DOCSLIB.ORG

Price: 99.474% Plus Accrued Interest, If Any, from June 10, 2005

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Price: 99.474% Plus Accrued Interest, If Any, from June 10, 2005 Interest will be payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year commencing on December 15, 2005. The Notes will mature on June 15, 2035. The Notes will contain provisions, commonly known as “collective action clauses,” regarding acceleration and voting on future amendments, modifications and waivers that differ from those applicable to certain of the Republic of El Salvador’s outstanding public external indebtedness. Under these provisions, which are described in the sections entitled “Terms and Conditions of the Notes — Events of Default” and “— Modifications, Amendments and Waivers,” the Republic of El Salvador may amend the payment provisions of the Notes and certain other terms with the consent of the holders of 75% of the aggregate amount of the outstanding Notes. Except as described herein, payments on the Notes will be made without deduction for or on account of withholding taxes imposed by the Republic of El Salvador. Application has been made to list the Notes on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and will be made to list the Notes on the El Salvador Stock Exchange. ________________ Price: 99.474% plus accrued interest, if any, from June 10, 2005. Delivery of the Notes will be made on or about June 10, 2005. The Notes have not been and will not be registered under the Securities Act. The Notes may not be offered or sold within the United States or to U.S. persons except to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Rule 144A and to certain persons in offshore transactions in reliance on Regulation S. You are hereby notified that sellers of the Notes may be relying on the exemption from the provisions of Section 5 of the Securities Act provided by Rule 144A. The date of this Offering Circular is June 1, 2005. EL SALVADOR IN MAKING AN INVESTMENT DECISION, INVESTORS MUST RELY ON THEIR OWN EXAMINATION OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE TERMS OF THE OFFERING, INCLUDING THE MERITS OR THE RISKS INVOLVED. You should rely only on the information contained in this document or to which we have referred you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. This document may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. The information in this document may only be accurate on the date of this document. This Offering Circular may only be used for the purposes for which it has been published. ________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Presentation of Information ............................................................................................................................................... iii Forward-Looking Statements............................................................................................................................................. iii Enforcement of Civil Liabilities ........................................................................................................................................ iv Exchange Rate Information ............................................................................................................................................... v Offering Circular Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 1 The Offering ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Use of Proceeds ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 The Republic of El Salvador.............................................................................................................................................. 7 The Salvadoran Economy.................................................................................................................................................. 12 Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments ........................................................................................................................... 25 Monetary System ............................................................................................................................................................... 36 Public Sector Finances....................................................................................................................................................... 40 Public Debt ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47 Terms and Conditions of the Notes.................................................................................................................................... 51 Subscription and Sale......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Book-Entry Settlement and Clearance............................................................................................................................... 61 Transfer Restrictions.......................................................................................................................................................... 64 Taxation............................................................................................................................................................................. 66 Validity of the Notes.......................................................................................................................................................... 68 General Information........................................................................................................................................................... 69 Because the Republic or its affiliates may purchase and resell the Notes in certain transactions exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the ability of any subsequent holder of Notes to reoffer, resell, pledge or otherwise transfer the Notes pursuant to the exemption provided by Rule 144 under the Securities Act may be limited. _______________ NOTICE TO NEW HAMPSHIRE RESIDENTS NEITHER THE FACT THAT A REGISTRATION STATEMENT OR AN APPLICATION FOR A LICENSE HAS BEEN FILED UNDER CHAPTER 421-B OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE REVISED STATUTES WITH THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE NOR THE FACT THAT A SECURITY IS EFFECTIVELY REGISTERED OR A PERSON IS LICENSED IN THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE CONSTITUTES A FINDING BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE THAT ANY DOCUMENT FILED UNDER RA 421-B IS TRUE, COMPLETE AND NOT MISLEADING. NEITHER ANY SUCH FACT NOR THE FACT THAT THE EXEMPTION OR EXCEPTION IS AVAILABLE FOR A SECURITY OR A TRANSACTION MEANS THAT THE SECRETARY OF STATE HAS PASSED IN ANY WAY UPON THE MERITS OR QUALIFICATIONS OF, OR RECOMMENDED OR GIVEN APPROVAL TO, ANY PERSON, SECURITY OR TRANSACTION. IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE, OR CAUSE TO BE MADE, TO ANY PROSPECTIVE PURCHASER, CUSTOMER OR CLIENT, ANY REPRESENTATION INCONSISTENT WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS PARAGRAPH. The Notes will be direct, general and unconditional obligations of the Republic. The Notes will, at all times, rank equally without any preference among themselves and at least pari passu with all other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated Public External Indebtedness (as defined herein) of the Republic. The Notes will be issued in registered form only. Notes sold in offshore transactions in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act (“Regulation S”) will be represented by a permanent global Note (which may be subdivided) in fully registered i form without interest coupons (the “Regulation S Global Note”) deposited with a custodian for, and registered in the name of a nominee of, The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) for the respective accounts at DTC as such subscribers may direct. Notes sold in the United States to qualified institutional buyers (each a “qualified institutional buyer”) as defined in, and in reliance on, Rule 144A under the Securities Act (“Rule 144A”) will be represented by a permanent global Note (which may be subdivided) in fully registered form without interest coupons (the “Restricted Global Note” and, together with the Regulation S Global Note, the “Global Notes”) deposited with a custodian for, and registered in the name of a nominee of, DTC. Beneficial interests of DTC Participants (as defined under “Book-Entry Settlement and Clearance”) in the Global Notes will be shown on, and transfers thereof between DTC Participants will be effected only through, records maintained by DTC and its direct and indirect participants, including Euroclear Bank S.A./N.V., as operator of the Euroclear System (“Euroclear”) and Clearstream Banking, société anonyme (“Clearstream, Luxembourg”), if applicable. See “Book-Entry Settlement and Clearance.” Except as described herein, definitive Notes will not be issued in exchange for beneficial interests in the Global Notes. See “Terms and Conditions of the Notes — Form, Denomination and Title.” For restrictions on transfer applicable to the Notes, see “Transfer Restrictions” and “Subscription and Sale.” The Republic has taken reasonable care to ensure that the information contained in this Offering Circular is true and correct in all material respects and not misleading as of the date hereof, and that, to the best of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Observations on the Salvadoran Economy
    OBSERVATIONS ON THE SALVADORAN ECONOMY (Principal Themes Presented at a Meeting Sponsored by USAID and FUSADES), San Salvador May 2007 Arnold C. Harberger University of California, Los Angeles At the outset, let me inform some and remind other Salvadoran listeners and readers that I come to today’s task as an old friend of this country. My first visit took place in the early 1970s (most likely in 1972) and I worked quite regularly here, under USAID auspices, during the rest of that decade. My next major stint of work took place in 1988-89, when I organized a team of foreign experts to study the economy of El Salvador, and then compile a series of policy suggestions that might be useful as a new president took office. Our visits spanned a period of over 6 months, prior to the presidential election. We met with all the candidates and all their economic teams. That election resulted in the installation of Alfredo Cristiani as President of El Salvador. From the standpoint of our own mission, which had its headquarters in FUSADES under the sponsorship of USAID, this was an extremely serendipitous outcome. The reason was that our Salvadoran counterparts (for our own studies) were all connected to FUSADES in one way or another, and it then turned out that President Cristiani selected many of them as members of his cabinet, as President of the Central Bank, and as technical experts. These and other members of President Cristiani’s team were instrumental in implementing the important wave of economic liberalizations and other reforms that were carried out at that time.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador Country Report BTI 2018
    BTI 2018 Country Report El Salvador This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2018. It covers the period from February 1, 2015 to January 31, 2017. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of political management in 129 countries. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2018 Country Report — El Salvador. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Contact Bertelsmann Stiftung Carl-Bertelsmann-Strasse 256 33111 Gütersloh Germany Sabine Donner Phone +49 5241 81 81501 [email protected] Hauke Hartmann Phone +49 5241 81 81389 [email protected] Robert Schwarz Phone +49 5241 81 81402 [email protected] Sabine Steinkamp Phone +49 5241 81 81507 [email protected] BTI 2018 | El Salvador 3 Key Indicators Population M 6.3 HDI 0.680 GDP p.c., PPP $ 8619 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 0.5 HDI rank of 188 117 Gini Index 40.8 Life expectancy years 73.0 UN Education Index 0.620 Poverty3 % 9.8 Urban population % 67.2 Gender inequality2 0.384 Aid per capita $ 14.0 Sources (as of October 2017): The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2017 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2016. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $3.20 a day at 2011 international prices. Executive Summary The government of El Salvador is currently in the hands of the FMLN, a leftist political party rooted in the civil war of the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Macroeconomics of Dollarization : a Cross-Country Examination Of
    Elizabethtown College JayScholar Business: Student Scholarship & Creative Works Business Spring 2018 The aM croeconomics of Dollarization : A Cross- Country Examination of the Effects of Dollarization in Ecuador and El Salvador Lia Anastasia Kopar Elizabethtown College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://jayscholar.etown.edu/busstu Part of the International Business Commons Recommended Citation Kopar, Lia Anastasia, "The aM croeconomics of Dollarization : A Cross-Country Examination of the Effects of Dollarization in Ecuador and El Salvador" (2018). Business: Student Scholarship & Creative Works. 3. https://jayscholar.etown.edu/busstu/3 This Student Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Business at JayScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Business: Student Scholarship & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of JayScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Macroeconomics of Dollarization: A Cross-Country Examination of the Effects of Dollarization in Ecuador and El Salvador By Lia Anastasia Kopar This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Discipline in the Department of Business and the Elizabethtown College Honors Program. May 10, 2018 Thesis Director__________________________________ Dr. Hossein Varamini Second Reader___________________________________ Dr. Sanjay Paul Chair, Department of Business___________________________________ Dr. Cristina E. Ciocirlan ABSTRACT This paper seeks to compare and
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in El Salvador: the Challenge of Consolidating As an Emerging Destination
    Cuadernos de Turismo, nº 27, (2011); pp. 1105-1108 Universidad de Murcia ISSN: 1139-7861 TOURISM IN EL SALVADOR: THE CHALLENGE OF CONSOLIDATING AS AN EMERGING DESTINATION Fracisco Javier Jover Martí Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha [email protected] The changes that have been taking place since the end of the 20th Century in the motivations of tourist demand have impacted in the emergence of new trends in tourism. These constant transformations are associated with exhaustion, saturation and obsolescence of the traditional model of tourism development. New production and consumption processes of leisure have been configured; in them the singularization and the differentiation of the product are the main features compared to the previous guidance range tourist production to consumption for massive and undifferentiated. The tourists base their choice on the possibility of getting the best competitive advantages which includes the enjoyment of unique and unforgettable experiences. So, it has led to the insertion of new destinations in the international tourist scene. There are some new destinations that were hidden in the international tourist map until recently. In some cases, their emergence has meant a great competency to other destinations with an acknowledged trajectory in this field. Since the beginning of mobility because of leisure purposes the increase in diversification and differentiation of destinations has been a recurrent constant, although not with the same intensity as that of recent years. At the moment, these emerging destinations are becoming more relatively important compared to most established destinations because of the increase in the international arrivals. These exotic destinations combine with aspects can be found in traditional tourist destinations, so they can enter into strong competition.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Potential for Developing Ecotourism in the San Francisco Menéndez Sector of El Imposible National Park, El Salvador
    AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPING ECOTOURISM IN THE SAN FRANCISCO MENÉNDEZ SECTOR OF EL IMPOSIBLE NATIONAL PARK, EL SALVADOR A PROJECT Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Erin P. Kelly, B.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2009 ABSTRACT El Imposible, the largest and most biologically diverse National Park in El Salvador, has been co- managed by SalvaNATURA, a Salvadoran environmental NGO, and the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment since 1991. The Park protects some the country’s few remaining sources of uncontaminated water, and serves as El Salvador’s final refuge for several threatened animal species. One of the biggest challenges facing the Park’s managers is that approximately 30 families inhabit the Park, 23 of which are located within the study area. With a high poverty level and few employment opportunities, the families depend on agriculture and the natural resources found within El Imposible for survival. These families inhabited El Imposible prior to it being declared a national park in 1989, and many do not have the option of relocating, if so desired, due to financial constraints. SalvaNATURA, in recent years, has been encouraging ecotourism in the San Francisco Menéndez sector of El Imposible through the implementation of small-scale, community-based projects. The primary aim has been to conserve and protect the Park’s biodiversity, while also creating alternative forms of income generating activities for local peoples, promoting environmental education, and sustainably developing the area as an attractive tourist destination.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. 17Th Edition
    IN THE ZONE 17T H I S S U E 2 0 1 8 THE POWER OF TOURISM MARKETING WITHIN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN In the Zone: is a publication of the Directorate of Sustainable Tourism of the Association of Caribbean States to increase interaction and cooperation among the ACS countries, Observer Countries and International and Regional Organizations featuring destinations, projects and events in the Greater Caribbean. The Sustainable Tourism Zone of the Greater Caribbean (STZC) was formed in 2001 and has 40 destinations. EDITORIAL CONTENTS | ARTICLES | The Directorate of Sustainable Tourism (DST) of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) is pleased to present its 17th Edition of Association of Caribbean States ‘In The Zone’ focusing on “The Power of Tourism Marketing within Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela the Greater Caribbean”. Colombia El Salvador Tourists and travel companies will continue to search for new Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis destinations, which is why the correct combination of tourism Grenada marketing strategies, innovation, competitiveness and technology Guyana will improve the opportunities for the Greater Caribbean to Martinique continue to experience increasing tourism indicators and progress Mexico towards Multidestination. St Lucia In this edition, the DST wishes to showcase some effective tourism Central American Tourism Agency marketing strategies successfully implemented by the Ministries, Singular Foundry National Tourism Authorities, Regional Organisations and | GENERAL INFORMATION | Marketing Experts. SCST-29 Meeting The ACS Celebrates its 24th Anniversary The ACS understands that marketing cannot be addressed in | WHAT’S NEW? | isolation, but must do so within the context of the international GTA Launches ‘Tourism and Me” Children’s Booklet agenda, considering the importance of sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Gender Inequality in Post-War El Salvador
    Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1 (June 2013), pp. 27-39 Poverty and Gender Inequality in Post-War El Salvador Olivia Bell Abstract This article analyzes the rise and fall of poverty and gender discrimination in El Salvador, with a focus on the 1992-present post-war era. Graphs containing official World Bank data on employment rates, school enrollment, poverty headcounts, and GDP growth are provided as both background information and correlating visuals for the discussion topics. The paper explores the ways that trends in poverty and gender inequalities overlap and provides examples as to how the violent civil war left an impact on life in El Salvador. Post-War reforms and programs are studied and conclusions are made as to the most effective ways to reduce and end poverty and gender inequality in El Salvador. I. Introduction In the past 20 years, El Salvador has been infamous for war, poverty, and violence. Images of horrible uprisings and innocent deaths splashed across television screens around the world in the 1980s, as one of the bloodiest wars to date raged on in Latin America. The Salvadoran Civil War, lasting from 1980 to 1992, left a deep imprint on El Salvador’s economy and society. The effects of the end of the civil war are reflected in socio-economic progress made in El Salvador since the war’s conclusion. Violence still remains prevalent in the country, but somehow Salvadorans have managed to slowly improve living conditions by reducing poverty and empowering women. The changes are not monumental, but visible in various social indicators.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 24 July 2013 Original: English
    United Nations A/68/…….. General Assembly Distr.: General 24 July 2013 Original: English Word count (including footnotes/endnotes): 9803 Sixty-eighth session Item 19 of the provisional agenda Implementation of UNGA Resolution 66/196 Sustainable tourism and sustainable development in Central America Note by the Secretariat Summary The present report is submitted in response to United Nations General Assembly resolution 66/196 entitled, “Sustainable tourism and sustainable development in Central America” adopted by the UN General Assembly at its 66th session, which “Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eight session on developments related to the implementation of the present resolution, taking into account the reports prepared by the World Tourism Organization in this field”. To this effect, UNWTO has sought inputs on the above- mentioned issues, both from UNWTO State Members and UN Members from the Central American region, on what has been achieved in the region in the last five years. A/68/100 A/68/…….. In preparing the present report, the secretariat of the World Tourism Organization sought and used input from the tourism authorities of the Central American Integration System (SICA) and each of the seven member countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize), as well as from the chambers of tourism, other private sector entities, and non-governmental organizations in each country. Sustainable tourism is defined as tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities. It applies to all forms of tourism in all types of destinations, including mass tourism and the various niche tourism subsectors, including ecotourism.
    [Show full text]
  • National Action Plan El Salvador Volumen I
    NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR TRADE CAPACITY BUILDING: MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION VOLUME I: GENERAL STRATEGY JULY, 2003 1 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR TRADE CAPACITY BUILDING Table of Contents Foreword Part A: Introduction and Description I. General and Economic Overview II. Trade Policy Institutions and Policy Making Part B: National Strategy for Trade Capacity Building I. Trade Negotiation Preparation and Participation II. Trade Agreement Implementation 1. Labor Issues 2. Environmental Issues 3. Sanitary and Phitosanitary System 4. Rules of Origin and Custom Procedures 5. Technical Barriers to Trade 6. Subsides, Antidumping, safeguards and dispute settlement 7. Intellectual Property Issues and Competition Policy 8. Government Procurement 9. Statistical Information III. Transition to Free Trade 1. Strategy for Competitiveness Enhancement 2. National Strategy for Rural Development and Agricultural Diversification 3. National Strategy to Support the Development of the SME’s 4. Cooperation Needs in the Transition to Free Trade 2 FOREWORD The National Action Plan for Trade Capacity Building for El Salvador has been prepared to define, prioritize, and articulate the country’s trade-related capacity building needs. The Action Plan will serve as a management tool for mobilizing and managing trade capacity building assistance – both from public and private sources – to support: a) preparation for and participation in the United States-Central America Free Trade Agreement (US -CAFTA) negotiations; b) implementation of the agreement; and c) the transition and changes necessary to reap fully the benefits of the US -CAFTA. It has been conceived as an integral component of the country’s trade development strategy. The El Salvador Action Plan was prepared under the direction of the Trade Policy Department with the Ministry of Economy of El Salvador.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador 4K Wikipedia
    El salvador 4k wikipedia Continue Country in Central America This article is about a country in Central America. For other purposes, see El Salvador (disambiguation). Coordinates: 13'41'N 89'11'W / 13.683'N 89.183'W / 13.683; -89.183 Republic SalvadorRepublic de Salvador (Spanish) Flag Herb Motto: Dios, Union, Libertad (Spanish)English: God, Union, LibertyGymn: Himno Nacional de Salvador (English: National Anthem of El Salvador) Capital And largest citySan Salvador13'41'56N 89'11'29W / 13.69889-N 89.19139'W / 13.69889; -89.19139Official languagesSpanishEthnic groups 86.3% Mestizo (mixed White and Indigenous)12.7% White1.23% Indigenous0.13% Black0.64% Other[1]Religion (2017)[2]84.1% Christianity—44.9% Roman Catholic—37.1% Protestant—2.1% Other Christian15.2% No religion0.7% Other religionsDemonym(s)Salvadorian, Salvadorean, SalvadoranGovernmentUnitary presidential constitutional republic• President Nayib Bukele• Vice President Félix Ulloa LegislatureLegislative AssemblyIndependence• Declared from Spain 15 September 1821• Declared from theFederal Republicof Central America 12 June 1824• International recognition[3] 18 February 1841 Area • Total21,041 km2 (8,124 sq mi) (148th)• Water (%)1.5Population• 2018 estimate6,420,746[4][5] (109th)• Density303.1/km2 (785.0/sq mi) (47th)GDP (PPP)2018 estimate• Total$53.667 billion[6] (101st)• Per capita$8,388[6] (111th)GDP (nominal)2018 estimate• Total$25.855 billion[6] (102nd)• Per capita$4,041[6] (111th)Gini (2016) 40.6[7]mediumHDI (2018) 0.667[8]medium · 121thCurrencyUnited States dollara (USD)Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)Driving siderightCalling code+503bISO 3166 codeSVInternet TLD.sv The United States dollar is the currency in use.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador Workforce Development Assessment
    EL SALVADOR WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT October 2008 This publication was produced for the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by the National Center on Education and the Economy (NCEE) and Chemonics International Inc. EL SALVADOR WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT Best Practices for Promoting Trade-Led Equitable Growth in the LAC Region Contract No. AFP-I-00-04-00002-00 Task Order No. 9 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acknowledgements Acronyms Executive Summary: Issues and Recommendations............................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................4 Purpose of the Assessment ......................................................................................4 Approach..................................................................................................................4 Section 1. Future Demands..................................................................................................6 Recent Economic Context .......................................................................................7 Overall Labor Demand ...........................................................................................7 Trade Affected Labor Demand ................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • The History of El Salvador Advisory Board
    THE HISTORY OF EL SALVADOR ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF EL SALVADOR Christopher M. White The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data White, Christopher M., 1974– The history of El Salvador / Christopher M. White. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096–2905) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–34928–7 (alk. paper) 1. El Salvador—History. I. Title. II. Series. F1486.W46 2009 972.84—dc22 2008030539 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2009 by Christopher M. White All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008030539 ISBN: 978 – 0 –313 –34928 –7 ISSN: 1096 –2905 First published in 2009 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321
    [Show full text]