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Insecta: Neuroptera: Nemopteridae, Crocidae) Heteropterus Revista de Entomología 2012 Heteropterus Rev. Entomol. 12(2): 231-255 ISSN: 1579-0681 Los nemoptéridos y crócidos de la Península Ibérica (Insecta: Neuroptera: Nemopteridae, Crocidae) V. J. MONSERRAT1, 2, V. TRIVIÑO1, 3, F. ACEVEDO1, 4 1Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense; E-28040 Madrid (Spain) 2E-mail: [email protected] 3E-mail: [email protected] 4E-mail: [email protected] Resumen Se revisan las especies de nemoptéridos y crócidos de la Península Ibérica. En la zona se conocen dos especies de cada una de las dos familias. De ellas se incluye una clave de identificación de larvas e imagos, se recopila toda la información bibliográfica existente, se anotan los datos conocidos sobre su biología y su distribución fenológica y altitudinal y se aportan mapas de su distribución geográfica conocida y nuevos datos sobre su distribución y biología en la zona. Palabras clave: Península Ibérica, faunística, biología, Neuroptera, Nemopteridae, Crocidae. Laburpena Iberiar Penintsulako nemopterido eta krozidoak (Insecta: Neuroptera: Nemopteridae, Crocidae) Iberiar Penintsulako nemopterido eta krozidoen espezieen errebisioa egiten da. Eremu honetan familia bakoitzeko bi espezie ezagutzen dira. Haien larba eta helduen identifikazio-klabe bana ematen da, dagoen informazio biblio- grafiko guztia biltzen da, biologia eta banaketa fenologiko zein altitudinalari buruzko datu ezagun guztiak aurkezten dira eta ezaguna den banaketa geografikoko mapak ematen dira, bai eta eremu honetarako berriak diren hainbat banaketa- eta biologia-datu ere. Gako-hitzak: Iberiar Penintsula, faunistika, biologia, Neuroptera, Nemopteridae, Crocidae. Abstract The spoonwing and threadwing flies of the Iberian Peninsula (Insecta: Neuroptera: Nemopteridae, Crocidae) The species of spoonwing flies and threadwing flies known in the Iberian Peninsula are reviewed. Two species in each family are known in the area. An identification key of their larvae and imagoes is provided, all existing bibliographic information is compiled, including what is known about their biology and phaenological and alti- tudinal distribution, and maps of the known geographical distribution, as well as new data on their distribution and biology in the area are also provided. Key words: Iberian Peninsula, faunistics, biology, Neuroptera, Nemopteridae, Crocidae. Introducción ros ibéricos, unas de las familias con especies más vistosas y espectaculares y/o de biología más curiosa Históricamente unidos en una única familia con rango y específica (Figs. 1-2, 5-6). Poseen una similar distri- de subfamilia, y recientemente elevados a la categoría bución geográfica actual (zonas templadas, áridas y de familia (Monserrat, 1996a, 2008), los Nemopteridae subdesérticas de la Región Paleártica occidental, Región y los Crocidae representan, dentro de los neurópte- Afrotropical, Oriente Medio, Región Neotropical, sur 232 MONSERRAT ET AL.: Nemopteridae y Crocidae (Neuroptera) de la Península Ibérica de la Región Oriental y Región Australiana) y, sin em- imagos, aunque se ha constatado polinifagia en bargo, son de biología, morfología larvaria y hábitos N. bipennis (Monserrat, 1985b, 1986, 1996a, 2008) y muy diferentes (Mathews, 1947; Tjeder, 1967; Mansell, probablemente también ocurra en Lertha. Son insec- 1973, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1983a, 1983b, tos muy locales y a veces muy abundantes (Fig. 1a). 1986, 1992, 1996; Hölzel, 1975; Monserrat, 1983a, De carácter monovoltino y de fenologías breves y muy 1983b, 1985b, 1986, 1988, 1996a, 2008; Picker, 1984, marcadas, suelen segregarse en función del hábitat y 1987; New, 1986, 1989; Monserrat y Martínez, 1995). altitud donde viven, así como de la hora y situaciones Los nemoptéridos forman una familia con aproxima- ambientales que condicionan sus periodos de activi- damente 110 especies, entre las más espectaculares y dad de vuelo.Por su escaso carácter antrópico, son de mayor tamaño dentro de los neurópteros, perte- buenos indicadores del estado de conservación del me- necientes a 19 géneros (Tjeder, 1967; Aspöck et al., dio (Figs. 3-4). No se conocen datos sobre su cortejo, 1980, 2010; Monserrat, 1996a, 2008; Oswald, 2003). cópula y/o dónde realizan la puesta en las especies Las especies poseen actividad diurna o crepuscular, que tratamos, aunque probablemente el cortejo sea ciclos monovoltinos, y sus poblaciones suelen ser muy aéreo, la cópula se practique sobre la vegetación locales en el espacio y muy temporales en el periodo y la puesta sea en el suelo y de forma individual y de emergencia y actividad de los imagos (Tjeder, 1967) espaciada. y, aunque a veces pueden ser abundantes, siempre Por el contrario, conocemos bastante más sobre sus están muy vinculadas a las características de los medios sorprendentes fases juveniles (Figs. 2a-d). Los huevos donde habitan, con frecuentes endemismos locales. deben de ponerse aisladamente en el suelo, ya que no A pesar de la espectacularidad y tamaño de los imagos, son adhesivos y son aislados, coriáceos, muy resis- en la mayoría de los géneros/especies, sus estadios tentes y en un número no demasiado alto (Monserrat, juveniles son desconocidos (ver recopilación de Mon- 1985b, 1996a, 2008). Aunque hay otros datos sobre la serrat (1996a, 2008) de los datos conocidos), no así potencial alimentación en las larvas de especies de en las especies ibéricas, para las que son bien cono- este género (Popov, 1963, 1973; Tröger, 1993), se ha cidos, y cuya información se anotará más adelante en sugerido la mirmecofilia/mirmecofagia en el desarro- cada caso. llo de sus larvas, al menos en sus primeras fases, y así Está representada en la fauna ibérica por dos especies, han sido cultivadas con éxito (Monserrat y Martínez, una vistosamente coloreada y de hábitos marcada- 1995; Monserrat, 1996a, 2008). Sus larvas (Figs. 2a-d) mente diurnos (Nemoptera bipennis), y otra de actividad son caníbales, cavadoras, edáficas y, muy probable- crepuscular y escasamente pigmentada (Lertha sofiae). mente, viven en el interior de hormigueros, depre- Sus adultos son de morfología muy característica dando sobre sus larvas (en mucha menor medida, (Fig. 1). Son insectos aparentes, grandes, con cabeza pupas), que atrapan y succionan con sus fuertes, de ojos compuestos bien desarrollados, antenas fili- robustas y curvadas mandíbulas (Figs. 2a-d). Poseen formes, rostro alargado y piezas bucales adaptadas a la patas anteriores adaptadas a la excavación, capacidad polinifagia (Fig. 1a) (Tjeder, 1967; Picker, 1984, 1987; de voltearse, de tanatosis, marcado tigmotactismo Monserrat, 1986). Con alas anteriores de abundante y gran capacidad de ayuno (citado hasta 15 meses), venación, hialinas o levemente pardas, o, por el con- elementos que parecen generalizados en las larvas de trario, con llamativas manchas pardas y amarillas la familia (Monserrat, 2008). Atraviesan tres estadios (Figs. 1c-d) y con alas posteriores extremadamente larvarios que requieren, al menos, dos años para su modificadas, acintadas y acabadas en una dilatación desarrollo completo y este puede alargarse o redu- distal bien pigmentada (Fig. 1). Habitantes de zonas cirse, en función de las disponibilidades de alimento, abiertas y soleadas, poseen un vuelo bajo, corto, ondu- hecho que permite el flujo genético entre generacio- lante y poco sostenido, utilizando las alas, además de nes (Monserrat, 1996a, 2008). No sólo su coloración para el vuelo, para termorregularse, para confundirse y morfología tegumentaria les posibilita confundirse con el medio, o de forma defensiva/disuasoria (ver con el polvoriento medio donde habitan, sino que se en cada especie). Más información sobre diferentes han sugerido elementos químicos, adquiridos o emi- usos de las alas en esta familia, por: Picker, 1984, tidos/segregados, como mecanismos de inhibición 1987; Mansell, 1986, 1996; Leon y Picker, 1990; para evitar la agresión de las hormigas en su nido Picker y Leon, 1990; Picker et al., 1991, 1992; Mon- (Monserrat y Martínez, 1995; Monserrat, 2008). Como serrat, 2008; etc. en todos los representantes de Myrmeleontoidea (Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae, Nemopteridae, Cro- En las especies ibéricas de Nemopteridae no dis- cidae, etc., y por ello aplicable a las cuatro especies ponemos de muchos datos sobre la biología de sus Heteropterus Rev. Entomol. (2012) 12(2): 231-255 233 que tratamos), la pupación se realiza practicando una localización del sexo contrario, el cortejo y la cópula típica bolita esférica de seda (en nuestras especies, y alas posteriores extremadamente modificadas, acin- de 12-13 mm de diámetro), sobre cuya superficie tadas/filiformes y progresivamente estrechadas, sin externa queda adherida una fina capa de polvi- dilatación distal, que aun así emplean para el vuelo llo/arenilla; enterrada, pasan así el periodo de pupa. (Figs. 5a-b, e-f) (más información sobre diferentes La morfología del huevo y de los estadios larvarios usos de las alas en esta familia, proporcionada por: de las especies tratadas han sido descritas por Mon- Tjeder, 1967; Mansell, 1996). serrat (1985b, 1996a, 2008) y Monserrat y Martínez En las especies ibéricas de Crocidae no disponemos (1995), donde también puede recabarse información de muchos datos sobre la biología de sus imagos, sobre su biología y comportamiento larvario, tanto de salvo que son de actividad crepuscular o nocturna, éstas como de otras especies pertenecientes a géneros que poseen un vuelo lento, sostenido, monótono y ibéricos, aplicables a las especies que tratamos, así circular,
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