Potencial Energético De Bambus Plantados No Brasil - Phyllostachys Bambusoides (Madake), Phyllostachys Nigra Cv Henonis (Hatiku) E Phyllostachys Pubescens (Mossô)

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Potencial Energético De Bambus Plantados No Brasil - Phyllostachys Bambusoides (Madake), Phyllostachys Nigra Cv Henonis (Hatiku) E Phyllostachys Pubescens (Mossô) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ FERNANDO EDUARDO KERSCHBAUMER POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO DE BAMBUS PLANTADOS NO BRASIL - PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES (MADAKE), PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA CV HENONIS (HATIKU) E PHYLLOSTACHYS PUBESCENS (MOSSÔ) CURITIBA 2014 FERNANDO EDUARDO KERSCHBAUMER POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO DE BAMBUS PLANTADOS NO BRASIL - PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES (MADAKE), PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA CV HENONIS (HATIKU) E PHYLLOSTACHYS PUBESCENS (MOSSÔ) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Bioenergia, no curso de Pós-Graduação em Bioenergia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, em parceria com a UEL, UEM, UEPG, Unicentro, Unioeste, UTFPR, Tecpar, Iapar e Embrapa. Orientação: Profa. Dra. Graciela Ines Bolzon de Muñiz Co-orientação: Profa. Dra. Mayara Elita Carneiro CURITIBA 2014 Dedico esse trabalho à meu Pai, Edilmar, que não está mais entre nós, pelo menos fisicamente, mas que muito auxiliou e apoiou em minha base educacional, à minha Mãe Rosi, e à todos que estiveram presentes, tanto afetivamente quanto auxiliando no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora, Prof. Dra. Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muñiz, pelo incentivo e direcionamento dado à realização do trabalho. À Professora Mayara Elita Carneiro, pela sua co-orientação e pelas contribuições e sugestões no trabalho. Ao curso de Pós-Graduação em Bioenergia da Universidade Federal do Paraná em parceria com a UEL, UEM, UEPG, Unicentro, Unioeste, UTFPR, Tecpar, Iapar e Embrapa e a todo o corpo docente, pelos ensinamentos transmitidos. Aos Professores Carlos Roberto Sanquetta, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Silvana Nisgoski e Pedro Henrique Weirich Neto pelas contribuições, sugestões e articulações proporcionadas. Ao Engenheiro Carlos Fernando Becker e seu sócio Perci, que atuam com o Projeto Bambu em São Bento do Sul-SC, pela disponibilidade e pelos materiais e informações fornecidos. Aos colegas discentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioenergia, pelas atividades desenvolvidas em grupo que propiciaram um melhor aproveitamento do conteúdo estudado. Em especial ao Amigo Alexandre Dullius pelo incentivo na realização das atividades do curso. Nenhum problema pode ser resolvido a partir da mesma consciência que o criou. É necessário aprender a ver o mundo de uma maneira nova e revigorada. Einstein RESUMO O bambu é uma planta de fácil adaptação, crescimento rápido e constante, com várias espécies catalogadas ao longo do mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar o potencial energético de bambus de três espécies plantadas no Brasil – Phyllostachys bambusoides (Madake), Phyllostachys nigra cv henonis (Hatiku) e Phyllostachys pubescens (Mossô). Foram avaliados a massa específica básica, as propriedades químicas e o poder calorífico. Os resultados mostraram a variação dentro das três espécies. A massa específica média de 0,78 g/cm³ a 0,86 g/cm³, o teor de lignina de 21,26% a 23,83%, teor de holocelulose entre 44,96 e 56,12%, teor de cinzas variando de 0,81% a 1,61% e o poder calorífico superior obtido foi de 4.588kcal/kg para o Madake, 4.570 Kcal/Kg para o Hatiku e 4.576 Kcal/Kg para o Mossô. As três espécies têm alto potencial energético, devendo ser dada especial atenção ao teor de cinzas que é baixo em relação às outras biomassas estudadas. Maiores estudos de produtividade (área/tempo) e sobre aplicação em sistemas agrossilviculturais deverão contribuir para a inserção destas espécies na matriz de biomassa. Palavras-Chave: Hatiku, Madake, Mossô, propriedades, massa específica, poder calorífico, análise química. ABSTRACT Bamboo has an easy adaptation, fast and constant growth, with many cataloged species around the world. This work aimed to show the energy potential of three bamboo species planted in Brazil – Phyllostachys bambusoides (Madake), Phyllostachys nigra cv henonis (Hatiku) and Phyllostachys pubescens (Mossô). Specific mass, chemical properties and calorific were analyzed. The results showed variation within the three species. The average specific mass varied from 0.78 g/cm³ to 0.86 g/cm³; the lignin content from 21.26% to 23.83%, holocellulose varied between 44.96 and 56.12%; ash ranged from 0.81% to 1.61% and the upper calorific value obtained was 4,588 kcal/kg for Madake, 4,570 kcal/kg for Hatiku and 4,576 kcal/kg for Mossô. The three species have high energy potential and should be given special attention to ash content which is low in comparison to other studied biomass. Higher productivity studies (area/time) and on agrosilviculture systems application should contribute to the inclusion of these species in the biomass matrix. Key words: Hatiku, Madake, Mossô, properties, density, calorific value, chemical analyses. LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1 - OFERTA INTERNA DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA POR FONTE - 2013 .. 15 FIGURA 2 - OFERTA INTERNA DE ENERGIA– 2013 .......................................... 16 FIGURA 3 - CROQUI DE LOCALIZAÇÃO DOS PLANTIOS DOS BAMBUS ......... 30 FIGURA 4 - ESPÉCIES DE BAMBU COLETADOS PARA ANÁLISE. .................. 32 FIGURA 5 - FLUXOGRAMA DA METODOLOGIA ADOTADA NO TRABALHO .... 33 FIGURA 6 - BOMBA ADIABÁTICA IKA WERKE MODELO C 5000 ...................... 35 LISTA DE TABELAS TABELA 1 – VALORES MÉDIOS E COEFICIENTE DE VARIAÇÃO (CV) DA DENSIDADE (G/CM³), MÓDULO DE RUPTURA (MOR) E MÓDULO DE ELASTICIDADE (MOE) DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE BAMBU ....................................................................................... 36 TABELA 2 – COMPARAÇÃO DA MASSA ESPECÍFICA DE DIFERENTESESPÉCIES FLORESTAIS, COM AS ESPÉCIES DE BAMBU ESTUDADAS ................................................................ 37 TABELA 3 – COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DOS BAMBUS (%) .......................... 38 TABELA 4 – TEOR DE LIGNINA EM DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES .................. 39 TABELA 5 – RESULTADOS DE CINZAS ...................................................... 40 TABELA 6 – VALORES MÉDIOS PARA TEORES DE UMIDADE DOS MATERIAIS, CONFORME RECEBIDOS NO LABORATÓRIO ... 41 TABELA 7 – VALORES MÉDIOS PARA PODER CALORÍFICO SUPERIOR E INFERIOR (NA BASE SECA) ..................................................... 42 TABELA 8 – PODER CALORÍFICO SUPERIOR DE DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES .................................................................................................. 42 LISTA DE SIGLAS ºC – grau Celsius ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials cm – centímetro CO2 – dióxido de carbono g/cm³ - gramas / centímetro cúbico H20 – água ha – hectare kcal/kg – quilocalorias / quilograma km² - quilômetro quadrado mm – milímetros MME – Ministério de Minas e Energia NMBA - National Mission on Bamboo Applications – India PCI – Poder calorífico inferior PCL – Poder calorífico líquido PCS – Poder calorífico superior R$ - Real (moeda brasileira) TAPPI – Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry t/ha – tonelada / hectare t/ha/ano – tonelada / hectare / ano SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................... 13 2 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................... 14 3 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ...................................................................... 15 3.1 MATRIZ ENERGÉTICA .......................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Biomassa .......................................................................................... 16 3.2 O BAMBU ............................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Cultivo do bambu .............................................................................. 20 3.2.2Propriedades do bambu ..................................................................... 20 3.2.3 Aplicações ........................................................................................ 24 3.2.4 Produtividade do bambu ................................................................... 26 3.3 AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR ..................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Sistemas agrossilviculturais .............................................................. 27 3.3.2 Sustentabilidade ............................................................................... 28 3.3.3 Potencial Econômico ........................................................................ 28 4 MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ......................................................................... 30 4.1 MATERIAIS ............................................................................................. 30 4.2 MÉTODOS .............................................................................................. 33 4.2.1Determinação da massa específica básica ........................................ 34 4.2.2 Determinação das propriedades químicas ........................................ 34 4.2.3 Determinação do poder calorífico ..................................................... 34 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES ............................................................... 36 5.1 MASSA ESPECÍFICA BÁSICA ............................................................... 36 5.2 PROPRIEDADES QUÍMICAS ................................................................. 38 5.3 PODER CALORÍFICO ............................................................................ 41 6 CONCLUSÕES E RECOMENDAÇÕES .................................................... 44 6.1 CONCLUSÕES ....................................................................................... 44 6.2 RECOMENDAÇÕES ..............................................................................
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