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Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Yang Berkhasiat Obat Oleh Masyarakat Di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan

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Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Yang Berkhasiat Obat Oleh Masyarakat Di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Basah Tahun 2016 Jilid 2: 486-492 ISBN: 978-602-6483-34-8 PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN YANG BERKHASIAT OBAT OLEH MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU, KALIMANTAN SELATAN Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Community in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan Rosidah Radam *, Mochamad Arief Soendjoto, Eva Prihatiningtyas Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Jalan A. Yani Km 36 Banjarbaru, Indonesia *Surel korespondensi: [email protected] Abstract. Traditional community in South Kalimantan especially who settled in shore area of Tanah Bumbu Regency nowadays are still take advantage of forest plant resources as traditional medicines. Traditional medication is one of the national herritage that can give advantage for health, so that it is considered to be important to do research and sustain them. The research aimed to learn technical know-how of important plants as medicine of certain disease or illness. This research applied explorative survey method. Respondents were chosen with purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interview to informans and field observation. From the 6 informants (Sandro), we obtained 40 plant species utilized as medicinal plants. Part of nineteen species used was leaf (47,5%), 2 bark (5%), 4 fruit/flower (10 %), 9 root (22,5 %), 3 rhizome (7,5%), 4 resin (10%) and 1 the whole plant (2,5%). There were few parts of plants consumed without any process, some of them also smoothed or smashed, before it finally consumed like drinking water, or put it on the pain area. Keywords: ethnic, utilization, medicine, plant, traditional 1. PENDAHULUAN Pendekatan penduduk lokal terhadap manajemen pemanfaatan ekosistem alam merupakan model jangka Masyarakat kita sudah sejak lama mengenal panjang dalam menopang kebutuhan hidup manusia tumbuhan obat. Tumbuhan obat adalah tumbuhan yang (Redford dan Padoch, 1992 dalam Swanson, 1995). berkhasiat obat yaitu menghilangkan rasa sakit, Selain itu, manajemen sumber daya alam tradisional meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, membunuh bibit mampu mempertegas hubungan antara sistem penyakit dan memperbaiki organ yang rusak serta konservasi dengan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman menghambat pertumbuhan tidak normal seperti tumor hayati (Alcorn, 1994 dalam Swanson, 1995). Budaya dan kanker. Tumbuhan obat dapat berupa tumbuhan pemanfaatan obat tradisional yang berasal dari pangan, tumbuhan hortikultura maupun tumbuh- tumbuhan ini juga terdapat pada masyarakat tumbuhan liar seperti semak belukar dan tumbuhan Kalimantan Selatan yang dihuni oleh berbagai etnis dan hutan. Penggunaan tumbuhan obat sebagai obat ini telah dikenal masyarakat dari dulu kala dan sudah dilakukan dari generasi ke generasi selama dilaksanakan jauh sebelum pelayanan kesehatan formal ribuan tahun sehingga tumbuhan obat dikenal sebagai dengan obat-obat modern. Sampai saat ini masyarakat tumbuhan obat nenek moyang. Berdasarkan kenyataan masih mengakui dan memanfaatkan pelayanan dengan ini maka penggunaan tumbuhan obat sudah merupakan obat tradisional ini. Sistem pengobatan tersebut sampai bagian dari tradisi masyarakat tradisional kita. dewasa ini masih tumbuh subur. Kondisi ini didukung Penggunaan bahan alam sebagai obat tradisional di oleh potensi wilayah Tanah Bumbu yang masih memiliki Indonesia telah dilakukan oleh nenek moyang kita sejak wilayah hutan yang cukup luas yang ditumbuhi oleh berabad-abad yang lalu dan diwariskan secara turun berbagai tumbuhan diantaranya tumbuhan obat. Oleh temurun dari generasi kegenerasi selanjutnya. karena itu wilayah ini diduga memiliki keanekaragaman Melonjaknya harga obat sintetis dan efek sampingnya tumbuhan obat yang tinggi. bagi kesehatan meningkatkan kembali penggunaaan Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk obat tradisional oleh masyarakat dengan memanfaatkan mengungkap sistem pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat oleh sumberdaya alam yang ada di sekitar. 3 etnis masyarakat yang meliputi etnis Banjar, etnis Setiap daerah memiliki sistem pemanfaatan Bugis dan etnis Dayak serta menginventarisasi tumbuhan yang khas dan berbeda dengan daerah keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan obat yang terdapat di lainnya. Sistem pemanfaatan ini berkaitan dengan Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu. Hasil penelitian ini dapat keanekaragaman tumbuhan di masing-masing daerah. memberikan kontribusi positif bagi pengembangan ilmu © 2017. Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 486 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Basah Tahun 2016 Jilid 2: 486-492 ISBN: 978-602-6483-34-8 pengetahuan, yaitu menggali budaya masyarakat dalam badan, menyegarkan badan memanfaatkan tumbuhan obat dan mengetahui potensi dan obat batuk TBC kekayaan alam yang berupa tumbuhan obat tradisional Nangka/ Bunga/Buah: mengobati hernia Ditanam/ masyarakat Tanah Bumbu serta usaha pelestariannya. Artocarpus (untuk anak balita); asma Budidaya Selain itu hasil penelitian ini jugat berpotensi untuk heterophyllus menemukan jenis tumbuhan obat baru yang diharapkan Belimbing sayur Bunga/Buah: mengobati Ditanam/ dapat diteliti lebih lanjut dalam rangka peningkatan (Averrhoa bilimbi) penyakit batuk, melegakan Budidaya napas, dan mencairkan dahak (Bunga dan kesehatan masyarakat luas. buah) Kelapa muda Bunga/Buah: mengobati anak Ditanam/ 2. METODE sawanan Budidaya Jalukap/ Centella Daun: mengobati obat batuk, bersih Tumbuh Liar Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Pagatan, Area asiatica darah, melancarkan peredaran Batu Licin, dan Dusun Lokpadi, Kabupaten Tanah darah, penurun panas , Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan pada September- menghentikan pendarahan, dan November 2016. Objek penelitian adalah jenis atau anti bakteri spesies tumbuhan berkhasiat obat yang digunakan tiga Pare/ Momordica Daun: mengeluarkan dahak Ditanam/ etnis masyarakat (Banjar, Bugis dan Dayak), kegunaan, charantia Budidaya cara mengolah/memanfaatkan, bagian tumbuhan yang Tambora/ Daun: sebagai obat luka lambung Tumbuh Liar dimanfaatkan, dan status perolehan (liar/budidaya). dan peluntur darah nifas, keputihan Metode penelitian ini adalah survei eksploratif dan obat mag dan metode Participatory Rural Appraisal, yaitu Seledri/ Apium Daun: menurunkan tekanan darah Ditanam/ pengkajian yang berorientasi pada keterlibatan dan graveolens Budidaya peran masyarakat secara aktif dalam penelitian. Belimbing wuluh/ Daun: mengobati tekanan darah Tumbuh Liar Keterlibatan masyarakat diperoleh melalui Averrhoa bilimbi tinggi dan batuk wawancara semi struktural yang berpedoman pada Pudak stangel/ Daun: melancarkan peredaran Ditanam/ daftar pertanyaan. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap Dracena angustifolia darah Budidaya n.e.brown sejumlah tokoh masyarakat terutama pengobat dan penduduk di wilayah penelitian dengan Daun Kemangi/ Daun: mencegah peradangan, Ditanam/ Ocimum Mencegah rambut rontok dan Budidaya menggunakan kuesioner. Survei dilakukan melalui citriodorum beruban pengamatan dari dekat, mencatat dan mengambil Kangkung Sungai/ Daun: mengobati susah tidur Tumbuh Liar dokumen berupa foto. Selain itu, dilakukan studi Ipomoea aquatic kepustakaan, khususnya terkait dengan tumbuhan Insulin/ Tithonia Daun: mengobati diabetes Ditanam/ sebagai bahan obat tradisional. Data yang diperoleh diversifolia Budidaya di lapangan disajikan dalam bentuk tabulasi dan dianalisa deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Rambutan/ Daun: menghilangkan uban Ditanam/ Nephelium Budidaya lappaceum 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Cemplokan/ Daun: mengobati Stroke Tumbuh liar 3.1 Jenis dan Bagian Tumbuhan yang Physallis angulata Digunakan Linn. Pepaya (Carica Daun: mengobati demam dan Ditanam/ Empat puluh jenis tumbuhan dipergunakan papaya L.) disentri Budidaya sebagai bahan obat tradisional oleh masyarakat Seroning(Serunai)/ Daun: Obat maag, darah tinggi, Tumbuh liar Tanah Bumbu. Bagian-bagian tumbuhan yang Wedelia kolesterol, obat luka dan sakit perut dimanfaatkankan oleh masyarakat adalah daun, calendaceae les kulit batang, akar, umbi/ rimpang, getah, bunga dan Jelatang ayam/ Daun: Patah tulang Tumbuh liar buah, dan seluruh tumbuhan (Tabel 1). Toxicodendron radicans Tabel 1. Tumbuhan berhasiat obat, manfaat, dan status Kumis kucing Daun: melancarkan kencing, Ditanam/ perolehnya (Orthosiphon Diabetes, keputihan, sakit pinggang Budidaya aristatus Benth) dan masuk angin Sirih (Chavica betle Daun: mengobati batuk, Ditanam/ Nama Bagian yang dimanfaatkan Status L.) membunuh mikroorganisme Budidaya tumbuhan dan khasiat atau manfaatnya perolehan berbahaya, dan obat kumur Jeruk nipis (Citrus Bunga/Buah: mengobati Ditanam/ Cucur bebek/ Daun: mengobati sakit kepala Ditanam/ aurantifolia) penyakit menurunkan Budidaya Bryophyllum Budidaya kolesterol menghilangkan bau © 2017. Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 487 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Basah Tahun 2016 Jilid 2: 486-492 ISBN: 978-602-6483-34-8 pinnatum Hambin buah/ Seluruh tumbuhan: obat sakit Tumbuh liar Phyllanthus pinggang/ batu ginjal 2,5% Rumput salad Daun: menyembuhkan patah tulang Tumbuh liar urinaria Kejibeling/ Daun: mengobati sakit Ditanam/ Strobilanthes crispa pinggang/batu ginjal, melancarkan Budidaya Dari 40 jenis tumbuhan tersebut, 19 (47,5%) kencing, disentri/ diare, gatal adalah tumbuhan liar dan 21 (52,5%) tumbuhan terkena serangga yang ditanam/dibudidayakan. Tumbuhan liar didapat Katapi suntul/ Kulit batang: mengobati sakit Tumbuh liar di sekitar pekarangan rumah dan di hutan-hutan Sandoricum perut dan asam urat koetjape Merr yang tidak jauh dari permukiman masyarakat. Jenis- jenis tumbuhan itu di antaranya tambora, seronai, Halaban/ Vitex Kulit batang: mengobati
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