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Kubur Dan Manusia Prasejarah Di Pegunungan Meratus, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

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Kubur Dan Manusia Prasejarah Di Pegunungan Meratus, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Bambang Sugiyanto, Kubur dan Manusia Prasejarah di Pegunungan Meratus, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan KUBUR DAN MANUSIA PRASEJARAH DI PEGUNUNGAN MERATUS, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN GRAVE AND PRE-HISTORY MAN IN MERATUS MOUNTAIN, SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE Bambang Sugiyanto Balai Arkeologi Banjarmasin Jl. Gotong Royong II, RT 3/IX, Banjarbaru Utara, Kota Banjarbaru, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Naskah diterima: 4 September 2017; direvisi: 9 Oktober 2017; disetujui: 6 November 2017 Abstract Meratus Mountains that divide South Kalimantan into two regions, have an important role in the history of human culture from prehistoric times until now. The remains of human burials found in the Gua Tengkorak (Tabalong Regency), and Liang Bangkai 10 (Tanah Bumbu Regency), are a valid proof of the presence of prehistoric humans in the Meratus Mountains thousands of years ago. Problems raised in writing this article is how the pattern of the grave, who was buried, and when the burial was done? The purpose of this paper is to get a picture and scientific information about the presence of humans in the Meratus Mountains with their ritual or funeral procession. The research approach used to answer the proposed problem is qualitative approach. This method of research emphasizes the direct observation of burial objects that exist in the caves and rock- shelter in the karst area in the Meratus Mountains. The results of this study indicate that burial activities have been carried out by prehistoric humans from the Australomelanesid racial group in the northern part of the Meratus Mountains, and the Mongolid racial group in the southeastern part of the Meratus Mountains. Keywords: Human, burial, Meratus Mountains Abstrak Pegunungan Meratus yang membelah wilayah Kalimantan Selatan menjadi dua, mempunyai peranan penting dalam sejarah kebudayaan manusia dari masa prasejarah sampai sekarang. Sisa penguburan manusia yang ditemukan di Gua Tengkorak (Kabupaten Tabalong), dan Liang Bangkai 10 (Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu), merupakan bukti valid tentang kehadiran manusia prasejarah di Pegunungan Meratus ribuan tahun lalu. Permasalahan yang diajukan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah bagaimana pola kubur yang ada, siapa yang dikuburkan, dan kapan penguburan itu dilakukan? Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran dan informasi ilmiah tentang kehadiran manusia di Pegunungan Meratus dengan ritual atau prosesi penguburan yang mereka lakukan. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diajukan adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Metode penelitian ini menekankan pada pengamatan langsung terhadap obyek penguburan yang ada pada gua-gua dan ceruk payung pada kawasan karst di Pegunungan Meratus. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan penguburan sudah dilaksanakan oleh manusia prasejarah dari kelompok ras Australomelanesid di bagian utara Pegunungan Meratus, dan kelompok ras Mongolid di bagian tenggara Pegunungan Meratus. Kata Kunci: Manusia, penguburan, Pegunungan Meratus A. PENDAHULUAN Tabalong di utara sampai ke Kabupaten Pegunungan Meratus merupakan salah satu Tanah Bumbu di selatan. Bagi sebagian besar bentang lahan yang sangat dominan di wilayah kelompok etnis Dayak di Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Selatan. Pegunungan ini membelah Pegunungan Meratus merupakan tempat yang wilayah Kalimantan Selatan mulai dari Kabupaten sangat penting dalam perkembangan sejarah 135 Jurnal Kebudayaan, Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2017 budaya mereka. Kelompok suku seperti Dayak bagi kelompok etnis Dayak. Pada umumnya, Bukit, Dayak Deah, Dayak Lawangan, dan gua dan ceruk payung itu dimanfaatkan sebagai Dayak Maanyan, merupakan kelompok manusia “tempat penguburan” bukan sebagai tempat yang menggantungkan kelangsungan hidup pada pemukiman. Terkait dengan judul makalah ini, Pegunungan Meratus. Bahkan gunung atau bukit maka permasalahan yang menarik untuk diajukan batu kapur (karst) yang ada di sekitar Pegunungan adalah: Meratus, menjadi tempat yang sangat spesial buat 1. Bagaimana pola penguburan yang terjadi mereka. Pada gunung dan bukit kapur inilah pada gua dan ceruk payung (rock-shelter) di biasanya mereka memilih dan memanfaatkan Pegunungan Meratus? sebuah gua atau ceruk payung sebagai tempat 2. Siapa yang mengembangkan tradisi penguburan yang mereka keramatkan. Gunung penguburan di dalam gua dan ceruk payung dan bukit kapur sebagai tempat penguburan yang (rock-shelter) di Pegunungan Meratus pada ideal memang sangat umum pada kehidupan awalnya? masyarakat kelompok etnis Dayak hampir di 3. Kapan gua dan ceruk di Pegunungan Meratus semua wilayah Kalimantan, tidak hanya di digunakan sebagai tempat penguburan? Kalimantan Selatan. Biasanya mereka mencari Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk gua-gua atau ceruk payung sebagai lokasi mengungkapkan sejarah penguburan yang penyimpanan peti mati dari kayu ulin yang diberi pernah terjadi di gua dan ceruk payung yang nama lungun atau raung (ada banyak nama untuk ada di kawasan karst di Pegunungan Meratus, peti kubur kayu ulin ini di Kalimantan). Lungun- Kalimantan Selatan. Sejarah penguburan lungun ini biasanya diletakkan atau disimpan ini akan mengupas tentang bagaimana pola dalam sebuah lorong gua atau ceruk yang sempit penguburan yang ditemukan pada situs gua-gua dan susah dijangkau. dan ceruk payung pada kawasan karst di sekitar Salah satu contoh gua yang digunakan Pegunungan Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan. sebagai tempat penguburan kelompok etnis Kemudian juga menjelaskan tentang siapa Dayak di Kabupaten Tabalong adalah Gua Malui atau masyarakat mana yang mengembangkan (Haruai). Di sini, lungun di letakkan di muara gua tradisi penguburan tersebut, dan terakhir dengan ditopang oleh dua buah tiang kayu ulin adalah mengungkapkan tentang kapan kegiatan besar. Selain lungun juga terdapat beberapa buah penguburan itu dilaksanakan pada situs gua-gua tulang tengkorak yang berjajar di atas batu datar dan ceruk payung tersebut. di dalam Gua Malui. Jenis penguburan ini adalah penguburan kedua (sekunder), yang dilakukan B. KAJIAN LITERATUR beberapa tahun setelah penguburan pertama Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, temuan (primer) dilakukan. Kelompok etnis Dayak yang penguburan pada Pasca-Plestosen di Indonesia ada di wilayah Kalimantan Selatan, seperti yang dapat dibagi dalam tiga golongan, yaitu sudah disebutkan di atas memang mempunyai penguburan pada bukit-bukit remis di pantai adat istiadat penguburan yang cukup kompleks. timur Sumatera Utara, penguburan pada gua-gua Masih banyak gua dan ceruk payung yang ada di Jawa Timur, dan penguburan pada gua-gua di di kawasan karst di sekitar Pegunungan Meratus Sulawesi Selatan dan Nusa Tenggara. Penguburan yang digunakan sebagai tempat penguburan pada bukit-bukit remis di pantai timur Sumatera oleh kelompok etnis Dayak, baik di Kalimantan Utara, ditemukan di Langsa dan Tamiang (Aceh Selatan maupun Kalimantan Timur (terutama di Timur) serta Sumatera Timur. Rangka yang Kabupaten Paser). ditemukan di Tamiang, memperlihatkan ciri- Uraian pendahuluan di atas, memperlihat kan ciri morfologis Australomelanesid, berjenis bagaimana peran gua-gua dan ceruk payung yang kelamin perempuan berusia kira-kira 40 tahun ada di kawasan karst di Pegunungan Meratus (Poesponegoro dan Notosusanto 1993: 132). 136 Bambang Sugiyanto, Kubur dan Manusia Prasejarah di Pegunungan Meratus, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Pada masa yang sama pada kawasan karst di Jawa juga populasi Australomenesid yang tidak banyak Timur, hidup kelompok manusia yang mendiami berbeda dengan populasi di sana sekarang. Kondisi gua-gua. Salah satu bukti penguburan di dalam yang berbeda kita jumpai pada Sulawesi Selatan, gua-gua ini berasal dari Situs Gua Lowo, dekat yang pada waktu yang sama memperlihatkan ciri- Sampung, Ponorogo, Jawa Timur. Rangka-rangka ciri Mongolid. manusia yang ditemukan tahun 1926 – 1931, Tradisi menetap di dalam gua-gua, ini mempunyai tengkorak yang lonjong, sedang, tampaknya juga berkembang di wilayah dan tinggi. Ciri morfologis memperlihatkan Kalimantan Selatan. Tepatnya pada kawasan karst hidung yang lebar dan busur alis yang nyata, di sekitar Pegunungan Meratus. Kawasan karst sementara bagian mulut agak menonjol ke depan pada Pegunungan Meratus ini bisa dibedakan dengan gigi-geligi yang besar, serta bagian tulang menjadi dua kelompok berdasarkan lokasinya, panggulnya kasar. Ciri-ciri tersebut cenderung yaitu kelompok kawasan karst di bagian barat dan merujuk ke Australomelanesid. Temuan gigi-gigi bagian timur. Kelompok kawasan karst di bagian yang besar juga ada di Situs Gua Petsuruh, Gua barat Pegunungan Meratus dari utara mulai dari Sodong, dan Gua Marjan (Poesponegoro dan wilayah Kabupaten Tabalong, Balangan, Hulu Notosusanto 1993: 134). Sungai Tengah, Hulu Sungai Selatan, Tapin, Lebih ke timur, terdapat sisa-sisa manusia Banjar, dan Tanah Laut. Sementara kawasan di berbagai gua di Sulawesi Selatan. Situs karst di bagian timur Pegunungan Meratus hanya Gua Cakondo, Gua Uleleba, dan Gua Balisao, terdiri dari dua wilayah kabupaten saja, yaitu mempunyai temuan tulang dan gigi-gigi manusia. Kabupaten Kotabaru dan Tanah Bumbu. Secara Tinggi badan dari rangka manusia tersebut umum, kawasan karst Pegunungan Meratus tidak besar dan gigi-giginya juga kecil. Hal sekarang ini merupakan daerah permukiman ini menunjukkan bahwa populasi manusia di masyarakat etnis Dayak, baik yang ada di wilayah Sulawesi Selatan berbeda dengan di Sumtera Utara Kalimantan Selatan atau Kalimantan Timur. dan Jawa Timur. Pada bagian timur, ada populasi Beberapa situs penguburan tradisional
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