MAGAZINE
The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain
VOLUME 82 • NUMBER 4 • FALL 2001 VOLUME 82 • NO.. 4 • FALL 2001 MAGAZINE
FEATURES
14 Yellow Leaves Alumnus takes stock of what makes him return to Vanderbilt football year after year
16 Invasion of the Brain Scientists 16 JEFF FRAZIER Vanderbilt neuroscientists collaborate to solve Mary Tom Bass, MEd’85, Editor the mysteries of the mind Kenneth Schexnayder, Managing Editor Victor Judge, BS’77, MS’79, Assistant Editor 32 GayNelle Doll, Assistant Editor The Possibility of Progress Suzanna Spring, Designer Vanderbilt philosophers look at just how far we’ve come 14 Nelson Bryan, BA’73, Class Notes Editor Joanne Lamphere Beckham, BA’62 · Gene Cook, 40 BA’94 · Bonnie Arant Ertelt, BS’81 · Lew Harris, BA’68 Beth Matter · Gayle Rogers, BA’01 Tall Healer Phillip B. Tucker, Staff Writers For 35 years alumnus has tended the aches and pains Skip Anderson · Jim Bacchus, BA’71 · Clinton of the Atlanta Falcons Colmenares · Tara S. Donahue, BA’00 · Dan Gordon · Nancy Humphrey · Elizabeth P.Latt · Leigh 43 MacMillan, PhD’96 · James McConnell · Ann Marie Deer Owens, BA’76 · Jessica Pasley · Jon Parrish Peede, A Monumental Journey BS’91 · David F. Salisbury · Patrick Shade, MA’96, Serbian graduate students hope to help preserve PhD’97, Contributors their homeland’s artistic heritage Anthony J. Spence, E’75, Executive Director of Communications and Publications DEPARTMENTS Vanderbilt Magazine is published quarterly by Vanderbilt University from editorial and business offices at 110 21st 2 On Campus Avenue South, Suite 1000, Nashville, TN 37203.
The editor welcomes letters and comments from readers 12 Sports regarding articles published in Vanderbilt Magazine. Readers may correspond via U.S. mail to: Vanderbilt Magazine,VU 46 Books Station B 357703, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-7703. Phone: 615/322-3988. Fax: 615/343-8547. 48 Alumni News E-mail: [email protected]. 51 Class Notes Send address corrections to Gift Records Office, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 357727, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-7727. Vanderbilt University is commit- ted to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action.
Copyright © 2001 Vanderbilt University
Cover: illustration, Billy Renkle
Sailboat by alumnus Tom Allen, A ’50 See page 51 for a profile of Allen and his work. 43 VOLUME 82 • NO.. 4 • FALL 2001 MAGAZINE
FEATURES
14 Yellow Leaves Alumnus takes stock of what makes him return to Vanderbilt football year after year
16 Invasion of the Brain Scientists 16 JEFF FRAZIER Vanderbilt neuroscientists collaborate to solve Mary Tom Bass, MEd’85, Editor the mysteries of the mind Kenneth Schexnayder, Managing Editor Victor Judge, BS’77, MS’79, Assistant Editor 32 GayNelle Doll, Assistant Editor The Possibility of Progress Suzanna Spring, Designer Vanderbilt philosophers look at just how far we’ve come 14 Nelson Bryan, BA’73, Class Notes Editor Joanne Lamphere Beckham, BA’62 · Gene Cook, 40 BA’94 · Bonnie Arant Ertelt, BS’81 · Lew Harris, BA’68 Beth Matter · Gayle Rogers, BA’01 Tall Healer Phillip B. Tucker, Staff Writers For 35 years alumnus has tended the aches and pains Skip Anderson · Jim Bacchus, BA’71 · Clinton of the Atlanta Falcons Colmenares · Tara S. Donahue, BA’00 · Dan Gordon · Nancy Humphrey · Elizabeth P.Latt · Leigh 43 MacMillan, PhD’96 · James McConnell · Ann Marie Deer Owens, BA’76 · Jessica Pasley · Jon Parrish Peede, A Monumental Journey BS’91 · David F. Salisbury · Patrick Shade, MA’96, Serbian graduate students hope to help preserve PhD’97, Contributors their homeland’s artistic heritage Anthony J. Spence, E’75, Executive Director of Communications and Publications DEPARTMENTS Vanderbilt Magazine is published quarterly by Vanderbilt University from editorial and business offices at 110 21st 2 On Campus Avenue South, Suite 1000, Nashville, TN 37203.
The editor welcomes letters and comments from readers 12 Sports regarding articles published in Vanderbilt Magazine. Readers may correspond via U.S. mail to: Vanderbilt Magazine,VU 46 Books Station B 357703, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-7703. Phone: 615/322-3988. Fax: 615/343-8547. 48 Alumni News E-mail: [email protected]. 51 Class Notes Send address corrections to Gift Records Office, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 357727, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-7727. Vanderbilt University is commit- ted to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action.
Copyright © 2001 Vanderbilt University
Cover: illustration, Billy Renkle
43 Graduation Draws 17,000 An estimated crowd of 17,000 turned out to see 2,699 students receive degrees from Vanderbilt’s 10 schools on May 11. Sixteen ON CAMPUS of these students received two degrees. NCI Designation Puts Cancer Center at the Top VUMC Develops Tool for Understanding Tumors The National Cancer Institute has desig- Frist, a Vanderbilt faculty member since nated the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center 1986, is on leave from his position as assistant Move over Kodak. Vanderbilt University as a Comprehensive Cancer Center, the high- professor of cardiac and thoracic surgery. Medical Center investigators have developed est such ranking awarded by the federal To earn designation as a Comprehensive a new way to take a picture—of the mole- government. Cancer Center, a facility must go through a cules in a slice of tissue, that is. The VICC is the only center in Tennessee competitive review process and meet rigor- The technique, called Imaging Mass to join the top tier of cancer centers nation- ous standards, specifically in three areas: inno- Spectrometry, offers scientists a new tool for wide. This network of 39 institutions includes vative and comprehensive research into the visualizing where proteins are located in cells such respected centers as Memorial Sloan- causes, development, prevention, and treat- and tissues. This information is important PEYTON HOGE Kettering Cancer Center, the University of ment of cancer; leadership in the development to understanding how proteins work and Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and Johns and study of new therapies; and commitment how they change in disease states. Hopkins Oncology Center. Sen. Bill Frist made to the community through programs for can- The Vanderbilt team applied the new the announcement on campus in March. cer information, education, and outreach. technology, described in the April issue of SOARING TO NEW HEIGHTS PEYTON HOGE “It is the Comprehensive Cancer Centers Relatively few Comprehensive Cancer Nature Medicine, to taking molecular pho- If you haven’t driven by campus in the past year, hold onto your steering wheel as you cruise down the stretch of 21st Avenue South that curves past Vanderbilt Law School. The plain brown like Vanderbilt that are the leaders of this bat- Centers are found in the southeast. Six states tographs of normal and malignant brain tis- wrapper of a building that formerly housed the law school has been transformed beyond tle [against cancer], and the places where the that border Tennessee do not have Com- sue slices. In his first Commencement address as head of recognition. A $23 million renovation is in its final months and targeted for completion in Janu- cures for cancer are most likely to be found,” prehensive Cancer Centers. “One of our goals is to look at tumor tis- the University, Chancellor Gordon Gee urges ary 2002. Law students, faculty, and staff already are enjoying more spacious classrooms in two he said in a written statement.“I’m proud that The designation does not directly bring sues and attempt to find changes in expressed the Class of 2001 to “stretch” moments of cele- new wings, and renovation of the building’s central core is also complete. The final phase, ren- ovation of faculty offices, will complete the project. Vanderbilt has worked so hard to earn this dis- more money to the VICC. However, the pres- proteins that are the result of, or contribute bration and guard against distractions during times of joy. tinction, and I’m pleased that the NCI has tige that comprehensive designation brings to to, tumor development,”says Richard Caprioli, awarded this prestigious designation in recog- the center is expected to help make it even director of the Mass Spectrometry Research nition of Vanderbilt’s commitment to fight more competitive in recruiting new talent and Center.“We know from this and other work, cancer.” attracting new funding from both government for example, that the pattern of proteins ex- What Your E-mail Says About You and private sources. pressed in the outer edge of a growing tumor If you think sending out error-free e-mail prised to find that status and typing skills is different from that of the interior, and that messages is impressive, you may want to think are inversely correlated,”he says. both of these are different from the normal again. Research by David Owens, assistant In addition, lower status employees are tissue right next to the tumor.” professor at the Owen Graduate School of more likely to send messages with emoti- RENO SPEAKS Caprioli hopes someday the technology Management, suggests that people with high cons—the smiley, winking, and frowning ABOUT VIOLENT CRIME can be used to assess tumor margins during status in organizations tend to use the worst faces formed by colons, semicolons, and Janet Reno, America’s first female attor- surgery and to detect molecular changes spelling and grammar in e-mails. parentheses. (Owens, who did not coin the ney general, delivered the 11th annual Cecil in a biopsy sample before a tumor has start- Sims Lecture at the Vanderbilt Law School Owens looked at informal organizations word emoticons, says it comes from a con- ed any significant development. on April 9. Reno used her experiences as within companies, and his findings suggest traction of emotions and icons.) both a state attorney in Dade County, Fla., He is working with Vanderbilt-Ingram that while e-mail doesn’t provide face-to- “Sending out smiling or giggling faces and as the nation’s highest prosecutor under Cancer Center investigators to image pro- President Bill Clinton to convey a critical face visual information, it does offer clues can signal submission. A lower-status work- teins in prostate, colon and brain tumors message about violent crime in America. about the correspondents’ status. Lower sta- er may send out an e-mail with the sentence “We can approach violent crimes in a com- and “determine what new molecular events tus employees attempt to impress higher- ‘Hi! How are you :-) !’ using emoticons prehensive way as a course in a university are occurring,”he says. setting, or we can continue to do it piece- PEYTON HOGE ups by sending out properly composed and exclamation points.” meal,” Reno said. Calling Vanderbilt the “most JONATHAN RODGERS messages, whereas those with high status are Although he cautions that his research is exciting” law school she has visited because of its potential to bridge medicine and law writing to subordinates and are not as con- preliminary, Owens’s findings may have an for the benefit of society, Reno pointed to Amy Palma, who received a B.S. degree from the cerned with grammar and spelling. impact on working relationships down the the school’s cross-disciplinary coursework College of Arts and Science, celebrates while the names of her 1,301 undergraduate classmates Owens suspects that high-status employ- road.“If people are aware of the social impli- as a prototype for future legal inquiry. Attor- ees may not have the typing or computer cations of the e-mail they send, they can make neys, for example, may study emergency room admissions data to understand and combat pat- are called. For the fourth consecutive year, Com- terns of violent behavior such as spousal abuse through curricula such as Vanderbilt’s. mencement exercises were cybercast over the skills that employees working in lower sta- a choice about how to present themselves.” Internet, with about 1,100 viewers tuning in to the tus positions may have.“I would not be sur- Web cast.
2 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 3 The Commodore’s Got a Brand New Bag University’s Impact on Mid-State Rare Books on Exhibit Economy Nearly $3 Billion It had to happen, given the combined power However, Urban Legends Reference Pages, Throughout the spring semester, the Heard of the Internet and the $13 billion snack chip a Web site devoted to examining urban leg- Vanderbilt’s impact on the local economy Library and the First Amendment Center Stats on Wheels industry. ends (http://www.snopes.com), disputes the totaled at least $2.8 billion last year. The Uni- cosponsored an exhibit of rare and signifi- 2000–2001 Academic Year Cornelius Vanderbilt, that rags-to-riches tale, arguing that while the basic story may versity’s economic activity in Middle Tennessee cant historic books and manuscripts loaned 19th-century railroad magnate who spawned have some validity, the likelihood that Cor- in fiscal year 2000 was up from $2.4 billion in to the library by the Remnant Trust, a foun- a family dynasty and shared a cool million nelius Vanderbilt was the dissatisfied diner FY’99—a seventeen percent increase. dation based in Hagerstown, Indiana. to found a southern university, now is being is extremely slim. The University financial analyst who con- Known as the Wisdom of the Ages credited widely as the man indirectly respon- Like many of his contemporaries, Cor- ducted the study used standard methods for Athenaeum, the collection consists of more sible for the potato chip’s invention. nelius Vanderbilt was a devotee of séances assessing economic impact, taking into account than 400 first and early edition texts on “lib- The story, promulgated by Frito-Lay Inc. and seers: Maybe it’s time to haul out the direct expenditures such as salaries and wages, erty, fraternity, and equality,”according to and fueled by the Idaho Potato Growers, Ouija board, go to the source, and settle this fringe benefits, vendor payments, capital con- Trust founder Brian Bex. Items loaned to Van- among others, goes like this: In 1853, Cor- once and for all. struction and equipment, taxes and fees to state derbilt included the Magna Carta, the first
nelius Vanderbilt, while dining at Moon’s Whatever the truth, at least one potato chip and local government, as well as the spending public printing of the Emancipation Procla- NEIL BRAKE Parking spaces on campus Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York, manufacturer, Boyd’s of Lynn, Massachusetts, Vanderbilt employees, faculty, students, patients, mation in the New York Times (1862), the 8,340 ordered fried potatoes with his meal and repeats the legend of the churlish Cornelius and visitors inject into the economy. first edition of Milton’s Areopagitica (1644), Handicapped parking spaces found them too thick for his taste. Back to and the irascible chef on their chip bags. “Universities and medical centers are tremen- one of only three known copies of St. Thomas This edition of the Magna Carta was printed in 1542. 155 the kitchen they went. In any case, we predict there’s no turning dous economic engines, but the numbers only Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae (1475), and 41 The mission of the Remnant Trust is to Registered cars The cook, George Crum, was—depending back: When has truth ever stood in the way of tell part of the story,”explains Chancellor Gor- other works of literary, political, social, and make great works that advance the ideas of 7,941 on which source you believe—prompted by a good PR gimmick? Don’t be surprised if one don Gee.“By creating new ideas, educating religious interest. freedom and democracy accessible.“We want either a fit of chefly pique or pranksterism of these days while channel surfing you dis- future generations, and providing the most “We could hardly believe it was true when to make the original texts available so peo- Registered bicycles 260 to slice a new batch of potatoes paper-thin, cover the Commodore reinvented as snack sophisticated health care, Vanderbilt’s prior- we first heard about this exhibit,”says Paul ple can form their own opinions. The great fry them to a crisp, and salt them heavily. food spokesmodel, à la Charlie Tuna and the ity is to improve the quality of life for the peo- Gherman, University librarian. “Librarians ideas belong to everybody; they should be Parking tickets issued The result reportedly was such a hit with Jolly Green Giant. ple of the Nashville area. We are citizens of this tend to be somewhat schizophrenic between shared,”says Bex. 16,317 the Commodore and his cronies that Crum community and have as much at stake in its wanting to preserve historic materials in Students in history and political science Parking ticket appeals put them on the menu. From there the “crunch continued economic vitality as anyone.” their most pristine condition and allowing classes at Vanderbilt used the books during the 1,268 potato slices” became all the rage at fash- The largest private employer in Middle people to have access to them. The two rarely spring semester, as did students from Nashville’s Success rate of appealed tickets ionable East Coast watering holes, and by Tennessee and the second largest in the state, go together.” Overton High School and University School. 14 % 1895 they were being manufactured for sale Vanderbilt employs about 15,000 individuals. in grocery stores. Creative excuses for appeals Physicists Develop New Technique Diarrhea, suicide, feminine problems to Find Hidden Corrosion Cars towed by Corrosion can run, but now it can’t hide. Skennerton reported that they have suc- Martin’s Towing Service Vanderbilt physicists have developed a new cessfully used a super-sensitive piece of 1,824 ENGINEERING PROF remote-sensing technique that can detect cor- microelectronics, called a Superconducting GETS A NATIONAL NOD Wrecks on campus Bridget Rogers, assistant professor of chem- rosion hidden deep within metal joints where Quantum Interference Device or SQUID, and adjoining streets ical engineering, has won the prestigious Career conventional detection methods fail. to detect subtle changes in magnetic field 158 Award from the National Science Foundation According to a 1996 study, corrosion in strength that are generated when small (NSF) for her research on alternative materials Instances of accidentally locked that could be used to make faster and more roads, bridges, passenger and freight railway amounts of metal corrode. vehicles requiring assistance economical computer components. Consid- systems, pipelines, harbors, airports, water “SQUIDS are extremely sensitive mag- 805 ered NSF’s most significant honor for junior treatment plants, solid waste disposal facil- netometers,”says Wikswo.“Relative to their Jumpstarts faculty members, the national award will fund ities—virtually every part of our nation’s sensitivity, a tremendous amount of mag- five years of her research. Rogers and her asso- 796 ciates are studying alloys that could replace complex infrastructure—may be costing the netic flux is generated when a small amount the silicon dioxide used in transistors and other country as much as $300 billion per year. of metal corrodes.”Moreover, the tiny high- Sources: Vanderbilt Traffic & Parking and Police & Security microelectronic devices that are the heart of About a third of this deterioration can tech devices do not need to make physical computers. As transistors continue to shrink, the silicon dioxide layer also must be reduced be prevented using conventional electro- contact with a metal specimen to detect the in thickness, ultimately becoming too thin to chemical methods, the study estimates. presence of corrosion, and they can meas- control the transistor’s electrical current. Rogers But corrosion also occurs on hidden surfaces ure corrosion hidden from view. and her team are studying materials strong enough at the molecular level to replace sili- where it is extremely difficult to detect. Funded by the U.S. Air Force, their study con dioxide. Left, Rogers works with Virginia In a paper presented at the March meet- tested the SQUID’s ability to image magnetic Wahlig, a senior in the School of Engineering. ing of the American Physical Society, John fields associated with hidden corrosion in Wikswo, A.B. Learned Professor of Living metallic specimen samples removed from
BILL DENISON State Physics, and research associate Grant aging military planes.
4 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 5 Nursing Shortage Hurts Patients Sharp Increase in Applicants KEEPING IN TOUCH Lands Vanderbilt on ‘Hot’ List VANDERBILT SCHOOLS AMONG THE BEST “Is he in trouble?” a worried mother begged, convinced A School of Nursing researcher has found that her son must have erred to provoke a call from the a direct correlation between nurse staffing and A report released recently by Newsweek/Ka- dean. Her fears were calmed, though, as Dean Ellen Brier, patient health and survival, according to a plan listed Vanderbilt atop eight other col- th director of Peabody student affairs, explained that she Peabody5 College telephones all freshmen twice a year simply to ask how study released by the U.S. Department of leges and universities deemed to be “America’s they are doing. Brier’s dedication to this task has yielded Health and Human Services. Hot Schools.” salient results: the retention rate among Peabody fresh- The findings from the report, the most What makes schools such as Vanderbilt, th men reached 95 percent in the fall of 2000, an improve- School16 of Medicine ment over previous years. Brier credits her years of research comprehensive to date on the topic, show that Vassar, Tulane and Emory hot? While the pri- on student retention with helping her gain the expertise low nurse staffing directly impacted patient mary consideration was the number of stu- necessary for dealing with this age-old administrative chal- th outcomes, ranging from urinary tract infec- dents competing for admission, weight was Law17 School lenge. “While it’s not my goal to retain every student,” she says, “it is my goal to ensure that every student has the tions to shock and bleeding. given to subjective criteria as well. opportunity to find out whether or not Vanderbilt is the “This is the largest and most sophisticat- “All [schools on the list] boast rises in ap- right fit.” In exemplifying the University’s commitment to ed study to date concerning the relationship plications that sharply outstrip the national th Owen Graduate26 School of students’ happiness and academic success, Brier has DAVID CRENSHAW between hospital nurse staffing and patient averages,”according to the article, which ap- helped many students find personal, lasting connec- Management tions to the school. outcomes,”says the study’s co-director, Peter peared in a special newsstand issue of the Buerhaus, senior associate dean for research Newsweek/Kaplan publication How to Get In March, U.S. News & World Report’s annual and Valere Potter Distinguished Professor of Into College. Citing Nashville, the article said survey of the nation’s top graduate and professional schools placed four of Vander- Nursing. “it helps to be in or close to a vibrant city.” bilt’s schools among the best. U.S. News “We have provided evidence that nursing Competition to attend Vanderbilt has did not rank nursing schools this year. In last year’s survey, the School of Nursing Latino Sorority, Fraternity Diversify Greek System staff matter in what happens to patients. Per- increased dramatically in recent years, NEIL BRAKE was 27th. haps the results will enable us to move health with the number of undergraduate applica- Vanderbilt’s Greek community was broad- say student and school representatives. policy forward and make it possible to pro- tions increasing by 14.7 percent from 1999 ened last spring with the addition of its “We have organizations on campus that vide hospitals and nurses with the kind of to 2001, said Bill Shain, dean of undergrad- first Latino sorority and fraternity. are for Latino students, but we wanted a Greek students “look beyond the Ivy League,”due “To choose a college as though it were a resources that will enable them to enrich staff- uate admissions. The sorority, Lambda Theta Alpha, empha- organization, just to be reflected within that to a herd mentality that oftentimes leads per- brand of sneaker is to forget to match your ing levels to the point where adverse patient “The past five years were the highest in sizes academic success and community serv- community,”says Gloria Rosario, a junior sons to choose a school because of a name, needs to a school’s strengths,”wrote the ar- outcomes can be reduced,”he adds. terms of freshman applications in the ice. It received a green light from a sorority from New York. The 208 Hispanic students rather than other important factors such as ticle’s authors. Utilizing 1997 data from more than 5 mil- University’s history,”said Shain. “This year expansion committee and Vanderbilt offi- at Vanderbilt last year comprised nearly 3.5 specific programs. lion patient discharges from 799 hospitals is absolutely a record.” cials to launch a campus chapter earlier in percent of the undergraduate population. in 11 states, researchers found there were con- The other schools on the list, in order of the year. Administrators also approved Lamb- The new Latino sorority and fraternity, sistent relationships between nurse staffing appearance in the article, are Hampshire Col- da Theta Phi, a Latino fraternity that had along with the campus’s three black sororities University, School of Engineering Move Up variables and five patient outcomes—urinary lege (Massachusetts), Wesleyan University already begun to organize. Both will diversi- and three black fraternities, mirror a national in Latest U.S. News Rankings tract infections, pneumonia, shock, upper (Connecticut), University of Michigan at Ann fy the University’s Greek system while offer- trend among Greek systems to diversify. gastrointestinal bleeding, and length of stay Arbor, Oberlin College (Ohio),Vassar College Vanderbilt and the School of Engineering Princeton, No. 1; Harvard and Yale, tied ing a new option for minority undergraduates, in medical and major surgery patients. (New York), Franklin Olin College of Engi- each advanced one spot in the latest rank- at No. 2; California Institute of Technology at The report also showed higher RN staffing neering (Massachusetts), Emory University ings by U.S. News & World Report. fourth and Massachusetts Institute of Technology was associated with a 3 to 12 percent reduc- (Georgia) and Tulane University (Louisiana). The University is listed as 21st in the mag- at fifth. Stanford and the University of VANDERBILT STEERS INTO tion in certain adverse outcomes and higher “[Vanderbilt’s] offerings are vast and sur- azine’s survey of the nation’s best national Pennsylvania advanced from sixth place last AMERICA’S FASTEST- staffing at all levels of nursing was associat- prising,”wrote the authors of article.“It boasts universities, while the engineering school is year to a tie with MIT for fifth place. GROWING SPORT ed with a 2 to 25 percent reduction in adverse one of the most advanced programs in the ranked 43rd among undergraduate programs In determining best values, the magazine’s Vanderbilt entered the world of profes- outcomes. nation for studying online commerce.” at schools offering Ph.D.s. Among schools editors said they used a formula that relates a sional automobile racing recently, as the No. 28 Monte Carlo owned by Gary Last year, Buerhaus published a study in The report cited a current student who considered “best values,”Vanderbilt jumped school’s academic quality, as indicated in the Baker, JD’71, debuted in a NASCAR the Journal of the American Medical Associa- said she chose Vanderbilt over the University from 46th place to a tie with five other insti- magazine’s ranking, with the net cost of at- Busch Series race bearing Vanderbilt’s tion projecting that the pool of registered nurs- of Pennsylvania and Rice because of the tutions for 36th place. tendance for a student who receives the aver- name, logo, and colors. Driven by Baker’s es will fall drastically by the year 2020. In blend of rigorous academic programs and “Rankings like this represent just one way age level of financial aid. son Brad, the car will run a 15-race schedule in 2001, which began with the comments about the impending shortage, “Southern gentility.” to assess the quality of the University,”said The full rankings and additional infor-
NEIL BRAKE NAPA Auto Parts 300 at Daytona Inter- he said that the consequences of the lack of “Vanderbilt’s popularity has been in- Chancellor Gordon Gee.“By that standard, mation will be in the newsstand book America’s national Speedway on February 17. staffing put patient care at risk. creasing rapidly for the past few years, and Vanderbilt is doing very well. But the real meas- Best Colleges and the Sept. 17 issue of U.S. Baker was excited to put his alma ma- ter’s colors and name on his car, call- “Improving patient safety is a critical the record number of applications proves it,” ure comes from our faculty, students and alum- News & World Report, both of which went ing the relationship between Baker Racing and Vanderbilt “a natural.” Through the contract with issue, and our study puts the impact of staffing said Chancellor Gordon Gee. “Our reputa- ni who make Vanderbilt an excellent, dynamic on sale Sept. 10. Galaxy Marketing of Lexington, Tenn., Vanderbilt will not only benefit from merchandise sales asso- mix and levels before the nursing profes- tion continues to catch up with the reality and constantly improving university.” This is the 12th year that Vanderbilt has ciated with the car but also will receive a full-sized replica for use at charity events. The car was unveiled for local viewing at Memorial Gym on February 24 as Vanderbilt and Tennessee battled sion, hospital industry, insurers, and policy that Vanderbilt is a hot school thanks to our The first five positions in the “best nation- been chosen by the magazine as one of the na- in men’s basketball. makers,”he says.“It now remains to be seen excellent faculty, students and staff.” al universities” rankings are held by the same tion’s top 25 universities. what they will do. The list is intended to help prospective five schools as last year, plus two new ones:
6 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 7 President Bush Nominates Vanderbilt Hillel Breaks Ground for New Jewish Center Alumnus as Ambassador to Latvia Vanderbilt Hillel held a groundbreaking President Bush recently nominated a Van- VU Alumni, ceremony in April for the new Schulman derbilt alumnus to serve as ambassador ex- Center for Jewish Life. traordinary and plenipotentiary of the United U.S. Ambassadors The 10,000-square-foot building is being States to the Republic of Latvia. Nominee constructed at the corner of Vanderbilt Place Brian E. Carlson earned a bachelor of arts in Alvin P. Adams Jr. and 25th Avenue South, next to Branscomb history from the University in 1969. Graduated: 1967 (Law) Quadrangle and across the street from Memo- PHOTO COURTESY OF BRIAN AND MARCIA CARLSON Ambassadorships: According to information provided by the Haiti (1988–92), Djibouti (1983–85) rial Gym. For many years, the site was home White House, Carlson is a career member of to the Zeta Beta Tau house, the historically the Senior Foreign Service, and has served as K. Terry Dornbush Jewish fraternity. senior adviser to the undersecretary for pub- Graduated: 1955 (A&S) Among guests on hand for the ground- Ambassadorship: Netherlands (1994–98) lic diplomacy and public affairs since 2000. breaking was Ben Schulman, BE’38, who con- Guilford Dudley Jr. Previously, he was director of public diplo- tributed $1 million to the new center named Construction has begun on the new Schulman Center for Jewish Life. macy in the State Department’s Bureau of Graduated: 1929 (A&S) in his honor. Ambassadorship: Denmark (1969–71) European Affairs and held the post of pub- Vanderbilt Hillel, a program of the Jew- undergraduates are Jewish. The new facility will feature a sanctuary lic affairs officer in Spain from 1994 to 1998. U.S. ambassador to Latvia nominee Brian E. Carl- Samuel F. Hart ish Federation of Nashville, has begun a cam- “Being Jewish is central to who I am,” adaptable for educational and social events, From 1991 to 1993, he was director of Euro- son, will soon go before a Senate confirmation Graduated: 1969 (Graduate School) paign in partnership with the University to Ambassadorship: Ecuador (1982-85) explains junior Ilene Wolf, vice president of a dining area, student lounge, kosher kitchen, pean Affairs at the United States Information vote. Marcia, his wife, graduated from the School raise funds for the new center. The drive of Nursing in 1969. Vanderbilt Hillel.“The Schulman Center will student work center, library/reading room, Agency. His earlier overseas assignments Marshall F. McCallie includes goals of $2.2 million for construc- provide our community not only with a much seminar and conference rooms, and space for include service as deputy public affairs offi- confirmation vote has not been determined. Graduated: 1967 (A&S) tion and $2.5 million in endowment to meet Ambassadorship: Namibia (1993-96) needed home, but also a place to explore what a rabbi’s study and executive offices. Com- cer in London, public affairs officer in Oslo, If confirmed, Carlson will join W. Robert maintenance and programming needs. it means to be Jewish.” pletion is slated for August 2002. Norway, and Sofia, Bulgaria, and assistant Pearson as a Vanderbilt graduate currently W. Robert Pearson Approximately 4 percent of Vanderbilt’s information officer in Belgrade and Caracas, serving as U.S. ambassador. Pearson gradu- Graduated: 1965 (A&S) Venezuela. ated from the College of Arts and Science in Ambassadorship: Turkey (2000–present) Latvia, a Baltic state, is located in north- 1965 and was confirmed as U.S. ambassador Jim Sasser eastern Europe bordering Estonia, Lithuania to Turkey in 2000. Graduated: 1958 (A&S) 1961 (Law) Class of 2005 Boasts Highest Enrollment Yield, Other Records and Russia. Carlson and his wife, Marcia, who grad- Ambassadorship: China (1996-99) As with all upper-level presidential appoint- uated from the Vanderbilt School of Nurs- The Class of 2005 is smaller than in year’s percent increase over last year. and Hispanic students (68) in the Universi- ments, Carlson’s nomination must be con- ing in 1969, currently live in Virginia. past, which, according to University officials, Even with the decrease in admissions, the ty’s history. This year, 288 of those enrolled firmed by the U.S. Senate. The date for the is a healthy sign of a University able to be all-important enrollment yield — the per- classified themselves as minority. Ninety-two more selective in the admission process. centage of those applicants who were accept- of the 1,557 entering freshmen did not spec- “This is, by far, the most competitive year ed and actually enrolled — soared to a record ify race, according to University Registrar in Vanderbilt’s history,”said William Shain, level of 34.4 percent, the highest since 1991. Gary Gibson. dean of undergraduate admissions. Last year’s enrollment yield rate was 33.8 per- The freshman class came from 46 states This year, 1,557 freshmen enrolled in the cent, according to the Office of Admissions. and the District of Columbia, with Tennessee ENGINEERING STUDENT HAS THE ANSWERS University. According to the “10 -Day Report” “This is when admissions work is really as the top state followed by Texas, Georgia, Engineering junior Matt Keller matched wits last spring with top nation- issued Sept. 11 by the University Registrar’s exciting; Vanderbilt is clearly on a roll,”said Florida, Illinois and a tie between Ohio and al students as a contestant in the annual JEOPARDY! College Cham- Office, 86 fewer students enrolled than in Shain. “It is a remarkable and appropriate Alabama. The class of 2005 represents 44 pionship. Keller fared well, walking away a few thousand dollars 2000. The report details the University’s offi- compliment to the institution that our visi- countries, according to the July 2001 enroll- richer and having achieved his first 15 minutes of fame via national tel- cial enrollment figures for the academic year. bility and popularity are growing nationally.” ment profile. evision. He also provided the University with free advertising, wearing his Vanderbilt sweatshirt proudly. “It was definitely one of the greatest Fewer freshmen are on campus this fall The entering class is also topping the charts The University as a whole boasts robust experiences of my life,” he reports. “I got a free trip to Seattle, met bright due to an 8.4 percent decrease in the rate of based on testing, academic performance and numbers. The total number of students enrolled students from around the country, had a lot of fun and, of course, made admissions, which translates to an all-time leadership qualities. The Class of 2005 boasts in the University has increased from 10,194 some money.” Keller won the first of his two games handily before being edged out in the semifinals by “a guy from Harvard.” He blanked dur- low admission rate of 46.4 percent. The decrease a number of top students: 123 class presi- in 2000 to 10,496 this year. Retention rates ing the Final Jeopardy round on the name of U.S. House Majority Whip was enacted by the Admissions Office to hit dents, 172 first- or second-ranked students for each of the entering classes over the Tom DeLay. “I’m not into politics, so I had no idea on that one.” His the desired planned class size. The previous and 514 athletic team captains, as well as other past three years are higher than the past. The favorite question, though, was a breeze. An Iowa native, Keller quick- ly identified the University of Iowa’s mascot as Herkey the Hawkey. two entering classes exceeded the Universi- appealing characteristics, according to a July retention rate for the class of 2004 is at a Keller qualified for the show through a national audition, testing, and ty’s targeted size. 2001 enrollment profile. record 94.34 percent. interview process last fall. Here he is shown with JEOPARDY! host Alex The past five years have seen the largest The Class of 2005 has the largest number Trebek. numbers of applicants in Vanderbilt’s histo- of minorities — regardless of citizenship — ry, with this year’s 9,738 applications break- ever. The freshman class represents the largest ing previous records. This number is a 9.4 number of African-American students (105)
8 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 9 Following the tragic events of September 11, many alumni have contacted the University asking for information about alumni caught in the attacks. If you have an experience you’d be willing to share with your fellow alumni, please contact Vanderbilt Magazine’s editor, Ken Schexnayder at (615) 322-3988 or [email protected].
Terrorist Attacks Pull Vanderbilt Campus Together Like many communities across the country,Vanderbilt Uni- versity reached out to its regional and global neighbors, while turning its focus inward to support students, faculty, and staff affected by the September 11 terrorist attacks in Washington, New York, and Pennsylvania. While the magnitude of the tragedy’s impact on Vanderbilt remains uncertain, the images and words that follow offer some insight into the community’s dedication to preserving its sense of morality and helping oth- ers to heal.
Students, faculty, and staff gathered at the Sarratt Student Center and Benton Chapel for discussions and memorial services, including a gathering with Chancellor Gordon Gee (above). Eleni Binioris joined nearly thirty students who In the days after the attacks, the Sarratt Student Center and the Student Recreation Center remained took advantage of a bus chartered by the university to take them home to New open 24 hours a day offering students counseling, toll-free long-distance service to reach family (photo at York to be with family and return them to campus for classes (top photo). right), and a place to gather. Meals from a canceled conference at the Kennedy Center were delivered to feed those who waited hours for the chance to donate blood. Alumni Lawn became a place for gathering and memorials such as the “Moment of Silence” service, at which Navy ROTC student Andrea Alvord held the American flag (above). Prayer flags were hung from a tree outside Sarratt to honor victims of the attacks PHOTOGRAPHY BY NEIL BRAKE and offer thoughts and express feelings about the future (top photo).
10 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 11 Women Advance to Elite Eight Whitt Edges Toward Goal Round of NCAA Tournament Lauren Whitt is steadily getting closer Youth Soccer Select The women’s basketball team reached the to her goal. A goalkeeper with the team and earned PORTS Elite Eight round of the NCAA tournament women’s soccer team, she spent the past the most valuable S in March, losing to eventual national cham- two soccer seasons recovering from sep- goalkeeper award. pion Notre Dame, 72-64. The Commodores arate ACL injuries and should start the As a starter in the Coach’s Approach to Winning Serves Up Historic Title Run for Women’s Tennis finished the season with a 24-10 record and fall season in the award-winning form of first game of her placed second in the SEC tournament, includ- This year, women’s tennis coach in these classrooms and also compete at this her freshman year. sophomore season ing a win over Tennessee. PEYTON HOGE Geoff Macdonald led a Vanderbilt level is very much a challenge,”he says.“I sim- Whitt began her soccer career in her against Alabama, Several Vanderbilt players earned nation- athletic team further than any other ply won’t sign a player if I don’t think she under- hometown of Birmingham at age five. she suffered her al honors. Sophomore center Chantelle Ander- coach in the school’s 128-year his- stands the academics involved at Vanderbilt.” She got goal fever one rainy day five years first ACL injury. son was named to the NCAA All-Tournament Lauren Whitt tory. Macdonald’s foray into tennis is by acci- later during a muddy game that ended in Her second ACL team, Associated Press All-SEC first team, On May 21, his team competed for dent—literally. As a seventh-grader in Naples, a shootout.“Nobody wanted to play goalie,” injury occurred the following June. Coaches All-SEC first team, SEC Tourna- the national championship—a Van- Fla., he missed out on little league baseball she recalls.“I didn’t mind playing there. We “Training is going great,”she says of her ment Most Valuable Player, and Women’s derbilt first—against Stanford Uni- tryouts when his mother was injured in a made a save or two, won the shootout, and I rehabilitation. “My knee is stronger than it Basketball Journal All-American. Junior for- versity, the New York Yankees of car accident. Instead of playing baseball that fell in love with the position. I’ve been a goalie was before.” ward Zuzi Klimesova was named to the women’s collegiate tennis.Vanderbilt summer, he took the tennis lessons she had ever since.” Whitt is an academic junior with two NCAA All-Tournament team, Coaches All- lost the match, but the team returned bought for herself. In her freshman year at Vanderbilt, Whitt remaining years of soccer eligibility. She SEC second team, Associated Press All-SEC to campus as heroes. “I hit the first two balls over the fence, but earned NSCAA Third-Team All-Central Region hopes to play professionally, and eventually
NEIL BRAKE second team, SEC Academic Honor Roll, “I don’t think the players under- I totally fell in love with the difficulty of it. honors and was named to Soccer Buzz magazine’s plans to work in sports management and pro- CoSIDA/Verizon District IV All-Academic stood how historic this was for our I was drawn to the fact that in tennis, no one Freshman All-American team (honorable motions. But first, she wants to play again for Team,and All-Academic third team. Sopho- school, and that we were a part of some- can sub for you.” mention) and to the All-Central Region freshman the U.S. national soccer team with an eye on Coach Geoff Macdonald offers a helping hand to freshman more guard Ashley McElhiney was named team. She also played for the under-19 U.S. the Olympics. thing meaningful,”Macdonald says. Kori Scott during Vanderbilt’s near-championship season. That’s the approach he takes in training to the SEC All-Tournament team. His team advanced very far, very his student-athletes. Other honorees included SEC Academ- quickly. But this accomplishment is no iso- coach of the year, including at Vanderbilt in “My whole attitude on coaching is one of New Memorial Gym Exhibits Celebrate the Past ic Honor Roll members Jillian Danker, Jack- lated blip on the radar of athletic achieve- 2000. At Vanderbilt, his team has finished no ‘This is really hard, yet you can do it.’ Not, Historical exhibits celebrating the people may have significant memorabilia. ie Munch, and Candice Storey. ment; it’s the result of years of hard work and lower than No. 15 nationally in each of the ‘Hey, how could you miss that? That was so and traditions that have shaped Vanderbilt “Over the years, fans collect rare items,” the convergence of talent Macdonald and his past five years and has ranked in the top three easy.’ One of the biggest things we work on basketball will be unveiled as part of the $24 says Rod Williamson, associate athletic direc- staff successfully recruited to the University. of the SEC in four of the past five years. is respecting every shot and not falling prey million renovation to Memorial Gym. tor. “Someone may have the game jersey of In his first job as head coach, Macdonald During his career, Macdonald has devel- to overlooking the so-called easy shots. “We have tremendous tradition with our an All-American or an old radio recording, took the Southeastern Conference cellar- oped nine All-American players, including “Winning takes moment-to-moment basketball programs,”says Todd Turner, someone else might have a one-of-a-kind dwelling LSU Tigers to the NCAA champi- Julie Ditty, Vanderbilt’s first. He also has nur- focus,”he adds.“When [junior] Kate Burson athletics director, “and we want people to photograph or a rare game program. Experts onship as the No. 13 seed in only three short tured future physicians, attorneys, and teach- beat an All-American, she wasn’t thinking of know we are proud of it. We want to bring tell us that as our display gains momen- years. Later at Duke, he guided the Blue Dev- ers who could hold their own on the tennis winning. She was thinking of playing each our legends back to life with a display that tum, people will surprise us with neat things ils to the Final Four. At each of his three head court in the competitive SEC. point and putting the points together in
NEIL BRAKE will be both enlightening and entertaining.” they would like to share.” coaching positions, he was voted conference “To recruit student-athletes who can thrive the right way.” The gym renovation will be complete Williamson asks that fans who have a relic by fall. New features include a practice gym, from either the men’s or women’s program The women’s basketball team celebrates with coaches’ offices, and an enlarged eastside contact him by phone at 615/322-4051, Coach Jim Foster after beating Colorado 65-59 entrance and corridors featuring exhibit sites. by e-mail at [email protected], Leadership Program Aimed at Improving Football Team to win the NCAA Midwest Regional Tournament While Vanderbilt has many archival materials, or by mail at P.O. Box 120158, Nashville, on the road to the Elite Eight. A critique of Vanderbilt’s 3-8 football rec- is often an attitude of ‘you are or aren’t a captain by your teammates,”he says.“I want the University is putting out a call to fans who Tenn., 37212. ord for the 2000 season led Coach Woody leader.’ the team to think hard about who their captains Widenhofer to establish a leadership pro- “I’ve always thought true leaders were should be. We expect more leadership from gram aimed at improving team perform- born,” he admits, “but I also think a lot of our captains, so this election will be important Sidelines ance, discipline, and camaraderie. people have varying levels of leadership to our success.” Vanderbilt has assumed ownership of Women’s United Soccer Association’s supple- John Hall, BE’55,Vanderbilt’s first Academic A leadership committee of players qualities that can be developed. Even great Widenhofer also created the Commodore the Legends Club of Tennessee in Franklin. mental draft. All-American in 1954 and a magna cum representing each class serves as a liaison leaders must hone their skills. As coaches, Chain Gang. “Every single player has a role The 36-hole golf course will provide a home David Lee, BS’75, quarterback and cap- laude graduate, was inducted in June into the between the team and coaching staff. The the most important thing we can do is help and every player is a link,”he explains.“Like course for the Vanderbilt men’s and women’s tain of Vanderbilt’s 1974 Peach Bowl Verizon Academic All-America Hall of Fame. group gathers weekly for a leadership seminar. our players become better leaders.” a chain, we’re only going to be as strong as golf teams. The transaction was completed football team, joined the football staff at the He is one of only 60 members of the organization. “Vanderbilt students can attend classes in Because of the program, Widenhofer our weakest link. To remind us of this, we’re using private funds from an anonymous donor. University of Arkansas as quarterbacks coach. Retired chairman and CEO of Ashland Inc. in leadership development,”Widenhofer observes. delayed the annual election of team captains. going to issue chain links to players doing May graduate and soccer defender For the previous seven years, he was offen- Kentucky, Hall has been a University trustee “And many companies send their staff members “The greatest honor you can receive as a things the right way as a constant reminder Laurie Black, BS’01, was selected by the sive coordinator at Rice University under for- since 1987, serving as chairman of the board to seminars. Yet in the world of sports, there Vanderbilt football player is to be elected of our chain gang.” Atlanta Heat in the fourth round of the mer Arkansas head coach Ken Hatfield. from November 1995 through April 1999.
12 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 13 I have wondered about these people, now that I am one of them. plenty of room, and the atmosphere was usually peaceful. The sight I have watched them over the years entering the stadium in their yel- of the Parthenon over my right shoulder inspired my study, and in low garb, but I have never detected much open excitement in their a reassuring way it put everything on the field into its ephemeral per- voices. They speak quietly and politely with each other as would befit spective. attendance at a solemn or serious occasion. I have seen aging, wiry I have tried to maintain that perspective through the years, but men who still carry themselves as men who might have been athletes I can’t; for I love Vanderbilt, and I love those boys who run out week fifty years ago, when they were young and bright of eye and Vanderbilt after week to collide with a fate that only young men could presume was a winner. And I have seen very old people staring raptly ahead to change. The rest of us know that we will not change Vanderbilt, by Wayne Christeson, B.A.’ 70 toward the stadium, being helped along by younger friends or and we glance askance at each other as the final quarter wanes, won- family members who know how much this means to them. They are dering at the power which defeats us but keeps us clinging to our a touching group. seats. “That which we are, we are,” Tennyson said, but at some vis- Toward the end of the Vanderbilt/South Carolina football game last week, with the Gamecocks firmly in What distinguishes them is an ageless suffusion of light in their ceral level we also know that somehow, obdurately, intractably, and eyes. They seem pilgrims who care nothing about the cost or the probably foolishly, we are truly “one equal temper of heroic hearts” control, the stands began to empty and the sparse crowd began to thin. Most of the people who remained pain of their journey. They are not here because they expect Vanderbilt and lifelong fans of Vanderbilt. to win, but because they believe perhaps a miracle will happen— As I watched the yellow-clad spectators hanging on in small clus- something beyond expectation, but not beyond their tireless imag- ters against the growing gray of autumn and the emptying stands, seemed loyal to the point of unconsciousness. As I gazed across the field toward the alumni section, in the inations; something unseen by anyone before; something these peo- I thought of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73: ple want to be present to witness. growing gloom of the overcast afternoon, the expanse of dull gray metal began to grow as the vanishing They have seen it before, in glimpses— in ’69 against Alabama That time of year thou mayst in me behold and in ’82 against Tennessee— and in the minds of these pilgrims When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang spectators left the stands and entered the dark tunnels into their lives outside. All that remained after a those wins might have been just last week, so vivid and immediate Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, are their memories. Even so, the wait for something larger and more Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang ... permanent at Dudley Field has been long. Maintaining faith has while were isolated gatherings of indistinct people dressed in the paling yellow of their Vanderbilt shirts been hard. and I caught fire at the beauty of these people and their lives. There is something magical about Vanderbilt football. How can You see them every fall at Vanderbilt: they are the natural cycling and jackets. These people would hang on until it was time, too, for them to go. a team compile a losing record every year for 18 straight years? Robert of our seasons. Service might call it a spread misere, in the desperate hands of Dangerous Dan McGrew. Yeats might suggest that some portent of the millennium was slouching toward Dudley Field, as yet unborn October 25, 2000 and unsuspected: could an entire generation of losing augur a shift within the planetary arcs of the SEC— a split at the center of the Wayne Christeson took a B.A. in Philosophy from gyre? The prospect is compelling because of the price which has Vanderbilt in 1970, with honors. He is a retired been paid. And so we wait, in quietly wild surmise. attorney and lives with his wife Anne on a farm The students do not feel this power yet. They have not experi- in Leiper’s Fork, Tennessee, where they raise enced the slow tread of insistent failure, year after year, from one horses. Anne Christeson graduated as Founder’s decade to the next. Maybe they think there’s plenty of time left to Medalist from Vanderbilt in 1971 and cur- begin winning— but there isn’t. Maybe they think it doesn’t mat- rently teaches Latin at Montgomery Bell ter— but it does. Maybe they think they can remain indifferent— Academy in Nashville. but they can’t. They will become like the rest of us in time. My undergraduate indifference was formed early when I began taking my books to the games to study— really! There was always
14 FALL 2001 15 Invasion of theBrainBrain ScientistsScientists
by GayNelle Doll
s species go, Homo sapiens were not the most promising creatures ever to come down the evolutionary pike. We lacked the cheetah’s speed, the boar’s Acompact strength, the owl’s acute sense of hearing. When the going got tough, Homo sapiens could not fly down to Rio for the win- ter or burrow into the mud and dream of better days. Human reproduction, more- Jon Kaas, Centennial Professor of over, was slow and inefficient. When a healthy infant did arrive on the scene, it took Psychology, professor of cell biology, and years to reach self-sufficiency—months just to support its own impossibly large head. Ah, but that head. Kennedy Center investigator, has stud- It housed our secret weapon—a huge brain with the capacity for language and ied the brain for some 35 years, most of logic, poetry and physics. Without it, we would surely have followed the 98 per- cent of species on earth that have gone the way of the dinosaur and the dodo bird. them at Vanderbilt. Kaas and his col- Our brain has been our ticket to survival, but as much as we have become masters leagues have found that when large parts of our world, fathoming how the earth was born and how stars die, we still know of sensory systems are deprived of their amazingly little of the three-pound organ that makes everything else possible. “We have a good understanding of the kidneys and liver, of heart organization, normal input, they can grow new con- and as a result we have good methods of treatment and repair for those organs,” nections to restore activity—even in says Jon Kaas, Centennial Professor of Psychology, whose research has revolu- tionized thinking about brain circuitry (see opposite page). “But the brain is so mature brains. Kaas’s insights have rev- much more complicated that our understanding of it is now at perhaps the level olutionized thinking about brain plastic- that Aristotle had of the heart.” ity and helped lead the way for his induction “We still don’t understand why we get Alzheimer’s or schizophrenia or psy- chotic depression,”says Elaine Sanders-Bush, professor of pharmacology, profes- last year into the National Academy of sor of psychiatry, investigator and senior fellow at the John F. Kennedy Center, and Sciences, one of the highest honors be- director of the Vanderbilt Brain Institute. stowed on an American scientist. Not one All of that is rapidly changing. “The explosion in technology has given us un- precedented opportunities to understand how the human brain works,”Kaas says. to rest on his laurels, Kaas says, “Plasticity “Molecular neuroscience is giving us tools to understand organization of brain is only part of what interests me. I’m also systems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging, miniaturization of recording ef- forts, and computer technology are allowing us to make tremendous progress. interested in trying to determine normal “Sixty percent of our genes are expressed only in the brain, which means the brain organization. We don’t know enough greatest amount of new knowledge will be related to the brain,”says Lee Limbird, about brain systems, how they’re organ- associate vice chancellor for health affairs for research and professor of pharma- cology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. ized, and how they function.” “At least two-thirds of the money granted by the National Institutes of Health relates to brain research,”adds Limbird, who led a group of Vanderbilt planners that first proposed formation of a brain institute. Mental disorders, according to the U.S. Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health issued in 1999, collectively account for more of the overall burden of dis- ease than do all forms of cancer. In the next 10 years, Vanderbilt will invest $250 million to be at the leading edge of neuroscience research and clinical care.“By un-
VANDERBILT NEUROSCIENTISTS COLLABORATE TO SOLVE THE MYSTERIES OF THE MIND 16 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 17 JEFF FRAZIER The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain
for example, we can put them in contact with Research Center and the new Center for last year to increase the impact and visibili- the right person at the Kennedy Center.” Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience.“When ty of neuroscience and related behavioral sci- “It’s rare for a university to have such I was recruited to Vanderbilt, Jon Kaas invited ences at Vanderbilt. In this capacity he has breadth of expertise on one campus,”says me to his house and said,‘We want the kind of been instrumental in helping recruit a num- Ever wondered how a fruit fly Limbird. “Vanderbilt offers students train- colleagues who make us look forward to going ber of new faculty to Vanderbilt, including acts under the influence of ing ranging from the very basic molecular to work.’The investigators on this campus like David Noelle, who joins the department of hallucinogenic drugs? Elaine level to the study of human behavior.” each other, which is a rare thing.” electrical engineering and computer science Researchers in the College of Arts and Schall directs the Vanderbilt Vision Research in the School of Engineering and Susan Hespos, Sanders-Bush, professor of Science, Peabody College, the School of Center, which draws on expertise in low vi- who joins the department of psychology and pharmacology and director Medicine, School of Engineering, and the sion rehabilitation at Peabody, sophisticated human development at Peabody this fall; and Kennedy Center are working together to un- vision testing and functional brain imaging Gordon Logan, Centennial Professor of of the Vanderbilt Brain Institute, derstand how brain cells, circuits, and sys- in Arts and Science, computational proce- Psychology, who came to Vanderbilt last year. has. Sanders-Bush has spent tems change during development, through dures and devices developed in the School of Logan’s studies of automaticity (acting years studying serotonin and learning, and in response to injury or illness. Engineering, and clinical populations avail- spontaneously or unconsciously), impulsiv- “Neuroscience is by nature interdiscipli- able through the School of Medicine. Schall ity (acting uncontrollably), and how we con- serotonin receptors in the ac- nary,”observes Jeffrey Schall, professor of psy- also directs the Center for Cognitive and trol our actions are particularly important in tion of hallucinogenic drugs. chology and director of the Vanderbilt Vision Integrative Neuroscience (CICN), formed understanding schizophrenia and attention “Serotonin is an ancient neu- rotransmitter that’s been car-
ried down through evolution. Bridging the gap between engineering and medicine, It has been linked to so many Bob Galloway has developed techniques that help different brain functions and surgeons navigate the intricate terrain of the brain. behaviors that it’s astound- Galloway, professor of biomedical engineering and ing,” she says. “Hallucinogenic neurosurgery, and director of the Center for Technology- drugs are fascinating because Guided Therapy, has pioneered development of image-
JEFF FRAZIER guided software and instruments that facilitate tracking they produce in humans al- of a surgeon’s position during operations. derstanding the brain better, we’ll be able to cure Which is precisely the aim of the Vanderbilt tered perception. We’re work- or treat stress-related disease like hypertension Brain Institute. Formed two years ago, the The Vanderbilt team of surgeons, radiologists, ing to understand how we and cardiovascular problems,”says Sohee Park, Vanderbilt Brain Institute is a means of pro- biomedical engineers, electrical engineers, computer associate professor of psychology in the College moting discovery efforts of neuroscientists, humans conceive of ourselves scientists, and radiation oncologists with whom Galloway of Arts and Science. training of undergraduate, graduate, medical, and who we are.” Sanders- Concepts such as awareness, intention, and post-doctoral students, and coordination works is a unique assemblage. “Only one or two other Bush also directs the three- desire, and emotion that were once the exclu- of public education and outreach in brain places in the world can approximate what we have sive domain of philosophers and psychologists sciences. It brings together researchers working year-old neuroscience Ph.D. here,” he says. are now the focus of experiments in brain in such diverse areas as nerve communication, program. Shown here in her science at Vanderbilt, which enjoys a long and learning and memory, behavioral and cognitive Variations on Galloway’s image-guided technology, distinguished history in neuroscience. science, neurogenetics (genetic basis of nerve lab, she oversees the work which provides for three-dimensional mapping of the “During the next decade we anticipate major tissues), neural development, sensory sciences, of graduate students such as area targeted for surgery, are also used for spinal and changes in the ways people are treated for learn- bioengineering, and clinical neuroscience relat- Efrain Garcia, a 2nd-year phar- ing disabilities,”says Kaas.“We will have access to ed to neurological and mental disorders. liver surgery at Vanderbilt. Plans are under way to apply a host of new behavioral methods, including com- “Vanderbilt needed some kind of organizing macology student. the technology to cochlear implants. Galloway also puter-driven programs that will be incorporated structure for neuroscience because we’re spread expects a version of his software to be commercially with neuropharmacological treatments. The amount out in so many parts of the University,”Sanders- available in the near future. of new information is so vast that just keeping up Bush explains.“The Vanderbilt Brain Institute is with new procedures and new information is a a virtual structure for representing neuroscience
huge challenge. That’s why collaboration is to the outside world and getting national recog- JEFF FRAZIER essential. None of us can be an expert in every- nition for our strengths in individual areas. If some- thing, but we can share our knowledge.” one is interested in developmental disabilities,
18 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 19 The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain
deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), leadership and enthusiastic teaching of Leslie trinsically interesting subject,”says Terry Page, room does not convey and he works in close collaboration with re- Smith in the Department of Psychology. who directs the Neuroscience Studies Program. the kind of insight that Vanderbilt’s four-year-old un- searchers at Vanderbilt’s John F.Kennedy Center. So many interested students were, in effect, Page is professor of biological sciences, pro- students gain by being “We’re all working on pieces of the same creating their own neuroscience major by fessor of biology and chair of the department. subjects themselves. dergraduate neuroscience puzzle,”Logan says. “There’s a sense of syn- choosing the independent study course and “The program appeals to students because “Students often come major now boasts more than ergy that comes from the fact that we’re all then taking every psychology and neuro- it’s interdisciplinary. They can take advan- into an introductory working toward a common purpose, and science course they could get their hands on tage of courses and faculty in several differ- class with preconceived 100 students. Neuroscience that really important work is going to be done that administration responded by approving ent departments and schools at Vanderbilt.” notions about psychol- courses are increasingly pop- at Vanderbilt in the next ten years. I think a neuroscience major. One of the strongest components of the ogy,”Logan adds.“They ular with students from other about some of my work differently than I Neuroscience majors have chosen a great major is the chance to do research.“Nearly all think it will help them did a year ago as a result of being exposed to time and place to study the brain. The new neuroscience majors spend time doing understand why their disciplines as well. Here, psy- other researchers here.” dean of the College of Arts and Science, research in faculty laboratories,”says Page.“We mother is like she is, or chology major Amanda Researchers like Logan and Park, who also Richard McCarty, is a respected authority in have about 35 faculty engaged in all aspects why someone cut them Vaughn, neuroscience major joined the Vanderbilt faculty last year, were the closely aligned field of psychology. Powerful of neuroscience who are part of our research off in traffic. But aca- lured here not only by opportunities to col- new ways of monitoring brain activity in hu- program for undergraduates. They come from demic psychology real- Jinnie Kim, and science com- laborate with other first-rate researchers, but mans as well as completion of mapping the engineering, the medical school, Peabody, and ly isn’t about individual munications major Robyn also by the presence of a young, flourishing human genome have accelerated the rate at Arts and Science—everything from the people at all. It’s about neuroscience undergraduate major and a fast- which new knowledge of the brain is un- molecular level to human behavior.” how the mind func- Brown put in lab time with growing Ph.D. program. folding. Researchers are uncovering essential Having the chance to see what it’s like tions—how attention Jeffrey Schall, professor of Now only four years old, Vanderbilt’s un- clues to understanding disorders which have to be a research subject is also a valuable works, how choices are psychology and director of dergraduate neuroscience major is attracting profoundly affected millions of lives and experience.“Being a subject in a psychology made, things like that.” more students each year. More than 100 un- defied understanding—autism and Alzheimer’s experiment is an important educational One challenge for the Vanderbilt Vision Research dergraduates are now majoring in neuroscience. disease, schizophrenia and addiction. experience,”says Logan, who taught a fresh- Kaas is getting students Center and the new Center The decision to offer a neuroscience major “Students are drawn to the neuroscience man psychology seminar last year. “Just focused on normal brain grew out of student demand spawned by the major by outstanding instructors and an in- describing how experiments work in the class- organization.“We don’t for Integrative and Cognitive know enough about Neuroscience. how brains are organ- ized and how they func- JEFF FRAZIER tion,”he says.“Students “The Stroop effect shows that when you have two C.M. (1991), John Ridley Stroop: Creator of A THE EFFECT like to rush on to the StroopStroop dimensions of stimuli and you’re paying attention Landmark Cognitive Task, Canadian Psychology] to one, you can’t ignore the other,” says Gordon told me the paper didn’t get a lot of attention up next question because normal brain organ- industry. Large pharmaceuticals and small we’re always happy to show them how we One of the most widely cited attentional tasks in Logan, Centennial Professor of Psychology. “The until the 1960s, when people became interested ization is not as exotic to talk about as some start-up companies are both looking for conduct it. It’s highly regulated by the govern- psychology had its origins during the 1930s at reason the word intrudes over the color is that we in cognition and how reading worked. By that time of the disorders, but our greatest lack of knowl- neuroscientists, says Sanders-Bush. “It’s an ment for the animals’ benefit, and people who Peabody College, long recognized for its strengths process words automatically. We’ve all had so Stroop was close to retirement, and he had written edge is in how brain systems are organized. expanding area because we still lack good tour our labs are usually surprised by the level in psychology and cognition. The concept is relatively much practice reading words that we process them books on religion and God.” In fact when an academic simple and went largely unnoticed for decades. automatically, and even if we’re trying to focus on group contacted Stroop with the intention of doing “Neuroscience is a very challenging major treatments for many brain diseases and of care our animals receive.” Known as the Stroop effect, it was the work of the color, the word competes with the response.” a brief biography, he was unimpressed. “It was just with a heavy load of requirements and a behavioral disorders.” Since 1997 Vanderbilt has increased doctoral student J. Ridley Stroop, who earned a The Stroop effect is used in dozens of other something from his past that he didn’t care about tremendous amount of work. It’s not some- Until a few years ago, scientists’ abilities overall public understanding of the brain, B.S. in 1924, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1933, all domains. Logan and his wife, Jane Zbrodoff, senior much,” Logan says. thing a student would choose lightly,”adds to examine and study the human brain func- issues surrounding the brain, and the latest from Peabody. In 1935, Stroop published a paper lecturer in psychology, have come up with a But these days Stroop’s legacy looms large. in the Journal of Experimental Psychology which mathematical variation of the Stroop effect. “I might “From November 1970 to November 2000, the Kaas. “It is attracting bright, enthusiastic tion were limited to autopsy. Magnetic scientific findings by partnering with the described experiments conducted a few years say, for example, are these problems true or false: Stroop effect has been cited more than 2,000 students who are thinking about careers in resonance imaging and PET scans have rev- Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives to present earlier at Peabody’s Jesup Psychological Laboratory, Three plus four equals twelve? Or three times four times,” Logan says. “It’s been replicated millions medicine or research.” olutionized research—but humane animal a highly successful Brain Awareness pro- demonstrating how easily the brain can become equals seven? Those things are hard to reject of times.” Vanderbilt’s transinstitutional grad- research still plays a critical role in scientif- gram. Vanderbilt also sponsors programs for confused. because they would be true if you were doing Not only does Logan know by heart the number Here’s how it works: Name the colors of these another mathematical function,” Logan explains. of Stroop citations—when he joined the Vanderbilt uate neuroscience program, just three years ic understanding of how the brain works. children and the Brain Bee, an electronic words as quickly as you can—not what the words J. Ridley Stroop himself apparently was never faculty and moved to Nashville last year, Logan old, already has 27 Ph.D. students and offers Vanderbilt researchers rely on a wide vari- statewide competition in which high school say, but the colors themselves. terribly impressed with what he had done, and found out where Stroop had lived as a student and both integrative and molecular tracks. “By ety of species, from cockroaches and mollusks students test their knowledge of neuroscience. soon turned to other interests. He was a faculty drove by the address. Since then Logan has even this fall we expect to have 40 Ph.D. students. to star nose moles and monkeys.“Animal re- Throughout the year, Vanderbilt invites world- BLUE member and administrator at David Lipscomb driven interested colleagues visiting Nashville past College in Nashville for more than 40 years, teaching the unassuming house where Stroop once lived. It’s astounding,”says Sanders-Bush.“Admin- search has been crucial to any number of break- renowned experts in neuroscience and relat- GREEN chemistry and the Bible. “It’s white,” Logan says with a wry smile. istration has viewed a strong graduate pro- throughs in understanding the brain,”says ed disciplines to come to Nashville and share “His Ph.D. thesis was one of the most famous Schall, who frequently gives qualified students their discoveries. YELLOW gram as crucial to building the University’s ever done anywhere,” says Logan, who has been —GayNelle Doll strength in neuroscience.” tours of the animal labs he and his colleagues New technology, innovative faculty, and lobbying for some kind of display at Peabody that rely on to conduct their research.“We try to bright students are all contributing to a bright As you probably noted, the words themselves have would acknowledge Stroop’s contibution. “A friend Many of those doctoral graduates will pur- a strong influence over your ability to say the color. of mine who did a biography of Stroop [Macleod, sue academic careers, while others will enter educate people as to why it’s necessary, and outlook for neuroscience at Vanderbilt.
20 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 21 The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain
provides additional patients, but not as many both benchside and bedside is Dr. Herbert the chance to collaborate with people like “We’re studying the most as researchers would like. Meltzer, Bixler/Johnson/Mays Chair in Psy- Sanders-Bush and Robert Kessler, professor interesting thing of all—our- If finding enough hours in the day is a chiatry, professor of psychiatry, and professor of radiology and radiological sciences and challenge for most neuroscientists, it is dou- of pharmacology. (For more on Meltzer’s work associate professor of psychiatry—“world selves,” says Sohee Park, bly so for those who also maintain clinical on schizophrenia, see page 30.) experts in the work I do.” associate professor of psy- practices. “I tell my students to think long “I try to span the whole spectrum. That That was before TennCare, Tennessee’s chology in the College of and hard before they decide to become a has always been my way of research,”says insurance system for low-income residents, clinician scientist,”says Vivian Casagrande, Meltzer. “I’m involved in studies from the added more restrictions on mental health Arts and Science. An ex- professor of cell biology, professor of psy- very basic level of what controls processes in services. The result has had profound rami- pert in schizophrenia, Park chology, professor of ophthalmology and the brain relating to memory and learning fications for scientist clinicians like Meltzer. visual sciences, and investigator and senior and hallucinations and delusions. But I’m “Care of the mentally ill in Tennessee has joined the Vanderbilt fac- fellow at the Kennedy Center. also, at the other end, involved in studies about deteriorated in the five years I’ve been here, ulty last year for the chance “It is nearly impossible to do both research how we can help people with schizophrenia and it’s getting worse all the time. It’s impos- to collaborate with neu- and have a clinical practice and do them both get jobs and lead productive lives. And at the sible to treat patients when their insurance will well. You cannot do science when you’re intermediate level I’m looking at issues of only pay for them to be hospitalized for four roscientists, cognitive psy- constantly wearing a beeper and on the physiology and neurochemistry of people or five days.You can’t get patients into a stable chologists, and clinical phone all the time. You have no time to go to with schizophrenia.” living situation in that time. But if the hospi- the library and read the latest research, Now at an age when many of his con- tal took on the burden without insurance psychiatrists. “By under- to reflect quietly.” temporaries are retiring, Meltzer came to reimbursement, it would go bankrupt. So standing the brain better, One faculty member who does manage Vanderbilt in 1996, attracted, he says, by the mentally ill drift in and out of crack hous- we’ll be able to cure or treat es and face exploitation. Nash- ville is appalling in terms of stress-related disease like its housing options for the men- hypertension and cardio- tally ill. But that’s what our so-
JEFF FRAZIER vascular problems.” ciety has said it’s willing to pay.” The human toll aside, from For children with delays in learning a practical standpoint the small communication and language, risk fac- number of patients with schiz- Still, a few persistent clouds looming on the For faculty like Robert Galloway Jr., pro- “Vanderbilt’s traditional insistence that tors are often evident in infancy—yet ophrenia that Vanderbilt can horizon worry people like Ford Ebner, pro- fessor of biomedical engineering and neuro- each department be fiscally separate and admit is not enough to meet intervention efforts rarely begin before fessor of psychology, professor of cell biolo- logic surgery and director of the Center for responsible for its own activities breaks down research demands. “It’s an gy, and investigator and senior fellow at the Technology-Guided Therapy, the demands can when you try to cross barriers,”Ebner says. age three and often not until later. Paul enormous struggle for me to John F. Kennedy Center. be extraordinary. Galloway puts in an average “It discourages investment in activity which Yoder, research professor of special find enough patients to par- Ebner voices concerns shared by many of of 75 hours a week on the job (see page 19), brings power and glory to something that’s ticipate in research studies, and his colleagues.“More than a hundred kids are knowing full well the graduate students he no longer part of you. Enthusiasm for an education and investigator and senior I spend far too much of my now majoring in neuroscience, which for teaches leave Vanderbilt making far more activity can get bogged down in the reali- fellow at the John F. Kennedy Center time and energies trying to do Vanderbilt is a pretty big major,”he says. lucrative salaries, and that he could triple or ties of fiscal responsibility.”Vanderbilt’s so,”Meltzer adds. for Research on Human Development, “At least a dozen kids every semester want to quadruple his income by accepting one of administration, Ebner adds, seems to recog- That Meltzer still faces his work in my lab. One of the problems we will the offers from private biotechnology firms nize the problem and be increasingly willing is working to develop methods of teach- work with enthusiasm and have to face eventually is that we don’t have that frequently come his way. to do find creative fiscal solutions that foster ing pre-language skills to young chil- optimism says something about enough faculty dedicated to meeting the de- Instead, he stays at Vanderbilt for the interdisciplinary work. both the nature of his work, dren at risk for language delays. Here, mand. Right now a rather large undergradu- chance to see his surgical innovations reach In addition to money, another crucial and the caliber of his colleagues. ate major is riding on the voluntary contribu- broader applications—and, he says, some- component of neuroscience research is Yoder uses play to assess the language “If it wasn’t exciting I’d be retired by now,”he concedes. tions and good will of several departments.” thing else.“Every year they give me a new set patients.“We need to be able to capitalize on skills of three-year-old Emily Heim, who “Most of us are in academia because we of really bright students to play with, and that our existing strengths in the basic sciences by “But we have an extraordinary love teaching and mentoring students,”says keeps me fired up. I wouldn’t be doing this if translating that into the clinical area, which takes part in the Kennedy Center’s TAG opportunity at Vanderbilt, and Sanders-Bush. “But because neuroscience I weren’t passionate about it.” has not been as well developed at Vanderbilt,” (Teaching Articulation and Grammar) I want to keep going. I want to is interdisciplinary, we’re having to double While everyone agrees that interdepart- says Sanders-Bush. The new Children’s Hos- be there when some of the next program. dip with many of our faculty who must com- mental collaboration is crucial to finding pital currently under construction will have set of answers arrives. It’s going
mit to teaching and mentoring students in solutions to many of neuroscience’s tough- a clinical research unit that includes devel- JEFF FRAZIER to happen in the next ten the neuroscience program as well as in their est problems, the reality of working togeth- opmental disabilities, providing a greater pa- years—it won’t be quite like home departments.” er across disciplinary lines is not always easy. tient base. Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital the dramatic effects of finding
22 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 23 The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain
a cure for polio, but we’ll have huge advances this article, inviting the interviewer to her like to do for my birthday, I’d tell them over what we can do now.” home a few blocks from campus. I’d like to go to work all day without being Neuroscience:Neuroscience: Casagrande, who is only a few years younger “Neuroscientists study the most interest- interrupted. That would be my reward.” than Meltzer, echoes his sentiments.“I would ing thing of all—ourselves,”she says.“I look TheThe EarlyEarly YYearsears love to be around long enough to see some at my son and it’s fascinating to think about of these things we’ve worked so hard on come how fast his brain is growing and changing.” to fruition. It’s sad to think that I can’t go Neuroscience, she says, is like the old back and do more science—but I’m filling American frontier—full of exciting discov- Where to up my synapses. I’d need a whole new hard eries.“People have gone to the moon, we have Learn More drive.”Then she adds wistfully,“I wish I could a space station—but we don’t really under- Vanderbilt Vision return several more times, each time as a dif- stand ourselves. In this field, we are fortunate Research Center ferent type of scientist.” that our work is so captivating. I’d have http://vision-research.vanderbilt.edu When the answers come, it will be in no to live another 150 years to do everything I’d small measure due to the dedication of re- like to do.” John F. Kennedy Center www.vanderbilt.edu/kennedy Cosmeticaly deformed craniums, Hieronymous Bosch, The Cure Theodore Gericault, Old Woman searchers like these, who love their subject so “I think back to where we were when I start- 700B.C.–100A.D. of Folly, 1475–1480 Obsessed with Envy, 1822–1823 much they can’t get enough of it. Many are ed my career in the 1960s and it seems like the Vanderbilt Brain Institute married to other researchers in related fields. dark ages,”says Kaas.“Back then we had only 40,000 B.C. Prehistoric man creates holes in Middle Ages Barber-surgeons 1791 Luigi Galvani discovers www.vanderbilt.edu/neuroscience the skull presumably for religious rituals and roam the European country- that nerves can be stimulated Even their websites bubble with a geeky en- a quiver with a couple of arrows. Now we have treatment of medical conditions. side, offering to remove the by metallic electricity, thusiasm, complete with cartoons of labora- a whole arsenal of weapons that we can apply. Center for Molecular pierre de follie or “stone of providing the first insight tory rats on hallucinogenic drugs and tinny But it’s still not well appreciated how much we Neuroscience 2500 B.C. Egyptian papyrus records the madness” which was said to into how signals are www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/vumc/ earliest reference to effects of brain damage. exist inside the skulls of transmitted in the nervous renditions of the William Tell Overture. have yet to learn about the brain. centers/neuro mentally deranged people. system. Park, juggling teaching and research “People in neuroscience work hard be- 400 B.C. Hippocrates regards the brain as the with the responsibilities of a newborn son, cause they’re intrigued by their work,”Kaas seat of intelligence. 1649 Rene Descartes develops 1808 Franz Joseph Gall a theory that describes the describes how different enthusiastically agreed to be interviewed for concludes. “If someone asked me what I’d 800–1200 A.D. An Islamic school of brain mind as distinct from the functions are located in surgery flourishes during the height of brain. different parts of the brain. Islamic influence in the world. This gets unnecessarily elaborated as phrenology.
ON THE EDGE as remarkable and immediate as the cessation of Medtronics Tremor Control Therapy device to set CuttingCutting essential tremors or as empowering as interrupting electrical probes inside the thalamus, along a por- the brain signals that start epileptic seizures. New tion of the ventral intermediate nucleus, to stop technology has made implantation of devices to tremors. “High-frequency stimulation overrides control tremors and movement disorders faster, eas- the abnormal signaling,” Konrad explains. ier, and better for patients. Implanting electronic de- Because the device can be turned on and off vices that offer such relief is the work of Dr. Peter “we can tell if what we’re doing really affects the Konrad, assistant professor of neurological surgery. person,” Konrad says. “Before, we could only “Across the country, medical centers are shifting the guess if there was really a problem” in the treated way Parkinson’s is treated. We’re leading the way,” portion of the brain. Konrad says. “Technologically, we’re on the threshold of a Implants target a very small, specific area of lot of exciting advances,” he adds. Computer-guid- the brain. With an implant into the thalamus, many ed imaging gives surgeons real-time images of the patients’ tremors from Parkinson’s or other move- device as it’s being implanted in the brain, offer- Salvador Dali, Suburbs of the Paranoiac-Critical Town, 1936 ment disorders—shakes that limit their lives and ing a constant view into the body with minimal in- 1990 Seiji Ogawa and Tso-Ming Lee 1938 B.F. Skinner publishes cause constant discomfort—are instantly settled. vasiveness. “It allows for more accurate procedures develop functional magnetic resonance The Behavior of Organisms 1852 Hermann von Helmholtz measures A device set on the vagus nerve, the primary link with higher degrees of success,” Konrad says. imaging making it possible to monitor that describes how behavior the speed of a nerve impulse transmission between major organs of the body and the brain, “Overnight stays (following the surgery) will be rou- brain function in human subjects is shaped by rewards. which leads to the use of reaction time to not only decreases the progression and severity tine in the next year.” engaged in many activities. study mental processes. of seizures, it gives patients the ability to abort a 1962 F.O. Schmitt first uses seizure when they feel one beginning. the word “neuroscience” 1879 Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first Tremors result from faulty wiring, the brain’s to describe a new interdisci- experimental psychology laboratory and inability to regulate outflow of movement. Until re- plinary approach to under- writes the first psychology textbook. cently, the standard of treatment has been lesioning standing the mind and brain. ew technologies have made procedures un- suspected brain cells and rendering them com- 1929 Hans Berger demonstrates the first N heard of a few years ago almost routine and pletely ineffective. Lesions, in effect, destroyed human electroencephalogram, a weak brought deeper understanding to perplexing con- cells, in the process wiping away evidence of electrical signal recorded on the scalp but ditions. Few medical interventions produce results the problem’s sources. Now, Konrad uses a originating in the brain.
24 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 25 The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain plasticity andYOUR BRAIN
Kaas says a whole range of mechanisms In the developing brain of an unborn child, of their sensory information from their are at work following brain injury, includ- however, the effects can be devastating. whiskers. When researchers trim the whiskers ing the growth of new connections over con- “Typically the fetus is only exposed to alcohol off one side in young rats, says Ebner, “the siderable distances in the brain. “We think until birth, and then unless the mother drinks animals are okay and there’s little damage Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe sense of the body in space plasticity accounts for great recoveries even heavily while nursing the child, there is no to the nervous system—but they don’t get planning and control of actions after massive strokes that have left the vic- further exposure to alcohol. So the puzzling much information from those whiskers. Just tim unbelievably impaired,”he says. But there part is that deficiencies caused by prenatal that simple manipulation, once the rats have may also be highly undesirable effects of alcohol exposure don’t seem to self-correct.” grown up, leaves their cortex unable to mod- plasticity—phantom pain in parts of the Just why alcohol at an early age is so dev- ify the synapses in order for learning to occur body that have been amputated, or tinnitus at a normal rate.” Occipital Lobe (ringing in the ear) after damage to the Early intervention may be crucial in vision auditory system. ...when large parts of improving the outlook for develop- “We have two goals: Understanding how sensory systems are ing brains that have experienced sensory to make the brain repair itself and work deprivation. Ebner and his colleagues have better when it is damaged, and preventing deprived of their normal discovered that when rats are exposed to al- unfortunate outcomes” such as phantom cohol throughout gestation, the whisker Temporal Lobe pain or tinnitus. input, they can grow neurons adapt to change slowly. He believes hearing, visual recognition, Throughout most of our lives, Kaas thinks, new connections to that the slowed rate of plasticity—the abil- memory Cerebellum our brains continue to remodel themselves in ity of circuits to adapt and reorganize in balance and movement subtle ways. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s restore activity—even in response to experience or sensory stimula- disease, for example, circuits work to repair tion—could explain the mental retardation Brain Stem themselves.“Finally the system is so deterio- mature brains... that accompanies fetal alcohol syndrome. controls breathing, heart rate, rated that it has exhausted all possibilities, and blood pressure, digestion after injury, the brain that’s when we start to see the symptoms. But ncreasing brain activity by raising systems can lose 80 percent of their neurons is not stable for a very prenatal alcohol-exposed rats in an BRAIN BASICS 101 before that happens.” Ienriched environment, with plenty of That knowledge holds great promise for long time. So there is a stimulating toys, restores about half of the the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, very long time in which brain’s plasticity. Now, Vanderbilt researchers Kaas believes. “If we can prevent the pro- are looking for a way to restore the rest of rain damage: The phrase is spoken with Kaas, Centennial Professor of Psychology, prived of their normal input, they can grow gression, I think we could reverse symptoms we can perhaps influence the function to fetal alcohol-exposed neu- the same gravity as terminal cancer or professor of cell biology, and Kennedy Center new connections to restore activity—even in to a considerable extent.”Specifically, treat- rons. Prenatal alcohol-exposed rats, they Bthird-degree burns—with good reason. investigator, has studied the brain for some 35 mature brains. ment might involve training individuals the outcome. have discovered, have reduced levels of the Injuries inflicted on the brain by accidents, years, most of them at Vanderbilt. His insights Scientists have known that following brain to keep their brains active. NMDA receptor, a protein that is important stroke, or disease have long been regarded as have revolutionized thinking about brain plas- injury from stroke or accident, people are One condition in which the brain’s abil- to nerve cell communication. A drug now largely irreversible. Scientists agreed that once ticity. Last year he was inducted into the National initially unable to perform some functions ity to adapt seems to be limited is prenatal astating is still subject to debate, but Ebner being tested appears to increase NMDA human—or animal—brains reached maturi- Academy of Sciences, one of the highest hon- but show improvement over time. But the exposure to alcohol. Ford Ebner, professor thinks sensory deprivation plays a role. receptor activity and help rats learn faster. ty, they were fixed. ors bestowed on an American scientist. mechanism for this phenomenon wasn’t of psychology, professor of cell biology, and “We know that alcohol regulates some indi- “If the results are positive, they could be Now, thanks to the research of Jon Kaas, we “Normally, mature brains have inhibito- well understood. investigator and senior fellow at the John F. vidual molecules that are important for learn- translatable to humans,”says Ebner. know that brain plasticity—the ability of cir- ry factors that prevent much growth,”Kaas “Now, we have seen that brain changes Kennedy Center, is probing how prenatal ex- ing and memory. The brain at the time of birth, —GayNelle Doll cuits to adapt and reorganize in response to explains. Under ordinary circumstances, that start rapidly—within minutes or hours—but posure to alcohol inhibits learning.“If adults after a period of alcohol exposure, is in a state experience or sensory stimulation—may slow is a good thing.“You wouldn’t want to form some changes take six to eight months. go on a drinking binge, we would come out where formation of new synapses can’t take with maturity, but it continues to occur through- new connections in the mature brain because That means that after injury, the brain is not of it with no detectable difference in our in- advantage of sensory experiences.” out life. Understanding how plasticity works it would just cause ‘noise.’” stable for a very long time. So there is a very tellectual abilities,”he says.“Alcohol’s effects Ebner’s research with rats has shown that is vital to developing new and better interven- Kaas and his colleagues have found that long time in which we can perhaps influence on the adult brain are reversible for a very long early sensory deprivation has negative ef- tions to help overcome brain damage. when large parts of sensory systems are de- the outcome.” period of time.” fects. Nocturnal creatures, rats derive much
26 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 27 The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain treatingAUTISM
magine having a seemingly perfect emotions and social reciprocity. They may developed other ways of communicating, in- screening tool. The children are screened, then chromosome 7. Using genome databases devel- infant. Then slowly, unusual behav- exhibit fear in peer relationships. They have cluding sign language and pictures. Many have followed for two years. At age four, a defini- oped by the National Institutes of Health and Iior and delays in development begin difficulty interacting and establishing been successfully mainstreamed. tive diagnosis will be made by a trained clini- the company Celera Genomics, they are iden- to surface. eye contact or using and reading facial ex- Research has shown that parents begin to cian who has not seen the child before. tifying genes in the region and testing them autism’s profile Welcome to the topsy-turvy world of pressions and gestures that facilitate so- become concerned about their children at the “Children lose valuable intervention time for mutations in patients with autism. Characterized by: Difficulty forming so- autism, a common, yet complex develop- cialization.” average age of 17 months. The first concern if autism is not detected early,”Stone says. James S. Sutcliffe, assistant professor of cial relationships, impaired understanding mental disability. In many cases, therapists find that if they is usually lack of language development. But “The brain appears to be more plastic at molecular physiology and biophysics and and use of language, restricted patterns “Twenty years ago, autism was pretty can help children with autism gain com- children often don’t receive a definitive diag- early ages.” Kennedy Center investigator, is pursuing of activities and interests, and a need for much thought to be hopeless,”says Stephen munication skills at an early age, the odd or nosis of autism until preschool or early ele- Isabel Gauthier, assistant professor of psy- the link to chromosome 15. Some of the symp- sameness. Children with autism may exhibit Camarata, acting director of the Kennedy inappropriate behavior people associate with mentary school. chology, is studying the theory that children toms of autism mirror those described for repetitive body movements and may be over- Center and associate professor of hearing autism may be circumvented. with autism have trouble recognizing faces. Prader-Willi syndrome, a complex disorder ly sensitive to sights, noises, touches, smells, and speech sciences.“Now we are seeing big The Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center ssociate Professor of Pediatrics Wendy Her work, done in collaboration with col- of cognitive disabilities, overeating, and obe- and tastes. advances in earlier diagnosis and treatment. for Otolaryngology and Communication Stone and her colleagues hope their leagues at Yale University, shows that young sity involving chromosome 15 gene deletions. Affects: As many as one in 500 individu- Children who are truly autistic have improve- Sciences serves approximately 85 children Awork will help make early detection of adults with autism do not rely on the face- “We think that multiple genes may align als. Autism is four times more prevalent in ment in function, as well as the ability to go on a weekly basis through its Autism Spectrum autism easier. In 1999, armed with a four-year area recognition system to discriminate be- in some way so that combined, they produce boys, but girls with autism are affected more to school and to function in larger settings.” Disorders Program. It offers communica- grant from the Department of Education’s tween faces as much as their peers. Instead, an overall level of susceptibility and risk for severely. Vanderbilt physicians and researchers tion intervention and training, parent and Office of Special Education Research, they they tend to rely on another part of the brain the disease. Genetic studies are looking at how Manifests itself: Typically by age three. are working on a variety of studies to find professional education, and advocacy in the began studying a test she and colleagues at associated with identification of objects. Her they may align.” the cause of autism and are developing new community and school systems. Vanderbilt developed—STAT (Screening Tool work may provide new ideas for the treat- “Identifying genetic defects in autism will Possible causes: Autism’s cause is un- tests that will allow earlier diagnosis. The Wilkerson Center’s communication- for Autism in Two-year-olds). ment of autism and similar conditions. give us tools to understand the biology and known. Cerebellums of many children with Camarata, who works with autistic based intervention program is the only “We want to be able to identify chil- “Autism is one of the more strongly ge- thereby to help better treat, or possibly even autism have decreased size, often up to 30 children, is clinical investigator of a Nation- program of its kind for preschoolers with dren with developmental delays and lan- netic complex trait disorders,”says Jonathan prevent, the disorder,”says Haines. percent smaller. About 70 to 80 percent of children with autism have mental retarda- al Institutes of Health program project autism in the Middle Tennessee area. Speech guage delays who also have autism, from Haines, professor of molecular physiology tion as well. Genetic factors may be involved. grant and the director of the Scottish Rite pathologists help the children improve those who may just have developmental or and biophysics and director of the Program —Nancy Humphrey and Leigh MacMillan Child Language Disorders Center at Van- language skills, and occupational therapists language delays,”says Stone. in Human Genetics and of the Kennedy Treatment: Children who receive spe- derbilt. More than 100 children with autism cialized early intervention can make con- or autism spectrum disorder are evaluat- siderable gains in their cognitive, social, and Though they look like something out of ed through the center. a Star Wars sequel, these Greebles were behavioral functioning. TRIAD (Treatment “There has been a reported increase devised as a research tool. Greebles are for Research Institute for Autism Spectrum helping scientists like Isabel Gauthier, Disorders) at Vanderbilt offers programs in in the incidence of autism,”Camarata assistant professor of psychology at behavior management and social skills, par- says. “But it’s hard to know if it’s a real Vanderbilt, learn more about how humans ent training, family consultations, teacher increase or a change in identification distinguish between faces. For most of us, recognizing the face of a friend in a training, and more. characteristics.” crowd is relatively easy. We use a small Raising children with autism is chal- region at the bottom of the brain called lenging. About 70 to 80 percent of children the fusiform face area (FFA). In studies with autism also have mental retardation. with colleagues at Yale, Gauthier has observed research subjects’ brains as Camarata says that three overlapping they try to distinguish between up to 60 domains characterize autism: delayed or Greebles divided by gender and family absent language, impaired social interac- groups. Persons with autism frequently experience great difficulty in recognizing tion, and rigidity that includes repetitive work to help desensitize children to stimuli The test uses a play-based interactive kit. Center’s Program of Genetics, Brain, and and distinguishing between faces. behavior and inflexibility.“One child might that might overwhelm them. While they play with cars, trucks, dolls, and Behavioral Development. Gauthier’s research could provide ideas be more affected by language issues while Approximately 60 percent of children other toys, children are screened in three cat- Although no specific genes have yet been for improved methods of treating autism. another has more problems with repeti- who enter the Wilkerson program as egories—functional play, imitation, and com- linked to autism, estimates of the number of tive behavior or social adaptation,”he adds. non-verbal are classified as verbal two years munication. Stone and her colleagues are genes that may contribute range from three “People with autism have deficits in later, and the remaining 40 percent have assessing the reliability and validity of the to 20. Haines and colleagues are focusing on
28 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 29 The Mysterious, Magnificent Brain managingSCHIZOPHRENIA A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT
reat wits are sure to madness near searchers are making exciting discoveries computers or in other solitary pursuits,”Park lucinations that result from too much animals. One group of studies overseen by allied,”wrote poet John Dryden in in schizophrenia. Park is particularly in- says. “We’re questioning that assumption. dopamine in the brain. Treatment strategy Sanders-Bush, for example, examines the vi- “G1681, “And thin partitions do their terested in how deficiencies of the frontal It may be that the brain function of schizo- was based on blocking dopamine.” sual perception of fruit flies that have been bounds divide.”Dryden was neither the cortex might produce symptoms of schiz- phrenics would improve with more social Meltzer, by contrast, viewed the disease administered hallucinogenic drugs. first nor the last to observe the link between ophrenia. “The frontal cortex is propor- interaction.” holistically, which meant looking at learn- “We still don’t know much about 90 creative genius and mental instability— tionally much larger in humans than in Studies such as these are significant, but ing, memory, attention, and executive func- percent of the genes that are expressed in particularly the hallucinations, paranoia, other species, possibly because it evolved to give the most complete picture of what’s tion—the capacity to make good judgments. the human brain,”says Meltzer. “The ex- and disturbed emotional responses that to cope with complex social organizations going on in the human brain, functional Cognitive deficit problems such as these are pectation is that some of them will be linked characterize what we now call schizophrenia. that characterize our species,”she says. neuroimaging is a giant step forward. The not helped by dopamine receptor blockage. with schizophrenia, which will allow us “The list of poets, artists, political lead- “Social situations are more difficult than collaboration of two other Vanderbilt re- Meltzer’s work showed that clozapine, and to develop drugs to increase or decrease ers, and other creative people who have any laboratory cognitive problems. You are searchers has produced a major breakthrough subsequently developed drugs, could sub- their expression.” suffered from psychoses like schizophre- constantly updating information in your in our ability to study brain disorders like stantially improve cognitive deficits. Researchers like Park look forward to a nia and manic depression is staggering,” memory, observing the other person’s be- schizophrenia. Drs. Robert Kessler, profes- “Now that we understand better that schiz- time when schizophrenia will be managed Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin, 1888 says Sohee Park, who joined the College of havior and anticipating what they might sor of radiology and radiological sciences, ophrenia is a cognitive illness, we’re in a po- in much the same way as other diseases like Arts and Science faculty last year as asso- be thinking and programming your re- director of neuroradiology, and director of sition to focus on exploring cognitive diabetes. “It’s a goal for all of us studying ciate professor of psychology. sponse while inhibiting any inappropriate PET research; and Herbert Meltzer, impairment and how better to treat it,”says schizophrenia,”she says. schizophrenia’s profile The prospect of having one’s creative ge- actions. We all do this automatically yet it’s Bixler/Johnson/Mays Chair in Psychiatry, Meltzer, who believes his research will also “Treatment is continually getting better. Characterized by: Hallucinations, delu- nius immortalized may provide a measure really much more complex than solving professor of psychiatry and of pharmacol- enhance understanding of Alzheimer’s dis- Many schizophrenia patients are creative sions, disturbed thought processes, dis- of compensation for the Vincent Van Goghs, differential equations.” ogy, and director of the Mental Health Clinical ease, other forms of dementia, and even people with much to contribute, and if we turbed emotional responses, motor symptoms. Sylvia Plaths, and Edgar Allen Poes of the Park and her colleagues have found that Research Center at Vanderbilt, have devel- age-associated memory impairment. can find intervention strategies to help chil- To date, no single confirming marker for world—but for the average person living persons with schizophrenia exhibit severe oped brain imaging methods that allow them Because the class of drugs Meltzer helped dren before the disease devastates them, schizophrenia has been identified, making with mental illness in the here and now, sim- deficits in the type of short-term memo- to look at basic defects in the dopamine sys- develop produces fewer side effects than pre- they will be able to realize their potential positive diagnosis difficult. ple tasks like brushing your teeth can rep- ry called working memory, which is the tem and how new antipsychotics differ from vious anti-psychotics, they can be used more rather than waste away in homeless shelters. Affects: 1 to 2 percent of the population resent a monumental struggle, says Park. system for maintaining information in brief older ones in their ability to block receptors. broadly for treating depression, mania, We may not be able to cure schizophrenia, worldwide. Much higher rates are found in “Traditional antipsychotic drugs can storage to guide behavior. Dopamine is known best as the neuro- Alzheimer’s disease, senile sarcoses, charac- but we hope to help people lead fruitful, small pockets of northern Finland, Western alleviate the more florid psychotic symp- In simple short-term memory exercis- transmitter involved with Parkinson’s dis- ter disturbances, and personality disorders. productive, normal lives.” Ireland, and Palau in Micronesia. toms of schizophrenia like delusions and es, they have found that positive rein- ease. In Parkinson’s patients, the cells that One of the more intriguing sources of —GayNelle Doll hallucinations,”she says, “But they’re less forcement from another person in the same make dopamine degenerate. Until recently, information about schizophrenia comes Manifests itself: In late adolescence or early adulthood. Males tend to have earli- effective in addressing the lack of drive that room produces improved memory per- only the area of the dopamine system in the from hallucinogenic drugs like LSD and PCP, er onset and more treatment-resistant prob- makes some schizophrenics unable to get formance. By comparison, positive rein- brain related to Parkinson’s disease had been also known as phencyclidine or angel dust. lems; psychosis in females may increase out of bed for days, much less hold down forcement in the form of computer messages quantified. Now, with an imaging compound Elaine Sanders-Bush is professor of phar- after menopause, leading researchers to be- a job. People with schizophrenia are often or recorded voice produces no apprecia- Kessler developed last year, researchers are macology, professor of psychiatry, and in- lieve estrogen may afford some protection. perceived as lazy, when in fact their lack of ble improvement. able to image the rest of the dopamine sys- vestigator and senior fellow at the John F. drive is part of the frontal lobe syndrome In another test, Park measured work- tem and examine key areas of the brain re- Kennedy Center. She has spent years exam- Possible causes: Schizophrenia has been solidly linked as a genetic disease. Relatives that characterizes schizophrenia.” ing memory in schizophrenia patients as lated to psychosis and memory impairment. ining the role of serotonin and serotonin re- of schizophrenia patients face a tenfold risk Learning more about schizophrenia is they viewed two film clips—one a light, ceptors in the action of hallucinogenic drugs. of developing the disorder. Complications made all the more difficult by the very con- funny scene from the movie “Grumpy Old eltzer has been a key figure in devel- “Hallucinogenic drugs are a fascinating in the second trimester of expectant moth- ditions that make it so devastating. For schiz- Men” and a second from an upbeat Home oping an improved class of antipsy- class of drugs because they produce an al- ers seem to place offspring at increased risk ophrenic patients who have trouble functioning Shopping Network pitchwoman selling Mchotic drugs, particularly clozapine, tered perception and some of the same symp- for developing schizophrenia. in the real world, taking part in research stud- skin care products. With the direct “I’m which, unlike earlier antipsychotics, im- toms found in humans with brain disease,” Treatment: New antipsychotic drugs such ies is difficult at best.“A patient who is para- talking to you” approach of the pitchwoman, proves cognition. Sanders-Bush says. By discovering which as clozapine alleviate both cognitive im- noid might refuse to enter a scanner because subjects’ working memory improved. “Schizophrenia has been difficult to treat genes are altered by these drugs, scientists pairment and hallucinations. he thinks the researcher is trying to steal his “Most people assume that persons with because we don’t fully understand all its mul- hope to identify genes important in schizo- brain, for example,”Park explains. schizophrenia don’t like other people, that tiple aspects,”Meltzer explains. “For years, phrenia. Hallucinogenic drugs can be used Despite the challenges, Vanderbilt re- they’re better off left alone, working with people focused on the delusions and hal- to produce behavioral effects in laboratory
30 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 31 Are things getting better or falling ilies, and life in the triple-zero decade’s apart? Did the bombs that leveled fast lane, who has time to stop and think Hiroshima and Nagasaki stop the about big questions like these? Anyway, lights of civilization from going out or what does it matter? show humanity’s darkest capacity for David Wood thinks it matters a lot. mass destruction? In an era of global The Vanderbilt philosopher organized a warming, ethnic cleansing, and drug- series of three public lectures in March resistant bacteria, does on “The Possibility of Progress.” The anybody still think speakers—John Lachs, John Compton, the world is im- and Gregg Horowitz—are all distinguished proving? And professors of philosophy at Vanderbilt, with all the but their takes on this issue could hard- busy-ness ly be more different. What follows over of jobs, fam- the next few pages is an abridgement of their lectures.
Introductory text: Beth Conklin, Associate Professor of Anthropology
TheThe PossibilityPossibility ofof ProgressProgress VANDERBILT PHILOSOPHERS LOOK AT JUST HOW FAR WE’VE COME
ILLUSTRATION BY TORNE WHITE Both by John Lachs Better Off o victims of 20th-century atrocities, dieval Europe were infested with parasites what would satisfy them cannot deny that ions with a claim. and Better: my argument may seem sinister and hol- and found themselves at the mercy of tyran- ingenuity, inventiveness, and sustained labor Momentous changes take place in Tlow. To intellectuals who equate so- nical rulers and a poorly understood, ter- have made human life immeasurably better. human relations when people realize Moral Progress phistication with cynicism, it will appear naive rorizing world. The peasants of the Black In assessing what good there might be in that trade is a better way to relieve oth- and perhaps shallow. To seekers after perfec- Forest Heidegger so admires lived in cramped the world, human welfare cannot be disre- ers of their goods than force. It is no Amid Continuing tion who find each number wanting because discomfort and suffered from painful de- garded. Might it nevertheless be true that overstatement that replacing war with it falls shy of the infinite, it will be a lesson in generative ailments. People everywhere were growing comfort entails moral loss? If only commerce is a turning point in the moral Carnage futility. But to the rest of us, what I have to decimated by war, malnutrition, persecu- austerity can build character, our good for- evolution of humankind. Instead of say may serve as a useful reminder of how for- tion, tuberculosis, and venereal disease. tune in living well and long must surely hur- wanting other people dead, we want tunate we are to live today and not even just The relatively few who survived past the age tle us into spiritual decline. Active virtues are them to live and prosper. We begin to a few hundred years ago. It may also evoke of twenty-five suffered from digestive mal- likely to atrophy, the imagination may shriv- view our trading partners in the same reasonable hopes for the future and establish functions and rotting teeth. Persons of the el, and we will be tempted to turn inward favorable light in which we bathe ourselves. John Lachs is an optimist a standard by which to measure the magni- wrong religion were executed, people were to wallow in our happiness. Their habits become interesting, their choic- whose family left war-ravaged tude of the tasks on the road ahead. deprived of property on the basis of accu- Contrary to the fears and warnings of es respectable, their fates important. We are I wish to show that in spite of the misery sations alone, and those in debt went to Luddites, the means our prosperous indus- ready to protect them, as we did in Kuwait, Europe to find hope and and wickedness that still remain in the world, jail never to return. trial world provides directly promote the and admit them as valued persons into our possibility in the United States. the human race has enjoyed significant moral A better understanding of the human body, growth of virtue. Consider the power of community. progress over the course of history. At the very the development of technology, and the spread telecommunications. Medieval villages re- Those who wish to argue that trade and He thinks Americans don’t least, the ways in which being better off con- of democratic values made life better in large ceived virtually no news from the outside. wealth and communication change only our give themselves enough credit tribute to being better are poorly understood and small ways that are nearly impossible to Today, e-mail, the telephone, CNN, and fax actions and not who we are need to develop for how much better— and inadequately appreciated. I hope to be detail. The best summary of these blessings is machines have forged indissoluble links be- a better understanding of the intricate rela- able to clarify the connection. to note that they improve the human lot by tween us and people around the globe. Once tions between “external”actions and the inner and better off—we are these Let me begin by acknowledging that increasing the range of our choices. we know what happens to them, we cannot person. What we do again and again penetrates days, both morally and materially. the 20th century was full of events ranging We can now do things prior generations be indifferent to their fates. the soul and shapes it in its image. from the lamentable to the awful, and the could hardly imagine the gods perform- Those who think there has been no moral On the whole, humans today are not only 21st century is following suit. Religious in- ing: sending messages to each other in the progress through the ages should recall that better off but also better than previous gener- tolerance, ethnic hatreds, and national ri- dark of night, making hot rooms cold by for thousands of years humans struggled ations. And by “better” I mean not only valries contribute to the misery of hundreds turning a knob, and growing food in desert without an impartially administered law pro- that we do good things more often, but also of millions of people. Random violence erupts sand. Such choices mean that we can de- tecting their lives and property. When laws that we are, on the whole, morally more even in the most civilized countries, and termine our own good: we can still permit proscribing and punishing criminal acts first admirable people. fraud, lying, cheating, and coercion consti- our teeth to rot or the heat to suffocate us, emerged, as in the code of Hammurabi, they Being on the whole better is consistent tute ways of life all over the globe. We must but we don’t have to. were a magnificent step in the direction of with there having been a few people in prior also consider that morality does not progress As with all good things, progress comes at human security. ages who were more virtuous than anyone at the same rate everywhere. a price. The use of penicillin has admittedly Rapid transportation, instant communi- living today, and it does not even suggest that For most people in most of the industri- caused a number of deaths and its availabili- cation, and universal commerce make us par- we are in some absolute and final sense “good.” ally advanced countries, life today is strik- ty may have contributed to less than optimal ticipants in the lives of others. The leisure and All injustice has not been overcome, all pain ingly easier, safer, richer in choices, more caution in sexual relations. But the millions wealth generated by highly efficient economies has not been stilled, all needs have not been diversified, healthier, more just, longer, and of lives it saved is out of proportion to the rel- provide the wherewithal to aid our fellows. met. We find throwbacks and face reversals more satisfying than ever before. We eat bet- atively few whose loss or diminution may be Without the infrastructure of the industrial again and again. But taking all of this into ac- ter, suffer less pain, are ravaged by fewer dis- attributed to it. world, large-scale concern for others would be count, we still feel the tides of decency rising eases, exercise greater control over our Heroic self-sacrifice may be more uncom- impossible. The only sure source of decency is and see shafts of light to guide our actions environment, face brighter prospects, have mon today, because it is less necessary. But we the imagination that enables us to place our- and to feed our hope. a better chance of enjoying worthwhile ex- are amply compensated for such losses. selves in the position of others. Sensory con- periences, and live more peaceful lives than Individual generosity has placed 12 percent tact with the distant functions as a mechanized any previous generation. of our vast national wealth at the permanent imagination. Television brings us the distant To learn what life was like in prior cen- service of education, the arts, and the helping scene and we are no longer required to con- turies, we need to read about the travail of professions. Government considers it a sacred struct for ourselves how others might live and John Lachs is Centennial Professor of Philosophy ordinary persons, not the exploits of the high obligation to take care of the sick and the eld- what they believe. Sympathies expand as more and a senior fellow at the Vanderbilt Institute and mighty. The little people who built the erly. Even those who want to argue that hu- of the world enters our consciousness until for Public Policy Studies. pyramids of Egypt and the cathedrals of me- mans lack good will or an ultimate vision of people we have never met become compan-
34 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 35 New and by Gregg Horowitz Not Improved: hen we speak of progress we arrange me to offer readers a reason for thinking that what Photoshop has begun to reveal to us Gursky’s images try to show how the Is There Progress historical moments along some yard- the history of art is not progressive at all. is that a world in which invention and intel- face of the world, which is now only Wstick of improvement and then meas- Photoshop is a technological advance, but it ligibility are so entirely riven, a world in which a mask, has gotten away from us. in the Arts? ure particular moments as better or worse. is bringing to an end one of the dominant painting and photography, hand and eye, Our technology allows us just The concept of progress thereby allows us visual arts through which we have made our are, in the words of the philosopher Theo- enough distance to remain un- to treat historical change as an unfolding world intelligible for the last 150 years. It ex- dor Adorno, two halves that do not add up moved by this mask even when drama with a coherent narrative structure emplifies how new technologies, regardless to a whole—that this is an impossible it grimaces in pain. It is a touch-up of beginning, middle, and end. Let us con- of whether they bear with them new forms world. technology that is driving our Greg Horowitz, a Gen-Xer with sider how, if at all, this sort of historical of art, have the awesome power to destroy artistic ability to represent the an attitude that matches his awareness is relevant to understanding art. the expressive possibilities of the ones that world’s claim on us backwards We need works of art to anchor our think- they displace. rather than forwards. The world that all-black wardrobe, shrugs off the ing about historical progress, and I have At the same time, the thought cannot touch us visually is the world whole idea of societal progress. chosen the work of Andreas Gursky, a con- that Photoshop is the final blow without a face. “It’s a generational thing,” temporary German photographer who is the to painting also holds an This problem of whether subject of a mid-career retrospective at the immediate attraction be- the world can be visually meas- he says. “I never had that kind of Museum of Modern Art in New York City. cause one of the charac- ured is at the heart of Gursky’s an expectation, to be either Gursky is the first serious photographer to teristic features of the photographs. It is also what have made significant aesthetic use of the new technology is that ties his work to the history disappointed or to reaffirm it.” technology for photographic manipulation it allows photogra- of painting understood as He points to art as an example of called Photoshop. It is computer software phers to develop ca- the effort to render the with which one can manipulate photographs pacities for inven- world visually intelligi- how irrelevant it is to talk about in seemingly endless ways. tion that remained ble. The reiteration of things getting better. “Art doesn’t While Photoshop is not the first and no largely the proper- elements in Gursky’s get more beautiful over time. In doubt will not be the last such technology, it ty of painting in overstuffed Photoshop is the first with sufficient power to break the the era of straight images is, in a sense, the fact, the art we really like is almost evidential link between photography and the photography. photographic equiva- always older, from at least one world. Philosophers typically characterize this The invention lent of impressionism, evidential link in terms of counterfactual de- of photography in- an art of the disappear- generation earlier.” pendence: were the object not present in front deed was a disaster ing world. of the lens when the shutter opened, the pho- for painters and With Photoshop, Gur- tograph would not be able to show it. painting in many re- sky has, perhaps, given a What is ironic about the impact of spects, and it is part of face to the faceless world. Photoshop on photography is that in at- my interpretation of It is a surprisingly beautiful tacking the basis of what was a specifically Gursky that he knows it face, a fact I have not even re- photographic practice, i.e. the use of the cam- was. The invention of pho- ferred to until now, but its beau- era to make counterfactually dependent pic- tography nonetheless was a ty is a mask for something. Whether tures, the new technology is flinging the consequence, and not a cause, this sort of masking eventually be- art of photography into the modernist of the crisis in the history of paint- comes expressive will have some bearing whirlpool just as photography, when it was ing. Not surprisingly, therefore, the on the future of art and is therefore a ques- a new technology, seemed to do to the art of techniques of painting continued to mat- tion of pressing concern for aesthetes. painting. Photoshop transforms photogra- ter so much that the question of their fate But whether we can craft a face at all that phy from a technology with a uniquely pow- generated both one of the most dynamic pe- Gursky’s is fit to measure a world that has unhanded erful capacity to show us our world into an riods in Western painting as well as a per- working procedure is some- us is a problem for the future of the human antiquated technique, and that, to all ap- manent case of painting envy in artistic thing like this: he first makes photographs that world in general, and, as such, its significance pearances, was exactly the fate that photog- photographers. But Photoshop threatens to are counterfactually dependent on the world, for us all is immeasurable. raphy imposed on painting. Photography wreck photography’s inner life and so also but he sees them as a forms of misrepresenta- might continue to exist as a hobby or a spe- threatens the remnants of painting. tion. Because they are so immediately recog- cialty taste, as does painting, but its privilege Photography’s automatic nature may have nizable, they lie. Gursky then uses Photoshop Gregg Horowitz is associate professor of in capturing the visual world is passing away. let the world take care of itself, but it did so to fill out the image so that it becomes simul- philosophy. The crisis in recent photography permits by leaving the hand out of the picture. Perhaps taneously incomprehensible and all too vivid.
36 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 37 Knowledge by John Compton and Power: full assessment of the impact of scien- forth as a matter both of religious duty and seems to have ultimate consequences. When to treat the earth simply as our re- Some Social tific and technological progress shows public policy: If we would only organize sci- we vote, we are forced to attend to momentous source. We have to reconceive our Athat it has utterly transformed our way entific societies and give them governmental environmental issues and to assess policies situation, to realize that we are not su- Consequences of being-in-the-world. Not only do we have support, we could bring humankind to its which will have far-reaching, and often quite perior to, but only different from, our marvelously enhanced powers to advance the rightful dominion over nature and permit us, unpredictable, effects for generations to come. fellow creatures. There is no basis for di- of Scientific and human good, but those very powers set be- in his words, to “effect all things possible.” We seem propelled into a kind of speculative viding the world into the human and the fore us far-reaching social and ethical choic- Astonishing and prophetic words for the goal thinking that used to be the preserve of utopias. non-human any more. It is surely time Technological es that entail huge, unprecedented risks. of science—to “effect all things possible.” We know there’s been broad progress in to act on what we know, to renew our sense Increased scientific and technical knowl- Scientifically based technology, thus scientific, technical, and economic terms. But of common destiny with all the citizens of Progress edge has all along brought unsettling disloca- understood, fundamentally transforms the one is forced to ask whether there has been the planet, human and non-human alike. tions with it. New scientific understanding has meaning of human action. For centuries, moral progress, progress in giving human Happily, there are strands in our often challenged traditional religious and human activity had largely local and tempo- meaning to our lives. Yes, surely, in impor- philosophies and religions that support philosophical ideas—as happened with the rary effects.“Technai,”the arts and crafts, were tant ways. Through the sciences, we under- this kinder, gentler view of human beings Copernican and Darwinian revolutions, or, relatively simple and human in scale, with stand who we are and where we come from in the natural world. This is not a matter of The son of a Nobel Prize winner as we sense today, in the rigorous probing of limited environmental impact. far better than before. And, thanks to re- some fanciful “going back to nature”—a pure, who led the development of the physical basis of mind. And new tech- In recent years, with newer technologies markable advances in agricultural, industri- wild Thoreauian nature that never existed in nologies have always brought with them trans- and more and more people to employ and al, and medical technologies, human beings the first place. What we do have to do is the atomic bomb, John Compton formations in social practice. be served by them, the impacts have been can (and probably do) do more good things recognize that our neighbor and distant is especially concerned about But “Big Science” pervasively linked to dramatically magnified—irreversible for more people than ever before. non-human creatures count ethically. Their the double-edged consequences “Big Technology,”as we now know it, is a com- depletion of water and mineral resources, But we can see the dark side of this as well. interests have to be taken into account in the pletely new phenomenon, with unprecedented irreversible loss of old forest lands, of top- There are too many people—within our own decisions we make, just as we take into of science and technology. social and environmental impact. Today, there soil in farm land, and of thousands of plant country and elsewhere—for whom scientific account our own interests and those “August 6, 1945, was the day that is not a manufacturer or business that does and animal species, polluted surface air and and technological “progress”is little more than of our neighbor and distant not feed off basic scientific research, and there water, nuclear waste that won’t go away for a word. And the environmental consequences human beings— even if not in called the whole idea of progress is no basic research in the physical and bio- 10,000 years, ozone holes, and, in and through of many technologies threaten planetary the same way or as decisively. into question for me,” he says. logical sciences without foreseeable—and of it all, global warming. health and survivability. True moral progress— We see that if we don’t do this, course, also, unforeseeable—consequences The conclusion is clear: human actions insofar as we can speak of it at all—depends we impoverish our lives. In the in practical application. In the process, now have a power and reach we earlier upon our success in facing the immense glob- long run, what promotes the entire social role of the sciences has been contemplated only in myth. And with this al problems we have helped to create. ecological vitality and transformed. The scientist has become an transformation of the meaning of human I think by now most of us see what it will well-being promotes agent of social change. action comes a transformation in the mean- take for us to approach a more sustainable ours as well. New science and new technology are every- ing of ethics. relation to the environment—it is taking and I am optimistic. where—in our consumer goods, our hous- The only object of traditional ethics had will take a fundamental shift in our culture. I believe we’re on the way. es, our foods and medicines, our automobiles, been to bring order and improvement to human There is still an immense amount of denial. But there is an undercurrent of critical roads, airplanes, and computers, in our busi- life. We had earlier supposed that nature could We Americans waste energy—and food and doubt that we need to keep with us. There is ness and government services, and even in take care of itself. But it is now plain that the other resources—in amounts beyond belief. no way of completely avoiding the risks that music, education, and the arts. entire natural order is vulnerable to human We tend to resist policies—or new, more en- go with the promise of new knowledge and We have come to see that the link between power. Along with the human good, we have vironmentally salutary technologies—that technical power. What we can do is to tem- science and technology is not accidental; sci- to consider the well-being of the land and the we think might limit our freedom or our per anxiety with caution, constant vigilance, ence is, in fact, essentially technological. plant and animal communities around us— lifestyle. And political obstacles are world- and a profound sense of our global role. This was hardly visible before. The time not only as they affect us, but for themselves. wide—the global village is a tremendously What was once the responsibility of a few span between theory and any application was There’s only the sketchiest provision for this complex and contentious place, where water scientists, inventors, and policy makers is now often quite long. But William James saw it in traditional ethics. Nature just doesn’t fig- and land and economic development are the responsibility of us all. clearly: Any theoretical investigation that seeks ure except as a backdrop to human life. bound up with deep and long-lasting polit- law-like explanations of phenomena is ready- We can see a further consequence—it is ical conflicts. There is much to be done. made for application, a formula for action. what one philosopher, Hans Jonas, recently But the challenge is more than economic Descartes was right about this link between called the almost “utopian drift” of everyday and political, it is ethical and philosophical. As knowledge and power when he told us that choices and, therefore, of many of our politi- I’ve tried to tell my students over the years, the the “new science”could make us “masters and cal decisions as well. Everything we do—what so-called “environmental crisis”isn’t any longer John Compton is professor of philosophy, possessors of nature.”Francis Bacon put it we buy, what we eat, how much fuel we burn— a crisis, it’s a “condition.”We are not licensed emeritus.
38 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 39 BY L EW H ARRIS
ome people call Dr. Charlie ed me out. We didn’t start dating until the Harrison “The Tall Healer.” following summer, when I was taking a Colleagues took to calling him “Doc whole year of physics in summer Hollywood”when the longtime Atlanta school plus a graduate course at SFalcons team physician started appearing be- Peabody.”He and Betty married after fore television cameras to talk about head coach his first year at the Emory School of Dan Reeves’ dramatic recovery from heart by- Medicine. They have three grown sons. pass surgery in 1998. His favorite nickname, “That entire family are such good however, is “Chick,”the nickname used by his people,”says Tommy Nobis, an NFL Hall of five grandchildren. Fame linebacker for the Falcons who is now The same adjectives keep coming up when “It’s fun to work with the team’s vice president of corporate devel- longtime associates describe Harrison—great people who are tremendously opment. “When you get to know Betty and doctor, smart, honest, humble, personable, car- Charlie, you just can’t help but like them. ing, friendly, funny, a good family man. He’s motivated to get well. They’re a perfect couple.” also an accomplished amateur photogra- Harrison completed his residency at Duke pher, an avid Bible reader who serves on his A high performance athlete University Medical Center. He was complet- church board, and once won the blue ribbon who makes his living ing a tour of duty with the Air Force in 1966. for a flower arrangement at a competition be- The Falcons and Braves both came to Atlanta tween two garden clubs. playing a particular sport that same year, and Harrison became their Team physician for the Falcons for thirty- team physician by a quirk of fate. five years, Harrison is among the best in the wants to get back (from an Still in the Air Force, he traveled to Atlanta business. In February he received the Hawk injury or illness) as soon as looking for office space in March of 1966. He Award, emblematic of the NFL Physician of ducked into a delicatessen and bumped into the Year, from the Professional Football Physicians he can.” two physicians who had taught him at Emory Society this past February. His three and a half Medical School. They were members of an decades with the Falcons is one of the longest orthopedic group that had been selected by doctor affiliations in NFL history. both the Braves and Falcons. “I love it,”he says.“It’s fun to work with All-American Clyde Lee came along about a “They were getting ready to go to spring people who are tremendously motivated to get decade later. Harrison ranks second to Lee training with the Braves and didn’t have an well. A high performance athlete who makes in the highest rebounding average ever by a internist to help them give physicals,”Harrison his living playing a particular sport wants to senior (14.3), and is third in the same cate- says. “They said, ‘Could you get time off in get back (from an injury or illness) as soon gory for juniors (12.9). He still ranks either a couple of weeks to come down to West Palm as he can. It keeps the competitive fires burn- fourth of fifth in four other Vanderbilt re- Beach and help us do the physicals? We also ing just being around these players.” bounding records, forty-five years after play- just learned today that we’ve been selected Jerry Rhea, who worked with Harrison for ing his last game. He helped lead Vanderbilt by the Falcons to do their orthopedic work.’ twenty-five years as the Falcons trainer before to 16-6 and 19-4 records his junior and sen- “I said, ‘Why don’t we do a doublehead- moving into the team’s front office, believes he ior years, respectively. er, and I’ll do the Braves if you’ll let me do knows the keys to Harrison’s success. More important than the rebounding the Falcons, too. You think about it and call “First of all, he’s a fine doctor who doesn’t records, Harrison also met his future wife at me when you decide.’ They called me that
JON ROU JON have any arrogance about him,”says Rhea.“He’s Vanderbilt. Betty Ponder Harrison, B.A. ’56, night and agreed to that arrangement.” intellectually astute but he’s very down home, transferred to Vanderbilt after attending Agnes A few years later the Atlanta Hawks came humble, kind of foot-shuffling smart. He is Scott College for two years. The 5’10” young on the scene, and Harrison added them to terribly good with people, too. When he talks woman asked one of her brothers, who was his “roster.” He also took care of the Atlanta to you, you know it’s honest. Also, there’s a dif- attending Vanderbilt, if he had any tall friends soccer team, the Chiefs. About the time the ference in being a good doctor and being a or fraternity brothers. He replied that 6’7” Chiefs dissolved, the Atlanta Flames hockey good team physician because of the psyche basketball player Charlie Harrison was a fra- team was formed and, you guessed it, Harrison of taking care of athletes. He was an athlete ternity brother. She immediately looked up became their team physician. at Vandy and he thinks like one.” Charlie’s picture in her brother’s yearbook. Over the years, Harrison was forced to FOR 35 YEARS ALUMNUS HAS TENDED THE ACHES AND PAINS OF THE ATLANTA FALCONS Harrison, B.A. ’56, was a scholarship bas- “The first day Betty was at Vanderbilt, I limit his team physician duties to those with Tall Healer ketball player who set Vanderbilt rebound- walked into Irelands,”Harrison says. “She the Falcons. ing records that were not broken until was in there with her brother and he point- “It was running me ragged,”he says of
40 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 41 those days when he was ministering to every my wife, he loved my mother-in-law, and I on the sideline in four weeks,’”Reeves recalls. Atlanta professional team. “I just couldn’t cover really think he liked me. I knew if I could “That goal helped me focus. Instead of feel- all the bases and practice medicine, too. My survive five years with Norm Van Brocklin, I ing sorry for myself, and thinking that I’m A MONUMENTAL sports medicine really amounted to about twen- could survive anything.” getting ready to die or something, I had some- ty or thirty percent of my time early on, but as Harrison’s greatest fame as a “jock doc” thing to shoot for. Sure enough, exactly four J my practice grew, I had to cut back on sports.” came when he diagnosed Dan Reeves’ heart weeks later I was back coaching the first play- Still, his time in the sports world has pro- condition and then cared for him so that the off game and six weeks later I’m out there by Victor Judge ourney vided some priceless memories of working Atlanta coach could return to the sidelines coaching in the Super Bowl.” with great players like the late “Pistol Pete” just weeks after undergoing triple bypass The feel-good story of Reeves’ road to re- Maravich in basketball, Hank Aaron and Joe heart surgery. covery was national news, particularly as the Torre (a four-time World Series champion Following a victory over the Saints in New team kept winning. The media descended manager with the New York Yankees) with Orleans, Reeves, who had two episodes of on Harrison’s office. SERBIAN the Braves, and Falcons stars like Nobis, Claude heart difficulty in previous coaching stints “The media frenzy started the week be- GRADUATE STUDENTS Humphrey, and “Neon Deion” Sanders. at Denver and New York, confided about fore we played Minnesota for the NFC cham- Harrison has also worked with every Fal- danger signs he had been experiencing for pionship,”Harrison said. “Then when we WILL HELP PRESERVE cons coach in the history of the team, from a few weeks. beat Minnesota and it was apparent we were THEIR HOMELAND’S Norb Hecker to Reeves. The most unique coach “After the game was over, I said,‘Charlie, going to the Super Bowl, the media was in on that list was the late Norm Van Brocklin. I’m having those same symptoms in my throat my office from dawn until sunset. It con- ARTISTIC HERITAGE “Norm had a nickname for everybody,” that they told me would always be my cue tinued all during the week we were in Miami says Rhea. “Norm named Charlie ‘The Tall that something was wrong with my heart. for the Super Bowl.”That’s when he earned Healer.’ Our orthopedic surgeon, Dr. James I’m going to wait until the season is over and the “Doc Hollywood” nickname. Funk, was about 5’6” and Norm nicknamed then get it checked out. Do you think that’s Charles Elbert Harrison is an imminent- him ‘The Mini Healer.’” okay?’ He looked at me and said, ‘That’s ly successful internist. The American College Van Brocklin, a Pro Football Hall of the dumbest thing I’ve ever heard in my life. of Physicians conferred the title, Master, upon Fame quarterback during his playing days, We need to get this checked out and checked him in 1998, an honor shared by only about was from the old school, and was known out now.’” 300 internists in the world. as “Stormin’ Norman” for good reason. One Harrison, who had given Reeves a phys- At age 66, Harrison has no plans to retire. WOODIE S. KNIGHT a a of his first decrees, upon arriving as head ical and stress tests when he first came to He says he took up golf four years ago, Upon completing masters’ degrees in art history, Jelena Bogdanovi and Ljubomir Milanovi plan to return to their native Serbia to teach and help restore the monuments attacked during the undeclared coach of the Falcons, was that there would Atlanta, was aware of the previous episodes and jokes that “it’s a lot more expensive than war of 1999 between their country and a NATO alliance. be absolutely no water on the sidelines for of heart trouble. He immediately examined skiing so I’ve got to keep on working to pay the players to drink during games. He held the coach and then got on his cell phone to for it.”His longtime friend, Rhea, predicts, to that dictum for the first exhibition game, arrange for an angiogram to be performed “He’ll practice until he dies because heir introduction to the American South occurred in a Belgrade cinema. Harrison recalls. on Reeves early the next morning. He had a he enjoys it.” Silhouetted against the Georgia dawn, an unvanquished Scarlett “So there was a little conference the next good idea of what it might reveal. As for the nickname Chick, he got it from T Monday and I said,‘Norm, I don’t know any- “I knew it was probably going to show the oldest of his grandchildren, Charles O’Hara, in dubbed Serbo-Croatian, proclaimed from the radish patch thing about coaching football and you don’t that he needed heart bypass surgery. The rea- McGregor Harrison.“I’d sing Charlie McGregor that with God as her witness she would never be hungry again. know anything about doctoring. We’re not son I knew this was the time interval between had a farm and go through all the animals This melodramatic scene from David O. Selznick’s 1939 production of “Gone going to take the liability of not having flu- the first difficulties he had experienced and when he was little. I would save the chickens With The Wind” and contemporary glossy advertisements depicting Nashville ids on the sideline and if that’s the way it’s this one. The angiogram showed that he did for last and he would absolutely just guffaw as Music City USA were the only images of the South that Jelena Bogdanovic going to be, you’re going to have to get your- have multi-vessel obstructions, one of which with gales of laughter. So he started calling and Ljubomir Milanovic had seen before arriving last August at Vanderbilt self another doctor.’He backed off.” was ninety-nine percent closed.” me Chick Chick. As he got a little older, it Indeed, Harrison is credited with first in- Reeves was devastated when he learned shortened to Chick. All the rest of the grand- University. Having completed their first year of graduate studies in art troducing the administering of I.V. fluids for he needed immediate open heart bypass sur- children picked it up, so I’m Chick.” history, their perspectives of the South now extend beyond scenes staged for players suffering from dehydration during or gery, thinking it would prevent him from the 70-millimeter wide screen and travel brochures. after games. Administering I.V.fluids to play- coaching the remainder of the year. Having Bogdanovic and Milanovic have found Nashvillians to be amiable and the ers in danger of dehydration is now a standard anticipated that reaction, Harrison had fig- University’s administration and faculty to be supportive of international practice in both college and pro football. ured out the first playoff game would be four students. They continue to be amazed at the libraries’ plentiful resources and Despite Van Brocklin’s volatile temper — weeks away if the Falcons won their division he once threatened to throw Harrison off the and earned a first round open date. how readily accessible books are for research. The most challenging adjust- team plane but later apologized—the Tall “Dr. Harrison said,‘Realistically, if things ment the two art historians have had to make, however, is to the weather; both Healer still has fond memories. “Norm loved go the way they should, you could be back prefer the South’s winter and spring to the humid dog days of summer.
42 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 43 of Belgrade.“To deny myself the opportunity to study in the United Peter Reed, acting dean of the Graduate School, informing her that A States because of political reasons would be to lock myself in a small she had been awarded the University’s highest honorary graduate Peaceful Translation ghetto where I close my eyes, my ears, and my mouth. I witnessed fellowship. But as Milanovic approached customs officials at the As they enter their final year at Vanderbilt and begin writing their Yugoslavia become a ghetto during the past decade of economic sanc- Serbian-Hungarian border, he feared being denied passage because masters’ theses, Bogdanovic and Milanovic anticipate returning to tions. Our intellectual maps cannot be restricted by the same bound- of a secret that accompanied him. Serbia where they plan to teach on the university level. They also aries that divide geographical maps.” Although he had fulfilled his obligation of military service in the hope to apply their graduate coursework in Byzantine and medieval For Bogdanovic to make the transition from architecture to art Yugoslavian military a decade earlier, Milanovic knew there was a art history to projects dedicated to the restoration and preservation history, she would need to enroll in a university outside Serbia be- possibility of being conscripted for the defense of Belgrade during of Serbia’s religious monuments—such as the monasteries that cause cross-disciplinary studies in higher education had been dis- the attacks by the NATO alliance. He remembers the evening of March Bogdanovic sketched as a young girl when she and her parents trav- couraged since Tito’s death in 1980 when experimental educational 24, 1999, sitting in his room and reading when the first sirens were eled to the seaside, or the cloisters where Milanovic walked as a “reforms” were implemented. “During the six years I studied ar- heard at 8 o’clock. “My sister living in the Netherlands had warned boy when his grandmother took him to church. International laws chitecture, I acquired skills in design, but I never thought about con- us that the American-led force would bomb Belgrade and Kosovo; theoretically protect such monuments during conflicts, but in real- structing buildings,”she admits.“I was more interested in studying however, my father thought the sirens were signaling a practice drill, ity they are often targeted by bombs and later dismissed as the col- architectural history and preservation and in gaining more knowl- but within 20 minutes the cities were under attack,”he says. “As we lateral damage of war. edge about my country’s artistic legacy. Whereas I fail to see archi- were taking shelter I kept thinking how I could be called up for mo- By working to preserve Serbia’s artistic heritage, Bogdanovic and tectural history and art history as unrelated disciplines, the educational bilization in the army and how my work and education could be dis- Milanovic will be making their contribution to a country where the system did not promote opportunities for researchers in interdis- rupted. The next morning as I was on the bus traveling to work, first priority is not restoring cultural patrimony but promoting eco- ciplinary studies.” the sirens sounded again, and all the passengers fled to seek refuge nomic reform, where ideas about “restorative justice” are discussed in bomb shelters dating back to World War II. That’s when I decid- more frequently than restoration of Palaeologan-style frescoes in ed to go into hiding.” Gracanica. c A To avoid conscription, Milanovi hid for 15 days in a friend’s Both students contend that Serbia’s evolution toward democracy Cybernetic Discovery apartment and pretended to be out of the country while Serbian mil- must be approached as delicately as turning the pages of a medieval il- itary authorities interrogated his parents about his absence. Because luminated manuscript, yet they are optimistic about the new govern- The primary reasons that motivated Bogdanovic and Milanovic to of the pressure to which his parents were subjected, Milanovic resur- ment led by Vojislav Kostunica and his ability to help the people achieve apply to American institutions were the high rankings of the coun- faced, reported to the military authorities, and served in the army’s a catharsis after years of divisiveness. If they were asked by the recent- try’s graduate programs among the world’s universities and the avail- defense reserve. ly elected leader of Serbia to make recommendations for the transi- ability of research scholarships. Although the two applicants had “When I was preparing to cross the border into Hungary, I had no tional government, their advice to him would be expressed in a single, Maps studied for their undergraduate degrees at the same time and were idea what records the government had entered about me in the com- unequivocal statement: “Don’t steal from the people.” Without Borders residing and working in the same city, Bogdanovic and Milanovic puter and whether I would be forbidden to leave because of my earli- The Serbia to which they will return next May will be a country had never met. Both had conducted research, via the Internet, for er disappearance,”explains Milanovic.“Fortunately, there was no negative that could be compared to a “translation,”a metaphor that Bogdano- When Bogdanovic and Milanovic announced they were leaving Yugoslavia graduate schools that offered courses in Byzantine and medieval art. documentation preventing me from proceeding to Budapest.” vic finds particularly appropriate in light of a recent e-mail she to matriculate at a university in Tennessee, friends responded skepti- When the search engines linked them to Vanderbilt University’s home But his departure from eastern Europe was not without sadness. received from a friend in Belgrade. Recounted in the letter was a story cally to their decision.“You’re going to a desert,”declared one of Milanovic’s page and directed them to the name of Ljubica Popovich, associate Living in a country torn by civil strife and worrying about his son’s wel- about a television documentary featuring Serbian author Vladimir colleagues at Belgrade’s Gallery of GrafiCki Kolektiv, the city’s oldest art professor and director of graduate studies in fine arts, the futures of fare proved to be too difficult for Milanovic’s father who died from the Arsenijevic who had returned from exile in Mexico. Viewers of gallery where Milanovic , 32, worked as a historian. this pair of scholars soon would be linked. effects of a stroke before seeing his son leave for Vanderbilt. the program heard Arsenijevic read his translations of poems by Other peers questioned why they wished to study in the country Bogdanovic and Milanovic investigated the graduate programs And Bogdanovic’s year in America also was marked by sad news Xhevdet Bayray, a Kosovo Albanian writer who also had been exiled that led the NATO alliance of 19 nations during the 1999 undeclared at more than 50 universities, and Vanderbilt occupied a place on their from home. Her great uncle—who had entered self-imposed exile in from the Balkan States and lived as Arsenijevic’s next-door neigh- war against Serbia—when bombs fell for 78 days in an effort to over- short lists of schools to which they hoped to be accepted. Among the Paris since the Communist rule of Yugoslavia and who vowed he would bor in Mexico. throw Slobodan MiloSevic’s regime—an attempt that resulted in the inducements for attending the University was the opportunity to never set foot on Serbian soil until his country was liberated—died just “The idea of two Balkan literary artists of different ethnic back- destruction of human lives and Serbian cultural patrimony as low- study with Popovich, a fellow Serbian who had been given permis- seven days before the bloodless People’s Revolution of October 5, 2000, grounds exiled together in a foreign country, residing side by side, grade uranium blanketed the Balkan republic’s cities and countryside. sion to leave Communist-ruled Yugoslavia in 1957 and whose schol- and the resultant capitulation and arrest of Milosevic. and translating each other’s ideas into their respective languages rep- Milanovic, who earned the diploma of philosophy from the University arship on her country’s patrimony was familiar to both applicants. Neither student’s family experienced casualties as a direct result resents my hopes for Serbia,”she says.“I like to ponder that one day, of Belgrade, defended his decision to study in America by telling his Upon learning they had been granted admission, Popovich contacted of the bombings, but as Bogdanovic emphasizes,“Every Serbian fam- we will not be divided so strictly and that art will help us to coexist friends,“You cannot have borders in your mind if you wish to lead a the yet unacquainted classmates and encouraged them to meet in ily ultimately was affected by the war because Serbians are strongly peacefully.” scholarly life,”a defense shared by his Vanderbilt classmate, Bogdanovic. Belgrade and plan their first trip to America. connected by family ties, and within our extended families, rela- “As I was preparing the applications to different graduate schools, Departing for the United States by way of Budapest, Hungary, tionships are not narrowly defined. A second cousin is regarded as a I considered the possibility of American prejudice against Serbs, but was not only more economical but easier because of the restricted brother, and a great uncle is respected as if he were one’s grandfa- I also believed that universities would look at me as a student and number of flights from Belgrade to America. Bogdanovic and her ther. Since I have been in America, I have heard references to the ‘im- not as a member of an ethnic group,”explains Bogdanovic, 27, a na- husband, astrophysicist Dusan Danilovic, left their country without mediate or nuclear family,’but for Serbians, relationships are defined tive of Bor and an architect who also was graduated from the University any complications. Awaiting her in America would be a letter from more inclusively and extensively.”
44 VANDERBILT MAGAZINE FALL 2001 45 and suicide and divorce, and when do you open your eyes and United States. Although some members of Congress still cling say, this is all a sham.”Or,“do you keep the blinders on and mow to the illusion that the legislative branch consists of 535 “Secretaries the grass.”Or “do you put your foot down”and not listen to those of State,”the executive branch makes almost all the important who tell you “this is not enough.” decisions. There was no Congressional declaration of war in In this, his first novel, Majors, a nephew of University of the Persian Gulf or in the Balkans. There probably won’t be B OOKS Tennessee football coach Johnny Majors, writes with admirable one the next time American troops are sent into combat. restraint, avoiding high drama, too-colorful descriptions and All this is ably assessed, historically and otherwise, by these overly snappy dialog to give us a rings-true portrait of a modern political scientists, who identify what they describe as four “modes” THE MIRROR CRACK’D The scope of Oliver’s book is wide ranging, both in articulating young everyman coping with his entry into adulthood. or “models” of legislative conduct where foreign policymaking the central vision that animates James’s philosophy and in Body of a Girl by Leah Stewart, BA’94, 320 pp., Viking The author lives in Tullahoma and teaches at Motlow State is concerned: Congressional assertiveness, Congressional acquies- showing the enduring value of that vision in relation to current Press, $23.95 hardcover Community College. —Dan Gordon cence, bipartisanship, and, finally, what they describe as “the academic discussions and living issues. By focusing on division-of-labor model” in which the legislative and executive transcendence, Oliver weaves together James’s positions on To call Body of a Girl a mystery novel would be like calling Moby branches share in foreign policy decision-making. subjectivity, mystery, naturalism, evolution, religion, personal LOVE AND WAR Dick a fish story. Leah Stewart has, in her first novel, crafted a It is the last “model”that the authors see as accurately describing flourishing, and social solidarity. James’s contemporaries (most Always in My Heart: The World War II Letters of Ann well-paced whodunit in which a crime and its solution are just “the pattern of executive-legislative relations in foreign affairs notably Santayana and John Dewey) receive due attention, as the bottom layer of an absorbing, frightening psychological and Coleman Harwell, compiled and edited by Ann about 75 to 80 percent of the time.”In their view, this is the “norm” do some of our own (Daniel Dennett and Richard Dawkins). profile of a young woman slipping into insanity. Harwell Wells, BA’58, MA’60, 304 pp., Hillsboro Press, in the American foreign policy process today. Importantly, Oliver also provides an insightful commentary on Olivia Dale, reporter for a Memphis newspaper, becomes $19.95 paperback As they point out, the 1991 decision to go to war in the Persian