lumina filled with hyaline mean ± SEM (n=12). Mean value is significantly different at ≤ or reticulated casts (black arrows) (Figure 7, Cadmium: Medulla). 0.001*** compared with the normal control group.

Figure 7:

Photographs from rat kidney at cortex region stained by H and E: G1. Control: cortex: Normal renal corpuscles with regular outer Bowman capsule (white arrows) and intact glomerular capillaries (GC) with normal cell density. Kidney tubules showed intact cuboidal epithelium and narrow lumina (black arrows). Medulla: showed nor- mal kidney tubules with narrow lumina and intact cuboidal lining epithelium (black arrows). G2: Cadmium toxicity: cortex: deformed renal corpuscle (white arrow) with lobulated fibrosed glomerular capillaries (GC) with marked decrease in cell density (Hypocellurarity). Kidney tubules showed degenerated epithelial lining, dilated lumina filled with hyaline or cellular casts (black arrows). Medulla: marked atrophy of lining epithelium with dilated lumina filled with hyaline or reticulated casts (black arrows). G3: Cadmium toxicity + argan oil: Cortex: with normal large corpuscle (white arrow) with normal glomerular capillaries (GC) and nor- toxic group. mal cellularity. Medulla: Kidney tubules looked preserved (black arrows) with intact epithelial lining. Absence of luminal casts seen in

G4: Argon oil: cortex: similar to G1: control group with no changes in eitheralmrenal corpuscle (white arrows) of kidney tubules. Me- dulla: also preserved kidney tubules structure with no histological changes. (H&E x600 Bar = 20µ).

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

38 diet and usually women prepare it [33]. Its preparation is a seven

In the kidney section of cadmium-intoxicated rats rats treated with aragn oil at a dose of 700 mg/kg body weight, the the cortex steps process, starting by picking the , peeling, craking the nut, its collection. showed deformed renal corpuscle( white arrow) with lobulated fi- roasting and grinding the kernel, mixing of the dough and finally brosed glomerular capillaries (GC) and a marked decrease in cell Kidney tubules showed degenerated epithelial lining, dilated lu The results of the present study demonstrated that the levels density (Hypocellurarity) (Figure 7, Cadmium+Argan: Cortex). - mina filled with hyaline or cellular casts (black arrows). Medulla of fasting blood glucose in cadmium-intoxicated rats showed non- et al. [34] raveled marked atrophy of lining epithelium with dilated lumina significant (p ≥ 0.05) changes as compared with the normal con- filled with hyaline or reticulated casts (black arrows) ((Figure 7, trol group. These findings are in accordance with Hasan., bw) seems to have no direct effects on glucose metabolism in rats. Cadmium+Argan: Medulla). who concluded that short time exposure to cadmium (50 mg/kg

In the kidney sections of normal rats administered with argan In contrast six weeks administration of argan oil at a dose of 700 oil, the cortex revealed normal histo-morphology of eitheralmre- mg/kg body weight revealed a significant decrease in fasting blood are in agreement with the previous reports that demonstrated the nal corpuscle (white arrows) of kidney tubules (Figure 7, Normal: glucose level in cadmium-intoxicated rats. The results of this study hypoglycemic effect of medicinal plants on blood glucose levels in Cortex). The medulla showed preserved kidney tubules structure rats exposed to cadmium . The antihyperglycemic effect of withDiscussion no histological changes (Figure 7, Normal: Medulla). various bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants can im Natural and anthropogenic activities are causing contamina [35,36] prove glucose absorption and prevent hyperglycemia by several tion of the environment and its resources by discharging heavy - - mechanisms, such increased inhibitory effects against insulinase, metals more than it can handle [26]. One of the forms of pollution is contamination of food with heavy metals, where their accumula ity [34]. In addition, the hypoglycemic effect may be due to other tion pose a serious hazard through their bad effect on the health decreased liver inflammation, and improved insulin sensitiv- - mechanisms involved, such as inhibition of glucose absorption in of both humans and animals . Although some heavy metals are the intestine, increased peripheral glucose utilization, synthesis of found in trace amount, but still they cause serious health problems [5] glycogen in the liver, or decreased glycogenolysis . Uric acid to human and other mammals . Cadmium is a heavy metal is the end product of purine catabolism, and its increase in blood that found as a natural constituent in earth’s crust along with Cop [37-40] [27] - uct of protein catabolism in the living system. It is synthesized in plating, alloys etc. in various industries [28]. Plants have been the serum signifies renal functional impairment. Urea is the end prod- per, Lead, Nickel and Zinc. Cadmium is used in batteries, coating, the liver from ammonia, which is formed as a result of deamina traditional source of raw materials for medicines since long time tion of amino acids. Creatinine is a metabolic derivative of muscle [29] - creatinine and phosphocreatine. The amount of creatinine is usu and tannins found in the medicinal plants protect the biological . Natural bioactive compounds as phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, ally stable, and its high level indicates a decrease in renal function, systems against diseases [30, 31] - since it is easily excreted by the nephrons [41]. . The argan tree is known to be belongs to the family of Sapotaceae. It is an important forest spe indigenous to the semi-desert areas of South-western Morocco, it - drought and heat [32]. In the current study, there was a significant increase in serum cies which can grow up to 8-10 meters high. The tree is resistant to pared with the normal control group. The argan oil had no direct ef uric acid and creatinine levels of cadmium-intoxicated rats as com- Argan oil is either of cosmetic or food grade. There has been - an increase in the use of argan oil, either by itself or as an ingredi fects on uric acid and creatinine levels of cadmium-intoxicated rats of the current study go parallel with that of Necib., et al. [42]. The ent in many cosmetic preparations by dermatologists. Argan oil is but, it had beneficial effects on blood urea nitrogen. The findings - elevated serum urea levels and counteracted the harmful effects Argani spinosa fruit are roasted in authors noted that treatment with argan oil significantly reduced copper-colored edible oil, which presents a slight hazelnut taste its preparation. Argan oil is an important source of fat in Amazigh and nutty flavor. The kernels of of mercury chloride on oxidative stress markers in rats. The au-

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

39 against nephrotoxicity caused by mercury chloride and oxidative thors concluded that argan oil can play a beneficial role in the fight tenuated the aforementioned pathological changes in the kidney stress in rats. The protective effect of argan oil may be due to its els. The observations of the current study are generally similar to sections and restored renal tissue architecture near-normal lev- active constituents such as polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty et al. [46]. The authors reported that the

that obtained by Bakour., active compounds have been reported powerful antioxidants that acid, polyphenols, tocopherols, sterols and ẞ -carotene. These bio- hydrogen peroxide-induced histopathological changes have been [42,43]. present study are in partial agreement with the results obtained by significantly alleviated by argan oil. Moreover, the findings of the Alahmadi., et al. provoke free radical scavenging enzyme system [54]. The authors indicated that treatment of lead- cal alteration induced by lead. The biochemical analysis of lipid profile in the present work, intoxicated rats with argan oil lightly debilitated kidney histologi- exposed to cadmium in comparison with the normal control group. revealed a significant elevation in the levels of serum LDL-c of rats Conclusion

Moreover, daily oral administration of argan oil to cadmium-intox- The findings of this study evidently showed that argan oil pre- icated rats resulted in a significant increase in the levels of serum nephrotoxicity in male rats as demonstrated by attenuation of the transportation of cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver and treatment exerted protective effect against cadmium-induced HDL-c. Enhanced HDL-c is known to play an important role in the aforementioned biochemical parameters and pathological changes is considered as a cardioprotective lipid. Several medicinal plants

normal levels. in the kidney sections and restored renal tissue architecture near- have been reported to play an important role in decreasing LDL-c Bibliography heavy metals and pesticides . Similar results were recorded and elevation of HDL-c levels in experimental animals exposed to 1. . “Assessment and heavy metal behaviors of by Aidoud., et al. . The authors showed that hat ingestion of ly et al [44-46] industrial waste water: A case study of Riyadh city, Saudi Ara [47] - bia”.Al-Farraj Proceedings AS., of the International Academy of Ecology and - copene-enriched and argan oils reduced the levels of triglyc- Environmental Sciences els were increased in all groups assayed. In a similar experiment, erides (TC,) LDL-C, TG and phospholipids in rats, while HDL-C lev- 2. et al 3.3(2013): 266-277. serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL- c, were decreased after Suk WA., . “EnvironmentalEnvironmental pollution: Health an under-recogPerspectives- 2 diabetic patients [48]. argan oil intervention. However, HDL-c levels were increase in type nized threat to children’s health, especially in low-and mid- dle-income countries”. 3. Landrigan124.3(2016): PJ andA41-A45. Fuller R. “Environmental pollution: an enor degenerative changes in renal corpuscle glomeruli mainfestd as In this study the kidney of cadmium-intoxicated rats showed World Hospitals and Health Services - glomeualr cappialriy atropy, lobulation and hypocelluraity. Kidney mous and invisible burden on health systems in low- and mid- tubules are dilated due to epithelial lining degeneration or apop dle-income counties”. 50.4 (2014): 35-40. - 4. Laborde A., et al lular casts. In agreement with this results, Das., et al. [49] showed ence of environmental exposures”. Environmental Health Per- tosis (dark cells and nuclei). In addition, it contains hyaline or cel- spectives . “Children’s health in Latin America: the influ- a significant kidney pathological changes in cadmium-intoxicated Schneider 123.3 AR., et(2015): al. “Multivariate 201-209. spatial analyses of the dis of the Bowman’s capsule, and an appearance of the renal tubules rats as demonstrated by shrinkage of the glomerulus, thickening tribution and origin of trace and major elements in soils sur 5. rounding a secondary lead smelter”. Environmental Science- Furthermore, these results are in general agreement with many and Pollution Research - when compared to the kidney section of the normal control group. 6. El 23 (2016): 1-11. cal alterations . previous studies that proved cadmium-induced kidney pathologi- tion of airborne dust in the environment of two main cities in -Sergany MM and El-Sharkawy MF. “Heavy metal contamina- [50-53] the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia”. Journal of King Abdu- In contrast, the results of the present study indicated that, daily laziz University: Metrology, Environment and Arid Land Agricul- tural Sciences oral administration of argan oil to cadmium-intoxicated rats at- 22.1(2011): 135-148.

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

40 et al 19. et al. “Traditional plants used for medicinal pur ronmental exposure to rganochlorine compounds in the Cata poses by local communities around the Northern sector of 7. lanFerré-Huguet stretch of theN., Ebro. “Human River, Spain”. health Bulletin risk assessment of Environmental of envi- Namukobe J., Journal of Ethnopharmacology- Contamination and Toxicology - Kibale National Park, Uganda”. 8. Tiwari KK., et al 83.5(2009): 662-667. 20. Bahmani136 (2011): M., 236-245. et al tuberosa rox and Portulaca oleracea L. naturally growing in Journal of Renal In- . “Phytoremediation efficiency of Portulaca jury Prevention . “Identification of medicinal plants for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment treatment of kidney and urinary stones”. 22.an industrial effluent irrigated area in Vadodra, Gujrat, India”. 21. et 5.3al. (2016):“Secondary 129-133. metabolites of the argan tree 147.1-3(2008): 15- (Morocco) may have disease prevention properties”. African 9. Ali H., et al. “Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of JournalKhallouki of Biotechnology F., hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation”. Journal of Chemistry 22. et al. “Ethnobotanic, 4.5 (2005): ethnopharmacologic 381-388. aspects and new phytochemical insights into Moroccan argan ”. 10. Kumar A., et al (2019):1-14. InternationalKhallouki F., Journal of Molecular Sciences icity in mammalian systems and their distinct ameliorative strategy”. Journal. “Oxidative of Applied stress Biotechnology biomarkers and of Bioengineering cadmium tox- 23. Alternative 18 (2017): Medicine 1-26. Review Guillaume D and Charrouf Z. “Argan oil”. 11. Hu6.3 B.,(2019): et al. 126-135.“Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health 24. El Abbassi 16.3 A.,(2011): et al 275-279.. “Physiochemical characteristics, nutri - delta, China”. International Journal of Environmental Research Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition tional properties, and health benefits of argan oil: A review”. andrisks Public in the Health soil-plant-human system in the Yangtze river 54.11 (2014): 12. et al 14.14 (2017): 1-18. 1401-1414. et al. “Effects of acarbose on alanine aminotrans nanus in Saudi Arabia: A biochemical and histological study”. ferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the liver 25. Petlevski R., - AnimalsAlmalki AM., . “Effects of mining activities on Gerbillus of control and diabetic CBA mice”. Acta Pharmaceutica

13. 9 (2019): 1-15. 56 di Arabia”. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 12.6 26. He(2006): ZL., et 87-93. al. “Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts Hakami MO. “Risk assessment of heavy metals in fish in Sau- on the environment”. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 14. Huang(2016): Z., 341-357. et al to population in Zhejiang, China”. Food Control 36.1(2014): Herawati 19 N., (2005): et al. “Zinc125-140. levels in rice and in soil according to . “Heavy metals in vegetables and the health risk the soil types of Japan, Indonesia, and China”. Bulletin of En- 27. vironmental Contamination and Toxicology 248-252. 408. health care system”. International Journal of Herbal Medicine 60.3 (1998): 402- 15. Pathak K and Das RJ. “Herbal medicine- A rational approach in 28. Sharma H., et al. “The characteristics, toxicity and effects of cadmium”. International Journal of Nanotechnology and Nan- 16. Agrawal1.3 (2013): M., 86-89. et al., “Herbal remedies for treatment of hyper science tension”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research - 29. Singh S 3(2015): and Sedha 1-9.‏ S. “Medicinal plants and their pharmaco Food and Pharma International Fallah Huseini1.5 (2010): H., et 1-22. al - plant used in traditional medicine”. Journal of Medicinal Plants logical Aspects”.‏ 1.4 (2017): 17. . “Review of anti-diabetic medicinal 30. Doss156-170. A. “Preliminary phytochemical screening of some Indian medicinal plants”. Ancient Science of Life 18. 1.S2 (2006):1-8. Journal of Herb Med Pharmacology 31. Carocho M and Ferreira IC. “The role of 29.2phenolic (2009): compounds 12 -16. Rafieian-Kopaei M. “Medicinal plants and the human needs”. Anti-Cancer Agents in Me- 1.1 (2012): 1-2. dicinal Chemistry in the fight against cancer- a review”. 13 (2013): 1236-1258. Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41. Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium

41 32. Mateille T., et al et al the diversity of plantparasiticnematode communities in the some plant oils in rats exposed to a sublethal concentration of Moroccan argan .relic “Aridity forest?” or low Applied temperatures: Soil Science What 101 (2016): affects 45. diazinon”.Al-Attar AM., Saudi Journal. “Physiological of Biological study Sciences on the influence of 800. 25 (2018): 797- 33. 64-71. 46. et al. “The antioxidant content and protective effect tion and impact on human health”. European Journal of Lipid of argan oil and Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in hydro ScienceCharrouf and Z and Technology Guillaume D. “Argan oil: Occurrence, composi- Bakour M., International Journal of Molecular Sciences - 34. Hasan N., et al 110.7 (2008): 632-636.‏ gen peroxide-induced biochemical and histological Changes”. Aidoud A., et al 19 (2018): 1-14. betic model rats”.. “Glucose BMC Complementary and lipid lowering and effects Alternative of Enhydra Medi- Journal of the cinefluctuans extract in cadmium treated normal and type-2 dia- 47. Science of Food and. “Effect Agriculture of lycopene-enriched olive and argan oils upon lipid serum parameters in Wistar rats”. 19.27 (2019):et al 1-10.. “Protective effects of oestradiol against 48. Ould Mohamedou MM. et al. “Argan 94.14 oil(2014): exerts 2943-2950. an antiathero genic effect by improving lipids and susceptibility of LDL to 35. damageMladenović in rats”. J., Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology oxidation in type 2 diabetes patients”. International Journal of- cadmium-induced changes in blood parameters and oxidative Endocrinology

36. 65 (2014): 37-46.et al 49. Das S., et al. “Carnosic (2011): ccid 1-8. attenuates cadmium induced neph Serbian Journal of Experi- mentalAkomolafe and RO.,Clinical Research. “Livolin forte ameliorates cadmium-in- - duced kidney injury in Wistar rats”. ling”.rotoxicity Molecules by inhibiting oxidative stress, promoting Nrf 2/ 17.2 (2016): 107-116. HO-1 signalling and ipairing TGF-β1/Smad/collagen IV signal- Almeer RS., et 24al. (2019):“Royal 1-31.jelly attenuates cadmiuminduced 37. Satyajit DP. “Natural flavonoids isolated fromInternational the Jour of- nephrotoxicity in male mice”. Scientific Reports nalEnhydra of Research fluctuans in Pharmacology inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 and Pharmacotherapeutics and 5-lipooxy 1- 50. genase inflammation in various models”. Joardar S., et al 9 (2019): 1-12. nephrotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, in 38. Swain(2012): PK., 65-71. et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of Enhydra Fluctu 51. . “RosmarinicInternational acid attenuates Journal cadmium-induced of Molecular ans Lour. Aerial parts against Ccl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Sciences - rats”. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Phar- flammation and fibrosis”. macy Hosohata 20 K., (2019): et al 1-30. dative cytotoxicity by pioglitazone in renal tubular epithelial 39. Kuri S., 3.6 et (2012): al. “Phytochemical 893-896. and in vitro biological investiga 52. cells”. Toxicology and. “Augmentation Industrial Health of cadmium-induced oxi- Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine - Riaz MA., et al 35.8 (2019): 530-536. tions of methanolic extracts of Enhydra fluctuans Lour”. Environmental Science and Pollution 40. Dua TK., et al 4.4 (2014): 299-305. 53. Research . “Metal-induced nephrotoxicity to diabetic and non-diabetic Wistar rats”. dant mechanisms”.. “Prophylactic Redox Report role of Enhydra fluctuans against Alahmadi 26 AA., (2019): et al. 31111-31118.“Physiological and Histopathological Ef arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity via anti-apoptotic and antioxi- fect of Argan (Argania spinosa L.) Seed Oil on Kidney Male Rats 41. Loeb S. Clinical laboratory test: values 21.4 (2016): and implications. 147-154. Copy 54. Exposed to Lead”. World Applied Sciences Journal 36.6 (2018):- right, Springhouse Corporation, Springhouse, Pennsylvania (1991). 733-741. 42. et al. “Effect of Argan oil (Argania spinosa. L) on Assets from publication with us

mercuricNeciba Y., chloride in rats”. International Journal of Pharma- • kidney function impairment and oxidative stress induced by • Thorough Double blinded peer review ceutical Sciences Review and Research Prompt Acknowledgement after receiving the article • Rapid Publication 22.2 (2013): 144-148. 43. Masella R., et al.” Effect of dietary virgin olive oil phenols on • low density lipoprotein oxidation in hyperlipidemic patients”. • Lipids Issue of Publication Certificate Website:High visibility of your Published work 36(2002): 1195-1202. 44. et al. “Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on heavy Submit Article: https://www.actascientific.com/ Email us: Gupta AD., Albino rats. International Journal of En- https://www.actascientific.com/submission.php metal (nickel II and chromiumVI) induced alteration of serum Contact us: vironmental Research and Public Health [email protected] lipid profile in male” 5.3 (2008):147-151. +91 9182824667

Citation: Isam M Abu Zeid., et al. “Renoprotective, Hypoglycemic, and Hypolipidemic Effects of Argan (Argania Spinosa L.) Oil on Male Rats Exposed to Cadmium". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

4.2 (2020): 32-41.