CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS AND HOUSEHOLD POVERTY REDUCTION

IN BIREMBO SUB COUNTY, KAKUMIRO DISTRICT~ UGANDA

BY

TUMWEBAZE MOSES

1153-06044-03352

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

NOVEMBER, 2018 DECLARATION

I Tumwebaze Moses hereby declare that this research report is my original work and it has never before been presented elsewhere for any academic award. The pieces of work from other sources have been dully recognized.

Name~-~ v’A~ 5~- S

Signed:~~ Date:~tA~?.L ~ APPROVAL

This is to confirm that this research Report on “Civil society organizations and Household poverty reduction in Birembo Sub county -Kakumiro District, Uganda is under my supervision and is now ready for submission to the College of Humanities and Social Sciences of Kampala International University.

Signature Date: ~

Pastor Rwabu ihi Emmanuel Festus

Supervisor DEDICATION

I dedicate this piece of w.~rk to my dear parents Ategeka Margret who have given me a good qualitative education and for raising me up to this level without forgetting my dear brothers and sisters Robert kyamanywa,Nalukoza alice for their contributions too. I also dedicate this work to my friends especially Senkema Richard Muwonge Mellon, Muganwa Doreen, Kieth, Kigula John and wife for advise and courage they availed to me during my research. I can’t forget my supervisor for a great work done Pastor Rwabuhihi Festus May the Almighty GOD bless you all.

III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank God the almighty for giving me wisdom and keeping healthy. I would like to express m~ incere thanks to the various people who have assisted me in any way to reach the completion of this research report especially DR. Kafero and DR. Nuwamanya B. Richard.

My most sincere appreciation goes to PASTOR RWHABUHIHI EMMANUEL FESTUS for his effective supervision and for his commitment, guidance and constructive advice whenever I needed him. I thank him very much for availing me time and energy to reach the end of the research proposal.

I would like to acknowledge and thank my family members, relatives for all the great support financially, socially and spiritually.

I do also appreciate the effort of friends and the entire discussion group for invaluable contribution extended to me in times of need and success towards my study.

Finally I thank all those persons whom I have not mentioned specifically in the acknowledgement. I will always remember you for your kindness, constant support and encouragement.

MAY GOD BLESS YOU!

iv ABBREVIATIONS,

CSOs Civil society organizations

NGOs Non-governmental organizations.

ADB Asian Development Bank.

URDT Uganda Rural Development Training.

KCSON Kibaale Civil Society Organization Network.

HHPR House Hold Poverty Reduction.

WVU World Voices Uganda.

CBOs Community Based Organizations.

UN United Nations.

WB World Bank.

KDLG Kakumiro District Local Government.

S/C Sub County.

KRC Kabarole Research Center.

UNDP United Nations Development Plan.

DCDO District Community Developmenty Officer.

PRSP Poverty Reduction Tragic paper.

LDCs Least Developed Countries.

UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics

UNDP United Nations Development program

UNHDI United Nations Human Development Index

UNHS Uganda National Household Survey

V ABSTRACT

An overwhelming body of literature claims that CSOs are an important engine of development. Analysts argue that CSOs not only improve local people’s participation in development process but also use appropriate al. proaches to development. The motivation for this study was therefore to examine the roles / contribution made by CSOs in house hold poverty reduction in Uganda, Kakumiro district Birembo sub country. The study objectives were; to examine the causes of poverty especially among households in Birembo sub country, Kakumiro district, to assess the contributions made by CSO’s in household poverty reduction, to analyze and assess the challenges faced by CSO’s towards household poverty reduction in Birembo subcounty Kakumiro district. The study applied a case study research design in examining the civil society organizations and household poverty reduction in Birembo subcounty Kakumiro district. This is because the research questions that were generated necessitated observing, explanatory, descriptive and analytical aspects of the research. This study was carried out basing on 3 selected CSOs in Kakumiro dist ~t, Uganda, namely, Kibaale civil society organization network (KCSON), world voices Uganda (WVU) and Uganda rural development and training program (URDT). The study population was 58participants, 20 selected CSO’s members, 15 CSO’s beneficiaries, 10 Kakumiro district local government administrators and 13 local peasants. A sample of 50 respondents was determined through purposive and random sampling methods. The study findings revealed that 68%were males and 32%females hence males the majority. The study concluded that, CSO’s engage in the promotion and protection of human rights, promote political participation, and develop citizen’s skills to work with one another, among others. The study recommends that there is a need to tackle poverty dynamically, strategically and comprehensively since it is dimensional phenomena that needs multidimensional approach, provision and improvemeit in education for all, need for CSO’s to encourage meaningful participation of citizen, proper coordination between CSO’s and district, need to exposes or intensity accountability among others

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

APPROVAL

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER ONE 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 problem statement 3

1.3 Purpose of the Study 3

1.4 Objectives of the Study 4

1.4.1 General Objective 4

1.4.2 Specific Objectives 4

1.5 Research Questions 4

1.6 Scope of the Study 4

1.6.1 Geographical Scope 4

1.6.2 Content Scope s 1.6.3 Time Scope s 1.7 Significance of the Study s

VII 1 .8 Conceptual Framework showing independent and dependent variables 6

CHAPTER TWO 8

LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.0 Introduction 8

2.1 Review of literature on the major variables of the study 8

2.1.1 The concept of poverty 8

2.1. 2 civil society organizations (CSOs) 9

2,2. Review of literature 10

2.2.1 The major causes of poverty 10

2.2.2 Contributions! Roles played by civil society organizations towards household poverty 13

2.2.3 Challenges faced by ‘vil socie~.y organizations in Kakumiro district, Birembo S!C.Uganda.

19 CHAPTER THREE 23

METHODOLOGY 23

3.0 Introduction 23

3.1 Research Design 23

3.2 Study Population 23

3.3 sample size 24

3.3 Sample Procedure 24

3.3.1 Purposive Sampling 24

3.3.2 Random Sampling 25

3.4 Sources of Data 25

3.5 Data Collection Procedures and Instruments 26

3.5.1 Data collection Procedures 26

3.5.2 Data collection instruments 26

VIII 3.6 Data Processing .27

3.7 Data Analysis 27

3.8 Limitations of the study 27

3.9 Ethical Consideration 28

CHAPTER FOUR 29

PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 29

4.0 Introduction 29

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 29

4.1.1 Gender of Respondents 29

4.1.2 Age of the respondents 30

4.1.3 Marital Status of the Respondents 31

4.1.4 Education Levels of ~e Respoizdents 31

4.2 Findings on the major causes of poverty 32

4.3 Findings on roles/contributions made by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district 36

CHAPTER FIVE 46

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 46

5.0 Introduction 46

5.1 Summary of the discussions 46

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 46

5.1.2 Findings on the major causes of poverty 47

5.1.3 The contributions played by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction 49

5.1.4 Challenges faced by civil society organizations in Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro District, Uganda 51

5.2 Conclusion 52

ix 5.2.1 The major causes of poverty in Birembo sub-county Kakurniro District 52

5 .2.2Roles played by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction 52

5.3 Recommendations 55

5.4 Suggested areas for future study 57

REFERENCES 58

APPENDICES 61

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE 61

APPENDIX “ 66

INTERVIEW GUIDE 66

APPENDIX III 67

TIME FRAME 67

x LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Showing Target Population 23

Table 2 : presenting the gender distribution of the respondents who participated in the study . . . .29 Table 3 showing age distribution of the respondents 30 Table 4 showing marital s~ ~us of the respondents 31 Table 5: Educational Level of the respondents 31 Table 6 High levels of corruption especially in third world countries 32 Table 7 High dependence ratio due to bigger household size 33 Table 8 High levels of Illiteracy with its associated problems also cause poverty 33 Table 9 Lackllimited access land for both cultivation and other economic activities 33 Table 10 Institutional factors i.e., inadequate social-economic infrastructures, among others 34 Table 11 Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions also cause poverty to escalate 34 Table 1 2Civil wars and conflicts across the globe cause poverty 35 Table 13 Natural disasters i.e. floods, heavy earthquakes, drought among others 35 Table 14 Civil society or7anizations can engage in the protection of human rights at various different stages or levels 36 Table 15 Civil society organizations promote political participation 37 Table 16 Civil society organizations (CSOs) Advocates for policy change 37 Table 17 Civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view 38 Table 18: CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of drugs and sundries, training health workers etc 38 Table 19: CSOs contributes much in mobilization of community members/citizens in finding out about the activities of the government and other which may affect them 39 Table 20: CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down costs in the running of the organizatio~; unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic 39 Table 21.’ CSOs have financial soundings or base and their accountability is transparent so that they can be able to provide efficient and effective service provision as compared to the public sectors 40

xi Table 22: CSOs can help in Lobbying for the community needs 41 Table 23: Majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and sustainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring policy processes and their implementation. .41 Table 24: Limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activities 42 Table 25: CSOs are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their programmes/agendas and activities 43 Table 26: CSOs are larg& characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak numerical base and a thin geographical coverage 43 Table 27: An organisation’s internal social power will determine its capacity to play its assigned civil role in helping to reform the state and promote democracy 44 Table 28: Co~ordination of CSO activities has improved in the last few years 44 Table 29: The biggest challenges of CSOs in Birembo sub~county Kakumiro district-Uganda is high level of illiteracy rate among the people 45

XII CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the background to the study, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, and scope of the study, significance of the study, and the conceptual framework showing independent and depenendent variables of the study.

Li Background of the Study.

Poverty is the oldest and the most resistant virus that brings about a devastating disease in the third world or developing countries (Tazoacha, 2001). Its rate of killing cannot be compared to any disease from the genesis of mankind. It is worse than malaria and HIV/AIDS which are claimed to be the highest killer diseases (Tazoacha, 2001), and even worse than Ebola.

Despite the renewed commitment over the past years to poverty reduction as the core objective of international development discourses and policies, progress to this end remains disappointing (UNDP, 2003). Approximately 1.2 billion people in the world live in extreme poverty (WHO reports) this is particularly ~‘vident in the extent to which the world is off track to achieve most of the Millennium Development Goals, globally and in most regions and countries (UNDP, 2003). This inadequate progress raises important questions about the policies and strategies that have been adopted to achieve poverty reduction especially at a household level, as well as about key international issues including aid, debt and trade. World Bank data (2007) indicate that the proportion of the populace living in family units with expenditure or income per individual below the poverty line has been on the decrease in the world’s regions since 1990. Notwithstanding this decline in poverty, the existence and persistent incidence of poverty in regions like Africa cannot be completely ruled out. It could be identified that the incidence of poverty in Africa is by far greater than that of Europe and Central Asia and others.

1 In the African context, Afiica has the richest natural resources and yet it is poor and stagnant in growth and development. In other words, in spite of all the wealthy resources including human and material in its possession, Africa is the world’s poorest continent. The plight of starving people in the Horn of Africa and Southern Africa is all too familiar especially in Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan, Angola, Mozambique and Liberia. In as much as food security is not just a supply issue, but also a function of income and purchasing power, the results of an assessment of the changes in per capital income during the same period will be equally disquieting. According to the United Nations estimates, between 1981 and 1990, real GDP per person in Africa recorded a negative average annual growth of 1.3 percent.

A big percentage of Hou~’holds in Uganda remain vulnerable. (Uganda Poverty Assessment 2016: Fact Sheet), Squire (1993) argues that more efforts to reduce poverty in developing countries is urgently needed and In Uganda therefore, articulating interests and demands is a key functions served by almost every CSOs (Diamond Larry, 1994). In Uganda’s context, poverty is generally seen as a condition of lacking the means to meet one’s basic material and social needs as well as a feeling of powerlessness (MFPED, 2000a and 2002). Poverty is, thus, a complex, multi-dimensional phenomenon. It is not uniform across geographical and social locations, situations, groups and time. The participatory poverty assessments in Uganda from 1998 to 2001 (MFPED, 2000a), found that the poor will be using more than 100 indicators to describe poverty. With these multifarious indications, it is very difficult to conceptualize, let alone fully measure, poverty. The major factors contributing to poverty in Uganda include lack of material assets, limited human capital, Lmited access to basic services, limited productive opportunities, insecurity, isolation and lack of information (MFPED, 2000a). The main categories of the poor in contemporary Uganda include landless peasants, unemployed urban dwellers, some female- headed households, the elderly and their dependants, the orphaned and neglected children, people living with disabilities and chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS, and people living in areas prone to natural calamities. Program for the Alleviation of Poverty and the Social Costs of Adjustment (PAPSCA), Oxfam and Action Aid identified other categories of poor people, such as refugees, pastoralists, and people living in small and often isolated communities,(Lwanga Ntale (1997).

2 In Birenbo subcounty kakumiro District, a big percentage of people leave below $1.90 a day and the most affected individu ~s include female headed households, widows, local peasants in rural areas, and landless people among others. According to kabarole research center (KRC); training workshop held in July 2017 at the district headquarters; An important lesson that emerged from the workshop training experts concerns the need to combine the resources and talents at the disposal of an array of organizations. The best results are achieved when CSOs work not individually and in isolation from other organizations, but when partnerships are formed among different types of CSOs, distinguished by sector and level of operation and also between CSOs and government agencies. This makes CSOs applicable and so crucial in fighting poverty especially at a household level.

1.2 problem statement.

Poverty is one of the major problems faced by human kind to day. it is associated with suffering, diseases and deaths (seimenis, 2Ol2).approximately 1.2 billion people in the world live in extreme poverty (UNDP, 2016,), and the big percentage of poor people live in sub Saharan Africa and face all forms of poverty and it is worth in African countries like Burundi, Congo, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Uganda among others. (WHO; 2015).in Uganda people living in poverty stands at lOmillion Ugandans (UBOS, 2016/2017).

Despite the fact that the government has put in more effort to curb poverty under programs like poverty eradication action plan(PEAP) and many other policies, poverty levels in Uganda are still high and more people live in absolute poverty.CSOs has also stepped into the issue so as to reduce poverty across the ~vorld and it will be from this regard that the researcher decided to carry out a study to establish the contributions of civil society organizations towards poverty reduction especially at a household level in Birembo subcounty kakumiro district.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

This study was aimed addressing the relationship between civil society organizations and Household poverty reduction in Birembo sub countyKakumiro -district.

3 1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 General Objective

The main objective of the study was to examine the contributions made by CSOs in household poverty reduction in birembo Sub County, kakumiro district.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

To examine the causes of poverty especially among households in Birembo sub county, Kakumiro district.

• To assess the contributions made by CSOs towards household poverty reduction in Birembo sub county-Kakumiro district.

To analyze and as~ss challenges faced by CSOs fighting against household poverty in Birembo subcounty Kakumiro, district.

1.5 Research Questions

• What are the contributions of CSOs towards household poverty reduction in Birembo Sub County, district?

What are the contributions of civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Birembo Sub County, district?

o What are the challenges faced by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Birembo sub county, inKakumiro district?

1.6 Scope of the Study

1.6.1 Geographical Scope

The study research will be carried out in Birembo sub county, Bugangaizi west constituency in Kakumiro district. The district is located in Bunyoro sub region in western Uganda.

4 1.6.2 Content Scope

The study was carried out with a purpose of examining the causes of poverty, identifying the contributions/roles played by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Birembo sub-county-Ugar ‘a, and esiablishing the challenges faced by civil society organizations in -Birembo sub-county, Uganda.

1.6.3 Time Scope

The study will cover a period of three months because of the nature of exercise that will be undertaken in gathering, editing and processing data and it will cover the information that will range from 1991 to 2018.

1.7 Significance of the Study

This research will provide a clear picture about the contributions made and roles played by civil society or, ~nizations (CSO’s) in igniting the poverty reduction activities of the country-Uganda.

The study was a basis for other researchers to be will use as a benchmark for further understanding of the concept of poverty, its indicators and the role! contributions of CSO’s in poverty reduction especially at a household level.

• The findings and recommendations can be will use by the concerned bodies as a base to take corrective actions to reduce the pitfalls faced by the civil society organizations CSOs in all parts of Uganda.

• It may serve as base for further research for any interested researcher especially students from the college c humanites and social sciences at all levels of learning across the county and outside the country. In addition, it will also provide information on the current status of civil society organizations in Uganda.

5 1.8 Conceptual Framework showing independent and dependent variables

A conceptual frame work is defined by (Kothari, 2004), a structure that presents relationship between the main constructs in a given study. (Mugenda, 2003), further adds that a conceptual frame work gives an explanation of how the researcher perceives the relationship between variables deemed to be iT ~ortant in a study, such relationship in the present study has been discussed in figure below.

Independent variable Dependent variable

Civil society organizations (CSOs) Household poverty reduction (HHPR)

CSOs work House hold wellbeing Empower the vulnerable Increased GDP and household groups. income. Health care services. Increased access to food Community mobilization & Increased awareness & literacy. sensitization. Increased access to education, Advocacy & policy health, safe water. engagement. Increased income Sustainable livelihood projects. Reduced over dependence on others.

New technological advancements. Changes in government policies and laws.

Source: Research, (2018)

The independent variable will be perceived as the civil society organizations and whereas the dependent variable will be poverty reduction. The independent variable concerns empowering the vulnerable groups, improving access to health care, helping community in mobilization fight against poverty, Advocacy and policy engagement, sustainable livelihood projects whereas the dependent variable focuses on increase in GDP, improved life expectancy, increase in literacy and increased

6 levels of employment, improved quality of life and Reduced over dependency. Conceptually, poverty reduction is associated with civil society organizations. The better and more effective civil society organizations the more poverty reduction especially at a household level.

7 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The study reviewed literature from various scholars on the major variables of the study which included; the concept of poverty, civil society organizations, causes of poverty, the contributions

/roles played by civil soc~ty organizations towards household poverty reduction in , Uganda, and the challenges faced by civil society organizations in Kakumiro district, Uganda.

2.1 Review of literature on the major variables of the study.

2.1.1 The concept of poverty.

Poverty is the inability to attain a minimum level of standard of living (World Bank, 1990). This Definition considers income and expenditure per capita to be adequate yardsticks for measuring Welfare. All people living on less than $1.90 a day are considered poor. The definition is will use to determine who fall below or above the minimum standard of living and classify them as poor or non-poor respectively. Glewwe and Gaag (1990) define poverty as an interlocking condition of Assetlessness, underen ioyment, low wages and incomes, proneness to disease, illiteracy, gender and economic vulnerability, social disadvantage and political powerlessness. Poverty is related to the inadequacy or lack of material things. Chambers, (1983) describes a poor household as one with few assets, which owns a small hut. Shelter made of wood, bamboo, mud, grass, reeds, palm fronds or hides. It has little furniture, mats or hides for sleeping, cooking pots, and a few tools. They have no toilets, any sanitary facility, has a small piece of land or no land at all, no livestock or only a small stock. The household’s stocks and flows of Food and cash are low, unreliable, season and inadequate Poverty involves the lack, deficiency and loss of social, economic, cultural, political and other entitlements, rights and benefits. These are the entitlements that individuals, household and communities should enjoy in order to exist and survive in wellbeing with vcial dignity (UNDP, 1 998)Local people perceive poverty as lack of the means to satisfy basic material and social needs as well as a feeling of powerlessness. It is non-uniform, complex, multidimensional, Cyclic and seasonal (MFPED, 1999). The definition demonstrates that poverty is about more than income and expenditure.

8 Poverty is the lack of the means to satisfy basic material and social needs, as well as a feeling of Powerlessness. Poverty is non-uniform, complex, multi-dimensional, cyclic and seasonal (MFPED, 1999); Mabangi, 2000). This definition clearly demonstrates that poverty is about more than income and expenditure figures. The complex nature of poverty means that there can be no single standard solution of poverty reduction. UNDP (2000) gives a comprehensive summary of the basic definitions of poverty. They are divided into two maj or categories, income and human poverty. Income poverty is further divided into extreme poverty and overall poverty. It is defined as the lack of income necessary to satisfy basic food needs usually defined on the basis of minimum calorie requirements. Overall poverty is the lack of income necessary to satisfy essential non-food ~ieeds such as shelter, clothing, and energy. On the other hand, human poverty is the lack of basic human capabilities, illiteracy, malnutrition abbreviated life span, poor material health, and illness from preventable diseases. A multi-faceted approach is necessary, combining complementary, sustainable and relevant interventions that are location specific targeted and mindful of seasonal pressures on households. In general, a poor household is one without productive assets, income and basic necessities. The various definitions of poverty have created a situation that raises debate and subsequently a conclusion that “poverty is subjective” (Mansfield, 1986). Kanbur (1990) states that those who are poor in one dimension turn out to be poor in other dimensions; they do not have a great access to public services such as health, education, as so the non-poor. This in turn affects their income earning capacity.

2.1. 2 civil society organizations (CSOs).

White (1996) defined CS as an intermediate associational realm between the state and individuals, populated by organizations and groups that are separate from the state, enjoy autonomy in relation to the state, and are formed voluntarily by members of society to protect or advance their interests or values (White, 1994), Edward (2005) argues that CSOs are the “associational life of society” that develops values such as tolerance and cooperation among people and Hayden (1996) states that CSOs refer to a vast web of private and public associations that are guaranteed th~ right to organize, mobilize, and, if they desire, to influence political decisions free of the states control and promotes development by reducing poverty in many ways.

9 2.2. Review of literature.

2.2.1 The major causes of poverty.

High levels of corruption especially in third world countries.

Tanzoacha F (2001) argues that, Dishonest and heartless African leaders are responsible for auctioning and or mortgaging the economic base of their countries for their personal gains. Some of these leaders divert money borrowed from International Financial Institutions and developed countries for developmental projects into their private pockets. The best economic constructions that these dictators have ever done for Africa is to dismantle their economic treasures and build them the backyard of Furope and the U.S.A.If these practices (embezzlement, foreign investment, capital flight) continue the country continues to be affected by poverty. Moyo D, (2009), noted that few aid initiatives are well thought out and the money rarely reaches its intended target and this builds core grounds for poverty levels to keep increasing and affecting thousands of Africans.

High dependence ratio due to bigger household size.

The high dependency ratio is responsible for the low savings and poor accumulation of wealth (Lwill bea, 2004). Analyses of household surveys from many African, and other developing, countries have shown that larger families are generally poorer. This is evident in Uganda, Angemi (2003) findings show that the increase in large families is on the rise. Many of these consist of many depender~ children of which looking after them is costly and this consequently leads to low savings in such homes hence an increase in poverty. Quantitative findings supported by Uganda’s Participatory Poverty Assessment report 2002 found that a large share of respondents saw large families as one of the most important causes of poverty (MoFPED, 2003).

High levels of Illiteracy with its associated problems also cause poverty. Illiteracy is one of the causes of poverty. It has remained a terrible ulcer on the leg of development in Africa. It is one of the impediments that have not pushed Africa forward to achieve sustainable development. It is one of the forces turning the wheel of sustainable development in Africa anticlockwise. Higher levels of education for both men and women are strongly associated with higher levels of welfare (Grootaert, 1994). It is argued that a better

10 educated farmer may not a higher marginal production of labor, ceteris paribus, but may benefit from his education by obt ~ning asscts that He alone can use effectively, illiterates find hard to access good paying jobs. Thus, no! lower education levels cause poverty. Glewwe observes that the impact of education on household welfare is quite strong in urban areas, but rather weak in rural areas.

Lack/limited land for both cultivation and other economic activities. Land availability vis-a-vis population pressure is also one of the determinants/causes of poverty (Grootart, 1996). The evidence of the adverse impact of such population pressure is not hard to Find in parts of western Uganda. In Kegezi area, for example, aggregate population increased by Some 32 percent between 1980 and 1999 alone, bringing about significant fragmentation in land use. In Rubanda County “~aba1e district), and Kisoro district, the evidence is that per capita acreage diminished from 3.88 and 3.84 acres to 1.11 and 0.92 acre(s) respectively between 1931 And 1991.some people in African countries have completely nothing as far as land is concerned. This make them to remain poor since they lack where to dig especially in rural settings, this results them to keep providing cheap labor with very low payments which makes the to remain trapped by poverty. Institutional factors i.e., inadequate social-economic infrastructures, among others. Institutional factors represent one of the most binding constraints that hamper the rural poor from Breaking out of the vicious cycle of poverty. Rural producers and their communities continue to Lack adequate social and economic infrastructure, and critical production inputs such as improved seeds, tools, storage facilities, efficient market arrangement and adequate basic social Services. As a consequenu~ of these deprivations, it is hardly surprising that productive remains low and thus many rural producers have failed to significantly improve upon their incomes and Livelihood (UNDP, 1998). In addition, there are structural organizational systems, which remain heavily influenced by foreign models, and they turn out to favor the minority few especially in urban areas. These have weakened governance system as the powers of traditional rules will be eroded, amid the debunking of knowledge systems and local technology regimes. The result of this unsuitable situation is that some of the initiatives for sustained social-economic development continue to

11 elude most rural cc mmunities. These include effective democratic participation and accountability (TJNDP, 2002).

Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions also cause poverty to escalate. Grootaert, C (1996), noted that Practices regarded as taboo by some indigenous cultures, for example, still prevent nutritious and balanced feeding for women, children and other sections of the population. Clan conflicts are also common and cattle raids and armed conflicts are also fuelled by cultural prejudices. Women are especially marginalized, disadvantaged, exploited and oppressed due to cultural prejudices favoring men. Most crucially, some of these regressive practices have reduced or totally undermined personal initiatives and productivity of millions of people around the world and mind poverty also escalate as a result of such aspects, especially in the agricultural and pastoral rural areas of the country, and thus curtailed prospects of improving their livelihoods (UNDP, “)98).in steady leading to high levels poverty. Some traditional social cultural practices undermine modernization, production systems, prevention and eradication of ignorance and backwardness (Chambers, 1983).

Civil wars and conflicts across the globe.

A civil war is a war which is fought between different groups of people who live in the same country. According to Janet Lewis, (2006).Wars in developing countries have heavy human, economic, and social costs and are a major cause of poverty and underdevelopment. The extra infant deaths cawill use by the war in Cambodia, for example, will be estimated to be 3% of the countrys 1990 population. In addition, civil wars limits citizens from participating in productive ventures like agriculture, tmde among others which results limited savings and investments and poverty. Jacquelyn Jeanty;( 2017)Civil wars often have significant security implications for more distant peoples as they are ideal incubators of transnational security threats such as terrorism, weapons proliferation, criminal activity and infectious disease which are drivers to poverty.

Natural disasters.

Report from the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) reveals that; extreme natural disasters is equivalent to a global US$520 billion loss in annual consumption, and forces some 26 million people into poverty each year.

12 Impoverished/poor people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The lack of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty are ofien forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into fi ~her poverty. Poverty is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty (Shepard et al., 2013). The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods, displacement, poor health, food insecurity, and typically leaves some economic damages. Such natural disasters can be floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.

2.2.2 Contributions! Roles played by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction.

CSOs engage in the protection of human rights at various different stages or levels.

Chukuemeka B. Eze, (2016), argues that however much the responsibility of peace, security and ensuring human protect: .~n resides within the realm of governments, also CSOs have demonstrated their capacity to complement government’s efforts in peace and security, for example the united nations have played crucial roles in human rights and resolving issues that may escalate and lead to violence, conflicts or wars which can threaten peace among citizens of a given country. This implies that when peace is unstable then people will not perform their economic activities which make them stick in poverty. In addition, poverty cannot be reduced without realizing of Human rights. (HDR-2000), for example right to education to acquire knowledge and skills for self reliance, adequate nutrition and health care so as to remain stronger and productive etc. all these are human rights which need to be realized in poverty reduction struggle by all actors of development.

Promotes political partici~pation

Hearn Julie. (1999) argues that civil society organizations promote political participation. CSOs can do this by educating people about their rights and obligations as democratic citizens, and encouraging them to listen to election campaigns and vote in elections. CSOs can also help to develop citizens’ skills to work with one another to solve common problems, to debate public issues, and express their views. This plays an important role in improving on the standards of living of the people and thus leading to poverty reduction especially at a household level.

13 Civil society is made up by very different organizations, networks and associations. From football clubs to debate groups, from women’s networks to labour unions, from book clubs to political parties) and from environmental lobby groups to religious groups. Although some organizations will have a much clearer influence on political processes and democratization than others, all are included in ~e civil ~e.ciety and all do have some influence on democratization. Furthermore, according to Jo Leinen, a German Member of the European Parliament, stated in Civil Society and Conflict Resolution, a contribution by the speakers of the conference held on 20th September 2007, that “If you want to secure democracy, rule of law, human rights and peace you cannot rely only on governmental institutions or political parties.

Develops democracy

Hemmati, Minu. (2001) notes that civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view. This also help~; to improve on the political stability within the community and thus improves on poverty reduction. Without this deeper culture of accommodation, democracy cannot be stable. These ~ ~ues cannot simply be taught; they must also be experienced through practice. We have outstanding examples from other countries of CSOs especially women’s groups that have cultivated these values in young people and adults through various programs that practice participation and debate. Hematite, Minu (2001) noted that the participation of an organized civil society in governance arrangements at European and international level is enhancing democratic qualities, and goes further into saying that having a ‘regulated model of participation would strengthen the democratic quality of civil society participation.’ It can be said that anything which restricts the scope of public participation not only weakens a country’s democratic foundations but also has the immediate effect of limiting debate over its development priorities. Furthermore, political participation is essential for realizing the basic values and objectives that minoritie~’ have. Elections constitute an essential feature of democratic governance. Through elections, people choose their representatives. Furthermore, political parties occupy a central place in the political process in modern democracies since these parties are deemed to be intermediaries between society and state. In order to guarantee the involvement of minorities in political parties, it is important to ascertain that the basic human right of freedom of association is fully respected.

14 Provision of health services

According to ministry of health report (2006), and international Health partnership reports (9/11/2013), CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of drugs and .;undries, training health workers, and health education of communities on domestic hygiene, water and sanitation and thus improves on the life expectancy and thus poverty reduction since p ~ple who are healthy can participate in development activities like farming among others which reduces poverty especially at a household level.. This means that the presence of CSOs improves access to health care through construction of CSO health units and stocking these with drugs. A community networked with others is always healthy and good for the members, Hemmati, Minu (2001) stressed that civil society organizations have been at forefront of playing the role of building the communities by developing networks and above all they build horizontal structures between people which is very much important in forming social capital and building links between individuals from different institutions, clubs, groups and associations. Through this interaction between individuals and institutions, it can be observed that people are able to solve problems that are normally faced in societies. Furthermore, the plurality of these associaf ~ns enhances them to come together to check the state power. It is from this point of view that some scholars like Tocqueville stated that “the science of association is the mother of sciences”

Community mobilization.

According to John Jean Barya (1999) identifies some potential contributions by employing the demand side approach “ CSOs assist citizens in finding out about the activities of the government and other which may affect them; they use advocacy and political influence to hold local officials accountable for their activities which are damaging to the poor; they help communities mobilize and form societies their concerns , and guard against reprisals; they also construct a forum in which officials can consult people about development plans and listen to alternatives presented by the people; and they help ensure that individuals disadvantaged by government decisions receive just compensation, negotiates with affected parties. Civil society and particularly advocacy organisations have been an important source of specialist community expertise which the government has frequently relied on. Specialists in matters regarding to

15 communities have oflen been identified within particular civil society organisations dealing in advocacy programmes not forgetting that these advocacy organizations promote strong, effective and open democracy (Hemmati, Minu, 2001). The civil society is the main source of ideas and provides socio-economic solutions in many communities by creating and promoting alternatives via collective action and at the same time this makes community problems easily identified and worked upon.

Availing Financial servic~s to rural poor.

In reference to Kasfir Nelson (1998), when CSOs are going to fight against poverty, they are to identify the causes of poverty of the region where they are going to work and thus define what poverty is. According to O’Connell, Brian.(1999), most of CSOs are engaged in projects aiming to eradicate poverty, either by directly supporting the poor, or by creating opportunities for disadvantaged or marginalized categories of people to escape poverty. CSOs are closer to the people they serve usually grass root development organization. This are set up to focus on particular problems affecting a particular community. Microfinance is another important sector that CSO’s have fully ultilised in reaching out to the poor. Their roles in this sector, has immensely contributed to alleviating poverty among the poor. The purpose of using microfinance to alleviate poverty is as a result of what role microfinance can play and what impact it created on the beneficiaries. Microfinance has a very important role to play in development according to proponents of microfinance. In the 1 990s, scholars have increasingly referred to microfinance as an effective means of poverty reduction (Rekha 1995; Cerven and Ghazanfar 1999; Pankhurst and Johnston 1999). The microfinance has long existed in Africa, but saw it decline when government established banking institutions will take over Oxaal and Baden (1997). The World Bank found, in 1998, that the poorest 48% of Bangladeshi families with access to microcredit from Grameen Bank rose above the poverty line.

Overcomes bureaucracy

Hemmati, Minu (2001) nc~ed that CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down costs in the running of the organization unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic. The cost of running is high. They are appropriate to provide public services because the state and market institutions are driven by the need of social control and profit

16 making respectively. CSOs are primarily assumed for community building unlike the state and the market institution which aim at social control and profit makingJn the 1990s domestic and external forces started to exert considerable pressure on African governments to liberalize the political space. Consequently, democratic systems will be introduced, which embarked upon ambitious programmes of political, institutional and economic reforms. The objectives of those reforms involved changing the role of government, creating an enabling environment for private sector and civil society to flourish and establishing an effective civil service by increasing its competence, efficiency, f&iness and quality of services. In good governance prescriptions, one finds public management reforms as a key ECA (2004). New public management is a label will use to describe a management culture that emphasizes the centrality of the citizen or customer, as well as accountability for results.

Ensures accountability and transparency

Perlas, Nicolas, (2000) maintains that CSOs have financial soundings or base and their accountability is transparent so that they can be able to provide efficient and effective service provision as compared to the public sectors. The comparative advantage of CSOs has been shared by many scholars and believers. Believe that those governments have a broader range than communities at grass root levels so that they provide both social and economic dimensions. This plays a vital role since it improves on the GDP and thus household poverty reduction.

According Tripp Aili, Man. (1998), CSOs are active in empowering vulnerable groups who are economically and socially marginalized such as the children elderly and disabled and they play particularly strong role in meeting the poor’s needs . However, the overall impact is rather limited and it is not very visible on a larger scale. CSOs activities continue to remain invisible to the majority of the population and majority of them are more oriented to the donors priorities and unable to construct local constituencies, it also demands accountability from governmental departments which make core service provision especially to the rural poor.(Robart chambers, 1983).

17 Lobby for the community needs

Tvedt, Terje. (1998) argues that civil society is an arena for the expression of diverse interests, and one role for civil society organizations is to lobby for the needs and concerns of their members, as women, students, farmers, environmentalists, trade unionists, lawyers, doctors, and so on. CSOs and interest groups can present their views to parliament and provincial councils, by contacting individual members and testifying before parliamentary committees. They can also establish a dialogue with relevant government ministries and agencies to lobby for their interests and concerns.

Whaites, Alan, (1996) notes that civil society can provide a training ground for future political leaders. CSOs and other groups can help to identify and train new types of leaders who have dealt with important public issues and can be recruited to run for political office at all levels and to serve in provincial and national cabinets. Experience from other countries shows that civil society is a particularly important arena from which to recruit and train future women leaders. This reduces poverty especially in women since they are equipped with necessary skills for self reliance.

Community sensitization

Whaites, Alan, (1998) emphasizes that civil society can help to inform the public about important public issues. ~iis is not only the role of the mass media, but of CSOs which can provide forums for debating public policies and disseminating information about issues before parliament that affect the interests of different groups, or of society at large.

In addition, civil society organizations can play an important role in mediating and helping to resolve conflict. In other countries, CSOs have developed formal programs and training of trainers to relieve political and ethnic conflict and teach groups to solve their disputes through bargaining and accommodation. Gosewinkel, Dieter (2011) mentions that civil society organizations have a vital role to play in monitoring the conduct of elections. This requires a broad coalition of organizations, unconnected to political parties or candidates, that deploys neutral monitors at all the different polling stations to ensure that the voting and vote counting is entirely free, fair, peacefu1 and transarent. It is very hard to have credible and fair elections in a new democracy unless civil society groups play this role. These in turn make pro~poor decisions taken since citizens are properly guided during selection of good leaders.

18 Advocates for policy change.

The promise of poverty reduction becomes a reality when people’s voices are heard by policy makers and when groups (especially marginalized sectors of society) begin to participate in the marketplace of competing interests. According to a World Bank report (2002), “CSOs have become significant players in global development finance, are increasingly influencing the shape of global and national public policy. This involvement of CSOs in policy issues will increase the likelihood that the CSOs understand the policies fully as well as ensure that policies are appropriate to the needs of the poor people, feasible and implementable on the ground. For example ACTION AID in Uganda advocating for democracy in Uganda, it is against constitution instabilities ore especially article (102b)-”TOGIKWATAKO”. They can use grassroots experiences and innovations as the basis for improved policies and strengthening local capacities and structures for ongoing public participation (Jenkins, 1987). CSOs can provide information that is vital for the development of policies that are appropriate to the community the policy is meant to serve. CSOs, as watchdogs, can also apply pressure on the government to ensure that appropriate policies are enacted and implemented. In the implementation of policies, CSOs advocacy leads to road construction especially in rural areas to easy transportation of products to markets, construction of schools to reduce illiteracy that is a threat to development and in general employments opportunities whether self employed or not. Hence household reducing poverty.

2.2.3 Challenges faced b~ civil society organizations in Birembo subcounty Kakumiro District

Limited Capacities of CSOs

Oloka-Onyango,Joes. (2000) argues that the majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and sustainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring policy processes and their implementation. The reversal of 20 years of increased funding for development NGOs from official donors. There will be exceptions, but the trends in some of the previously most generous official donors such as the Dutch, plus the withdrawal from many countries that previously received aid, shows a pattern of reduced resources for the aided section

19 of civil society — especi&~y for both developing and developed country NGOs whom for a generation have been dependent on such funding.

Poor political environment and Limited Spaces

Perlas, Nicolas, (2000) maintains that the limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activities under the proposed NGO Registration (Amendment) Bill present a big challenge. This problem is compounded by the fear or lack of “courage” by many CSOs to confront or contradict the state on some issues within the “no-go areas”. It is not much use to look to universities for the alternative ideas; they seemed to have stepped back from the exploration of grand narratives and taken refuge in the micro and in post-hoc rationalization and policy-driven evidence collection that is politically acceptable to government funders. The decline of economics into the micro and mathematical left it exposed and unprepared for the economic changes of the past three years. There is little evidence that they will regain their position of being able to explain to us what has happened and how to deal with it! Meanwhile, political study at best talks about governance, but all too often reduces this to public administrative reform, avoiding difficult political decisions and conflicts of interest. This leaves many of us looking for new sources of debate and discussions.

High Dependence on External Funds:

Tripp Aili, Man. (1998) suggests that CSOs in Uganda are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their programmes/agendas and activities. Invariably this undermines their independence and the sustainability of their programmes. In addition, this problem contributes to further weaken any social bases CSOs may have and results in the fact that CSOs are not faccountable to the communities they aim to serve, or to their domestic constituencies, but to their pay masters. The relatively easy availability of foreign funding may also result in CSOs approaching donors rather than trying to engage in local and popular mobilization in support of a cause. This dependency problem is to be complicated by dissertations for Sector Wide Approaches (swaps) and budget support by donors. Under the said plans CSOs donors will put money in a basket to support the Governments budget. CSOs are expected to receive some of these funds for their activities by being sub contracted by the state to extend services to

20 communities. This will no doubt further diminish the independence of CSOs as well as their ability to “bite the hand that feeds them”.

Narrow Social and Geographical Bases of many CSOs

Tvedt, Terje. (1998) notes that CSOs (particularly ngos) in Uganda are largely characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak numerical base and a thin geographical coverage. The middle class plays a key role in these organizations or at least those most visible in the public arena. Most leading CSOs are also urban-based. Most are concentrated and conduct only limited activities outside the capital. They have no defined (given) membership at the grassroots level. This reality has the consequence that urban based NGOs lack the contribution of communities at the grassroots. With minimal representation in rural areas where the majority of the people reside, these advocacy groups or NGOs in support of development organizations cannot justifiably claim to speak on behalf of the rural poor. Needless to add is that, the success of any democratization campaign depends on the broad acceptance or acquiescence in the distribution of social power - the organizations that promote it must themselves be connected to, and accountable to the society.

Lack of Internal Democracy and Accountability

Kasfir (1998) correctly argues that an organization’s internal social power will determine its capacity to play its assigned civil role in helping to reform the state and promote democracy. Okuku (1996) argues tilat those who wish to extend a democratic culture must be democratic themselves. CSOs continue to be faced by a lack of internal democracy and accountability coupled with the persona. zation of these organisations. Most CSOs in Uganda are above all accountable to their donors (through making reports and financial statements) but not to the beneficiaries of their services who have little or no insight into financial, administrative and decision making matters. The team considers that if NOOs are to be agents of democratization, they should themselves use democratic methods of work towards their constituencies and the wider community.

21 Poor coordination and Information Sharing

Whaites, Alan, (1996) cites that the co-ordination of CSO activities in Uganda has improved in the last few years. Furti-’er that there is “competition within and between networks for recognition and credit and between local and international NGOs”. The team finds that the sharing of information as well as skills between CSOs needs to be improved. The recent co operation between several CSOs - under the leadership of the NGO Forum - lobbying the Government to improve the NGO Registration (Amendment) Bill is a good development that should form a basis for future co-operation.

According to Whaites, Alan (1998), the greatest challenge for all CSOs as without funds they will not be able to do anything. Sometimes they would start a project only based on the funds they even after planning so well and much in advance there are many cases in which their programs would be stopped half way just because of lack of enough funds.

Poor infrastructure faciiu~ies

Ream Julie (1999) argues that third world countries have a deteriorating infrastructure that has seen little improvement in the last decade. Many of the roads are frequently impassable in rainy seasons especially in local areas of district-Uganda. Highway infrastructure is insufficient to open up isolated areas or to link the regions. The country has very few railroads. Power is also in short or doesn’t exist in Uganda in some areas of district especially in Birembo S/C. So this also hampers the activities of NGOs/ CSOs across the country.

According to the ministry of education (2006) clearly states that the biggest challenges of CSOs in Uganda is high level of illiteracy rate among the people especially in the newly created districts including my dic ~ict 0 , ~he beginning of the civil wars led to the destruction of educational infrastructure. The destruction of education system is also accompanied by the breakdown of the country’s administrative infrastructure, resulted in to political and social disorder and conflicts, extreme poverty, famine and disease as well as violence countrywide

22 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the specific research methodology and techniques that the researcher used to generate data. It was therefore an analysis of research design, study population, study area, sample selection and size, data collection methods and techniques, data analysis and procedure.

3.1 Research Design

The study applied a case study research design in examining the civil society organizations and poverty reduction in Birembo subcounty Kakumiro district Uganda. This is because the research questions that were generated necessitated observing explanatory, descriptive and analytical aspects of the research.

Both quantitative and qu& ative methods were used in data collection and analysis and general information on the subject matter was collected from the different stakeholder’s in Birembo subcounty. Qualitative design involves in-depth interviewing of the CSOs beneficiaries. On the other hand, the quantitative design involved use of close-ended questionnaires which were issued to the local peasants who were willing to take part as the method was convenient for th em to fill during thier free time.

3.2 Study Population

The study was carried out from 3 selected Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Kakumiro, district namely; Kibaale civil society organization network (KCSON),World Voices Uganda (WVU) and Uganda Rura Developnient and Training Programme. (URDT), These civil society organizations were purposely selected because they bare the necessary and required study elements. The study population was 58 participants and these are; 20 selected Civil Society Organizations (CSO5) members, 15 CSOs beneficiaries, 10 Kakumiro, district local government administrators and 13 Local peasants that available.

Table 1: Showing Target Population

23 Type of respondent Target Population Sample size

Selected Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) 13 1 1 — members CSOs beneficiaries 16 14 Kakumiro, district local government administrators 09 08 Local peasants 20 17 Total 58 50

3.3 sample size.

A sample size of 50 respondents was determined through purposive and random sampling methods. This is so because the nature of data to be generated requires different techniques for better understanding of the research problem under investigation. Besides this the approach is also commonly known for achieving higher degree of validity and reliability as well as elimination of biases as per Amin (2005).

The Sloven’s formula (19’ ~) was used to determine the minimum sample size.

n N = n = 58 50 respondents 1+Ne2 1+58(005)2

n = sample size

N the population size

e level of significance, fixed at 0.05

3.3 Sample Procedure

The sample procedures purposively and randomly selected.

3.3.1 Purposive Samplim.

Different stakeholders such as civil society organizations members and Kakumiro, districtiocal government administrators were purposely selected because they head different sections of people and thus have knowledge about the civil society organizations and poverty reduction. All

24 respondents were assumed to have vital information on the study topic. Respondents who were willing to participate were approached. The main goal of purposive sampling was to focus on particular characteristics of a population that is of interest which best enables the researcher to answer the research questions.

3.3.2 Random Sampliug

The beneficiaries were r~ ~domly selected to give each an equal chance of representation. All respondents were assumed to have vital information on the subject matter of the research. Respondents who were willing to participate were approached. One of the best things about simple random sampling is the ease of assembling the sample. It is also considered as a fair way of selecting a sample from a given population since every member is given equal opportunities of being selected. Another key feature of simple random sampling is its representativeness of the population. Theoretically, the only thing that can compromise its representativeness is luck. If the sample is not representative of the population, the random variation is called sampling error.

3.4 Sources of Data

Primary Data

This refers to data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience. This obtained through use of self- administered questionnaires and interviews to the respondents. Primary data can be explained, therefore, as information collected from sources such as personal interviews, questionnaires or surveys with a specific intention and on a specific subject, and observation and discussion by the researcher him or herself, which information is then assessed by that the researcher.

Secondary Data

This refers to published data and the data collected in the past or other parties. This was acquired from text books and other related works of outstanding scholars such as published magazines, written data sources including published and unpublished documents, company reports and internet sources which were all referred to, to provide more information on the civil society organizations and poverty reduction in Uganda- Kagadi district. Secondary data is information that is already available somewhere, whether it be in journals, on the internet, in a company’s

25 records or, on a larger scale, in corporate or governmental archives. Secondary data allows for comparison of, say, several years worth of statistical information relating to, for example, a sector of the economy, where the information may be used to measure the effects of change or whatever it is that is being researched.

3.5 Data Collection Procedures and Instruments.

3.5.1 Data collection Procedures.

An introductory letter was given to me as a researcher by the Dean. This was presented to the selected respondents. Then the respondents were asked to review and sign a consent form required for participation in the study.

3.5.2 Data collection instruments.

Interview Guide

An interview guide, or aide memoire, is a list of topics, themes, or areas to be covered in a semi structured interview. The researcher organized key informant interviews with CSOs beneficiaries who enriched the study findings. The researcher therefore had to interact with the respondents, face to face and ask the~ relevant questions to the study. The method was used purposely because it provided for a systematic flow of information due to the order of questions and it also helped in covering information that would have been left out in the questionnaires.

Questionnaires

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data.

Self-administered questionnaires were used in the collection of data and these were distributed to the Kakumiro, district Local government administrators to provide answers. The instrument was

26 purposely selected because it sought personal views of the respondents and thus enabled them to use their knowledge in providing a wide range of data as they would not feel shy in any way.

3.6 Data Processing

The processing of data was done afier the collection of data for verification of the information that was gathered and for attainment of completeness, accuracy and uniformity. Data editing involved checking the information for errors, which was an added advantage because it enabled the researcher to delete and eliminate possible errors that were traced which may in the end would have manipulated ne results of the study. Data was analyzed concurrently to avoid duplication thereby guiding the entire study for balanced and critical analysis. The researcher used hypothesis based on the questionnaire and for other items, tabulation pie-charts and percentage and simple statistical methods were used for data presentation, analysis and qualification.

3.7 Data Analysis

The study explained, described and presented the findings basing on the specific objectives of the study and research questions, where data analysis initially was done through sketchy and generalized summaries of the findings from observation and conclusions in the process of data collection. Data analysis v ~s done using simple statistical percentages and frequencies.

3.8 Limitations of the study

According to Best and Kahn (1998) limitations are conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place restrictions on the conclusions of the study and their applications to other situations. The researcher assured the respondents of their confidentiality and convinced them that the information was only for the purpose of research at campus.

27 3.9 Ethical Consideration.

Ethics has become a cornerstone for conducting effective and meaningful research. As such, the ethical behavior of individual researchers is under unprecedented scrutiny (Best & Kahn, 2006). Therefore the researcher took ethics a serious consideration throughout the research process.

The first consideration is ‘voluntary participation’ that there should be no coercion or the feeling of such act by the interviewee from the researcher. The researcher in every interview or conversation did not force any person to avail data or information. Instead the researcher informed clearly the respondents about the intended research as an academic aspect and asked them kindly to respond. I~ accessing the respondents, an introductory letter issued by the dean was used.

The second one is ‘informed consent’ which is to say that the participant or the interviewees fully understand what they were being asked to do and that they were informed if there is any potential negative consequence for such participation. The researcher thoroughly explained for what purpose the interview is and how it would be used.

And the third ethical consideration is ‘non-discrimination’ which is equally important when conducting research in a socially and culturally diverse and complex society. All people with different ethnicities considered so long as they fit the requirements needed by the research. For example, Banyoro, Batoro~Bakiga etc were considered since the district had many tribes and cultures and this would eliminate bias which would be caused by conducting research between my tribe mates only.

Confidentiality and anonymity’ which is particularly important in the every research. At the time of research, people will still concern about their safety and thus confidentiality and their name to be anonymous is highly required and it was done clearly by the researcher.

28 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0 Introduction

This chapter covers the presentation of the findings according to the themes of the study which were: To identify the roles played by civil society organizations towards Household poverty reduction in Birembo subcounty Kakumiro district, To find out the challenges faced by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Birembo Sub County, in kakumiro district. And To esta~ilish the solutions to overcome the challenges facing civil society organizations towards Household poverty reduction in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district- Uganda.

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Under this section, the researcher was interested in finding out the demographic characteristics of the respondents. They are presented as follows:

4.1.1 Gender of Respondents

The researcher wanted to know the gender or sex distribution of the respondents and this is shown in the following table and illustration. This section indicates the both sexes with the community (Birembo Sub-county-Kakumiro District).

Table 2 : presenting the gender distribution of the respondents who participated in the study Gender Frequency Percentage (%) Males 34 68 Females 16 32 Total 50 100 Source: Primary Data (2018)

In the above table 2, the study findings revealed that the sample constituted of 50 respondents of which 68% were ma1e~ and the 32% remaining were females. This implies that males are the majority. This further indicates that the most respondents were men due to the societal beliefs

29 that the males are hardworking and hence capable of running the operations of civil society organizations better and any other factors like family ties etc hence contributing towards Household poverty reduction.

4.1.2 Age of the respondents

The study went on to establish the different age groups of the respondents and the findings were as presented in table 3. The study also involved all respondents who are responsible and with mature understanding. For example all the respondents were 20 years and above.

Table 3 showing age distribution of the respondents Age j Frequency Percentage (%) 20-25 3 6 26-35 7 14 36-45 20 40 46-55 17 34

:ai Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study revealed that the majority of the respondents fell in the age category 36 - 45 with a 40% representation. Age category 46-55 had a total response of 34%, while 26 -45 age group was represented by 14% the 20 -25 categories had a total representation of 8% while the least represented category was ~‘at of the 56+ with a representation of 6%. This implies that elderly people are less energetic to participate actively in the economy. The most number of respondents were relatively between 36 and 45 since at this age and this implies that they are always with a lot of responsibilities such as many children hence are forced to participate in the operations of civil society organizations hence leading to reduction of poverty especially at a Household level.

30 4.1.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

The study further went on to establish the marital status of the respondent and the findings were as represented in table 4. he researcher was also interested in finding out the marital status of respondents.

Table 4 showing marital status of the respondents Marital Status Frequency Percentage Single 5 16 Married 31 62 Divorced 10 20 Widowed 4 8 Total 50 100 Source: Primary Data (20’ ~)

The study established that the majority of the respondents were Married (62%). The divorced comprised of 20%, the single were 16% whereas the widowed were only 8%. Study findings established that, the majority were married and that due to their statuses, had children to take care of and yet resources were not readily available to meet their demands. This implies that married and divorced were the majority. However, the widowed were the least represented because they are few in the district followed by Singles implying that singles or youth did not see the importance of engaging in poverty reduction activities of civil society organizations.

4.1.4 Education Levels of the Respondents

The study also sought ab ~t the educational levels of the respondents and the findings were as represented in table 4. Under this section, the researcher was interested in finding out the education status of all respondents involved in the study.

Table 5: Educational Level of the respondents

Education level Frequency Percentage Primary 21 42 Secondary level 15 30

31 Vocational 8 16 University 6 12 Total 50 100 Source: Primary Data (201 X)

Study findings in table 5 revealed that the least represented level of education was the university group which comprised of 12%, followed by vocational level group (16%), while secondary level was represented by 30% and the most represented group was that of primary level which comprised of 42%. This implies that most respondents in the study were mainly illiterate, thus with low levels of education. And this further indicated that the majority were relatively uneducated and this also further implied that they had low understanding regarding the contributions made by civil society organizations in the poverty reeducation in Birembo Sub- county Kakumiro distri ct-Uganda.

4.2 Findings on the major causes of poverty.

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked the major causes of poverty. These are presented as follows:

Table 6 High levels of corruption especially in third world countries. Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 5 10 Undecided 6 12 Agree 26 52 Strongly Agree 12 24 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (20 )

The table above indicates that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 52% agreed and the remaining 24% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents were of the view that High levels of corruption is one of the major causes of poverty especially in Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro district.

32 Table 7 High dependence ratio due to bigger household size. Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 9 18 Undecided 8 16 Agree 26 32

Strongly Agree — 3 6 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above indicates that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents were undecided, 32% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 6% of the respondents strongly agreed that High dependence ratio due to bigger household size cause poverty especially in the rural settings. This implies the respondents were aware of the concept discussed.

Table 8 High levels of Illiteracy with its associated problems also cause poverty~

Response — Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 6 12 Agree 18 36 Strongly Agree 21 42 Total [ 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results revealed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 36% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 42% strongly agreed that poverty is caused by High levels of Illiteracy. This implies that, the respondents fully ‘~preciated the point basing on their experiences in their communities especially in communities ofNyasimbi, Kisita, Kyakalongo. Kirundi,kisiija,kirasa Table 9 Lack/limited access land for both cultivation and other economic activities. Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 3 6

33 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 11 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results presented in the table above indicate that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respo’idents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that people(poorest of the poor) continue to be in poverty due to lack or limited access to land for productive ventures hence a major cause of poverty in Birembo sub- county in Kakumiro, district and the country at large.

Table 10 Institutional factors i.e., inadequate social-economic infrastructures, among others. Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 9 18 Agree 27 54

Strongly Agree — 8 16 Total 50 100 Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above, 4% of the respondents, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were undecided, 54% of the respondents agreed and 16% strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents were aware that Institutional factors ie, inadequate social-economic infrastructures, among others causes poverty.

Table 11 Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions also cause poverty to escalate. Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4

Disagree — 5 10 Undecided 9 18 Agree 23 46 Strongly Agree 11 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

34 The results presented in the table above indicate that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed that Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions cause poverty to escalate. This implies that most respondents had earlier experiences of Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions causing poverty in their local communities of Birembo sub-county Kakumiro District. Table l2Civil wars and conflicts across the globe cause poverty. Response Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree — 4 8 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 3 6 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 1 1 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results presented in the table above indicate that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respo’idents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that civil wars and conflicts are major causes of poverty. This further means that; respondents had experience such issues and witnessed how they create instabilities and decline in productivity leading to poverty.

Table 13 Natural disasters i.e. floods, heavy earthquakes, drought among others. Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 5 10 Undecided 9 18 Agree 23 46

Strongly Agree — 11 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

35 The results presented in the table above indicate that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This is analyzed that, natural disasters like drought, earthquakes, and floods among others cause poverty and even starvation since food insecurity will also be created and many capable persons to participate in economic development will have lost lives. This greatly causes poverty as most respondents and scholars suggested.

4.3 Findings on roles/contributions made by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Bir~nbo sub-county Kakumiro district.

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the contributions roles/ played by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district. These are presented as follows:

Table 14 Civil society organizations can engage in the protection of human rights at various different stages or levels.

Response - Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 6 12 Agree 18 36 Strongly Agree 21 42 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results revealed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 36% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 42% strongly agreed that civil society organizations can demonstrate their capacity to complement government’s efforts in peace and security,(protection of human rights) hence a crucial role in human rights and resolving issues that may escalate and lead to violence, conflicts or wars which can threaten peace among citizens of a given country.

36 Table 15 Civil society organizations promote political participation Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 7 14 Undecided 9 18 Agree 22 44 Strongly Agree 10 20 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above indicates that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 14% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the res mdents x:ere undecided, 44% agreed and the remaining 20% of the respondents strongly agreed that Civil society organizations promote political participation. This implies that most respondents were aware of the vital role played by civil society organizations in promoting political participation within the community hence contributing towards poverty reduction in the area.

Table 16 Civil society organizations (CSOs) Advocates for policy change.

Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 3 6 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 1 1 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results presented in the table above indicate that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6%of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs assist citizens in advocating for policy change especially pro

37 poor policies in the district and at national level. This further indicates that civil society organizations collaborate ~ ith the government towards poverty reduction

Table 17 Civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 6 12 Agree 18 36 Strongly Agree 21 42 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results revealed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 36% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 42% strongly agreed that civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view. This also further indicates that majority of the respondents were aware of the essential role played by civil society organizations for instance equipping people with adequate knowledge needed towards poverty reduction especially at a household level.

Table 18: CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, including the j~rovision of drugs ands~ ~dries, tr~iining health workers etc Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 9 18 Undecided 26 32 Agree 8 16 Strongly Agree 3 6 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

38 The table above indicates that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 32% of the respondents were undecided, 16% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 6% of the resp ..~ndents strongly agreed that CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of drugs and sundries, training health workers etc. This implies that CSOs engage themselves in a number of activities intended at reducing poverty within the society.

Table 19: CSOs contributes much in mobilization of community members/citizens in finding out about the activities of the government and other which may affect them Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 3 6 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 11 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results presented in the table above indicate that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs assist citizens in finding out about the activities of the government and other which may affect them. This further indicates that civil society organizations collaborate ~th the government towards poverty reduction.

Table 20: CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down costs in the running of the organization unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic

Response Frequency Percent - Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 7 14 Agree 31 62 Strongly Agree 6 12

39 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

It was revealed that 8% o: the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 14% of the respondents were undecided, 62% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 12% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down costs in the running of the organization unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic. This further indicates that most of the respondents were aware that civil society organizations are effective in poverty reduction initiatives because of their nature of operations.

Table 21: CSOs have financial soundings or base and their accountability is transparent so that they can be able t~ provide efficient and effective service provision as compared to the public sectors Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 9 18 Agree 27 54 Strongly Agree 8 16 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above, 4% of the respondents, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were undecided, 54% of the respondents agreed and 16% strongly agreed. This implies that majority of tb. respondents revealed that CSOs have financial soundings or base and their accountability is transparent so that they can be able to provide efficient and effective service provision as compared to the public sectors. This further implies that civil society organizations are transparent to engage in poverty reduction programmes since lack of transparency cannot yield positive results in reduction of poverty among households in the society.

40 Table 22: CSOs can help in Lobbying for the community needs Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 10 20

Agree — 24 48 Strongly Agree 13 26 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above illustrates that 2% of respondents strongly disagreed, 4% disagreed, 20% of the respondents were undecided, 48% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 26% of the respondents strongly agreed that CSOs can help to identify and train new types of leaders who have dealt with important public issues and can be recruited to run for political office at all levels. This implies that civil society organizations continue to train the future leaders which also contributes towards poveny reduction in the communities.

4.4 Findings on challenges faced by civil society organizations in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the challenges faced by civil society organizations in Birembo sub-county Kakurniro district. These are presented as follows:

Table 23: Majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and sustainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring policy processes and their implementation ______Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 5 10 Undecided 9 18 Agree 23 46 Strongly Agree 11 22 Total 50 100

41 Source: Primary Data (2018)

The results presented in the table above indicate that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed that majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and sustainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring ~olicy processes and their implementation. This implies that despite the essential role played by civil society organizations towards poverty reduction, they still face a multitude of challenges that need to be addressed.

Table 24: Limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activities Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 8 16 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 7 14 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results presented in the table above indicate that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 14% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed that limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activiti~s. This implies that there is always need to address these issues so as to help civil society organizations execute their tasks more effectively

42 Table 25: CSOs are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their programmes/agendas and activities Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 8 16 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 7 14

Total — 50 100 Source: Primary Data (2017)

According to the results presented in the table above, 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents, 60% agreed and the remaining 14% strongly agreed that CSOs are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their programmes/agendas and activities. This implies that with their dependence on external sources of funds, civil society organizations can be directly influenced by external actors hence acting in contrary towards goals and objectives

Table 26: CSOs are largely characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak numerical base anda eographical coverage Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 5 10 Undecided 9 18 Agree 23 46 Strongly Agree 1 1 22 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The results presented in the table above indicate that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, ~% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed that CSOs are largely characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak numerical base

43 and a thin geographical coverage. This implies that with this kind of structure, civil society organizations are limited in their operations hence failure towards poverty reduction

Table 27: An organisation’s internal social power will determine its capacity to play its assigned civil role in helping to reform the state and promote democracy Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 10 20 Agree 24 48

Strongly Agree — 13 26 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above illustrates that 2% of respondents strongly disagreed, 4% disagreed, 20% of the respondents were undecided, 48% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 26% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that an organization’s internal social power will determine its capacity to play its assigned civil role in helping to reform the stite and promote democracy.

Table 28: Co-ordination of CSO activities has improved in the last few years Response Frec~uency Percent Strongly Disagree 2 4 Disagree 4 8 Undecided 9 18 Agree 27 54 Strongly Agree 8 16 Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above, 4% of the respondents, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were undi ided, S4?/~ of the respondents agreed and 16% strongly agreed. This

44 implies that majority of ~he respondents revealed that co-ordination of CSO activities has improved in the last few years.

Table 29: The biggest challenges of CSOs in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district-Uganda is high level of illiteracy rate among the neople Response Frequency Percent Strongly Disagree 4 8 Disagree 2 4 Undecided 3 6 Agree 30 60 Strongly Agree 1 1 22 Total iO 100

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The study results presented in the table above indicate that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that the biggest challenge of CSOs in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro, district is high level of illiteracy rate among the people. This implies that there is still a lot that needed to be done to educate the people about the role of CSOs in poverty reduction.

45 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses, concludes and recommends reflecting on the study findings presented in the previous chapter.

5.1 Summary of the discussions

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

The study findings revealed that 68% were males and the 32% remaining were females. This implies that males are the iajority. fhis implies that the most respondents were men due to the societal beliefs that the males are hardworking and hence capable of running the operations of civil society organizations better hence contributing towards poverty reduction.

The study revealed that the majority of the respondents fell in the age category 36 - 45 with a 40% representation. Age category 46-55 had a total response of 34%, while 26 -45 age group was represented by 14% the 20 -25 categories had a total representation of 8% while the least represented category was that of the 56+ with a representation of 6%. This implies that elderly people are less energetic to participate actively in the economy. The most number of respondents were relatively between 36 and 45 since at this age and this implies that they are always with a lot of responsibilities such as many children hence are forced to participate in the operations of civil society organizations Lience leading to reduction of poverty especially at a Household level.

The study established that the majority of the respondents were Married (62%). The divorced comprised of 20%, the single were 16% whereas the widowed were only 8%. Study findings established that, the majority were married and that due to their statuses, had children to take care of and yet resources were not readily available to meet their demands. This implies that married and divorced were the majority. However, the widowed were the least represented because they are few in the district followed by Singles implying that singles or youth did not see the importance of engaging in poverty reduction activities of civil society organizations.

46 Study findings revealed that the least represented level of education was the university group which comprised of 12%, followed by vocational level group (16%), while secondary level was represented by 30% and the most represented group was that of primary level which comprised of 42%. This implies that most respondents in the study were mainly illiterate, thus with low levels of education. And this further indicated that the majorities were relatively uneducated and this also further implied that they had low understanding regarding the contributions made by civil society organizations in the poverty reeducation in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district- Uganda.

5.1.2 Findings on the major causes of poverty.

It was found out that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 52% agreed and the remaining 24% of the respondents strongly agreed. This indicated that majority of the respondents were of the view that High levels of corrup~ion is one of the major causes of poverty especially in Birembo sub- county Kakumiro district.

The study revealed that that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents were undecided, 32% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 6% of the respondents strongly agreed that High dependence ratio due to bigger household size cause poverty especially in the rural settings. This implies the respondents were aware of the concept discussed.

The study results revea1ed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 36% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 42% strongly a :eed that poverty is caused by High levels of Illiteracy. This implies that, the respondents fully appreciated the point basing on their experiences in their communities especially in communities of Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro district.

The study results revealed that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that people(poorest of the poor) continue to be in poverty due to lack or limited access to land for

47 productive ventures hence a major cause of poverty in Birembo sub-county of Kakumiro district and the country at large.

The study also revealed that, 4% of the respondents, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were und ided, 54% of the respondents agreed and 16% strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents were aware that Institutional factors ie, inadequate social-economic infrastructures, among others causes poverty. The study results indicated that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed that Cultural practices; beliefs and traditions cause poverty to escalate. This implies that most respondents had earlier experiences of Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions causing poverty in their local communities of Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro District. The study results indicaed that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6% of the resnondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that civil wars and conflicts are major causes of poverty. This further means that; respondents had experienced such issues and witnessed how they create instabilities and decline in productivity leading to poverty.

The study also revealed that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, and 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This is analyzed that, natural disasters like drought, earthquakes, and floods among others cause poverty and even starvation since food insecurity will also be created and many capable persons to participate in economic development wi~’ have lost lives. This greatly causes poverty as most respondents and scholars suggested.

48 5.1.3 The contributions played by civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction.

The study results revealed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 36% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 42% strongly agreed that civil society organizations contribute much in promotion and protection of human rights and resolving issues that may escalate and lead to violence, conflicts or wars which can threaten peace among citizens of a given country

It was found out that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 14% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were undecided, 44% agreed and the remaining 20% of the respondents strongly agreed that Civil society organizations promote political participation. This implies that most respondents were aware of the vital role played by civil society organizations in promoting political participation within the community hence contributing towards poverty reduction

It was found out that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, and 6% of the respondem.. were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs assist citizens in advocating for policy change especially pro poor policies in the district and at national level. This further indicates that civil society organizations collaborate with the government towards poverty reduction

The study results revealed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 12% of the respondents were undecided, 36% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 42% strongly agreed that civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view. This also further ind~ates that majority of the respondents were aware of the essential role played by civil society organizations for instance equipping people with adequate knowledge needed towards poverty reduction

It was revealed that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 32% of the respondents were undecided, 16% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 6% of

49 the respondents strongly agreed that CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of drugs and sundries, training health workers etc. This implies that CSOs engage themselves in a number of activities intended at reducing poverty within the society.

Study findings discovered that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed fhis implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs contributes much in mobilization of community members/citizens in finding out about the activities of the government and other which may affect them hence poverty reduction especially at a household level.

It was revealed that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, and 14% of the respondents were undecided, 62% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 12% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down costs in the running of the organization unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic. This further indicates that most of the r@spondents were aware that civil society organizations are effective in poverty reduction initiatives because of their nature of operations

It was also found out that 4% of the respondents, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were undecided, 54% of the respondents agreed and 16% strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that CSOs have financial soundings or base and their accountability is transparent so that they can be able to provide efficient and effective service provision as compared to the public sectors. This further implies that civil society organizations are transparent to engage in poverty reduction programmes since lack of transparency cannot yield positive results in reduction of poverty among households in the society.

It was discovered that th. 2% of respondents strongly disagreed, 4% disagreed, 20% of the respondents were undecided, 48% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 26% of the respondents strongly agreed that CSOs can help in Lobbying for the community needs

50 5.1.4 Challenges faced by civil society organizations in Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro District, Uganda

It was found out that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed that majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and s istainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring policy processes and their implementation. This implies that despite the essential role played by civil society organization~ cowards poverty reduction, they still face a multitude of challenges that need to be addressed.

The study results revealed that 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 14% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed that limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activities. This implies that there is always need to address these issues so as to help civil society organizations execute their tasks more effecti~ely

It was also found out th~~ 2% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents, 60% agreed and the remaining 14% strongly agreed that CSOs are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their programmes/agendas and activities. This implies that with their dependence on external sources of funds, civil society organizations can be directly influenced by external actors hence acting in contrary towards goals and objectives

The study revealed that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 18% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were undecided, 46% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 22% of the respondents strongly agreed that CSOs are largely characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak numerical base and a thin geographical coverage. This implies that with tl kind of structure, civil society organizations are limited in their operations hence failure towards household poverty reduction

It was found out that 2% of respondents strongly disagreed, 4% disagreed, 20% of the

51 respondents were undecided, 48% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 26% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that an organization’s internal social power will determine its capacity to play its assigned civil role in helping to reform the state and promote democracy.

The study results revealed that 4% of the respondents, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 18% of the respondents were undecided, 54% of the respondents agreed and 16% strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that co-ordination of CSO activities has improved in the last few years.

The study results indicatec that 8% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4% of the respondents disagreed, 6% of the respondents were undecided, 60% of the respondents agreed and the remaining strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that the biggest challenge of CSOs Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro District, is high level of illiteracy rate among the people. This implies that there is still a lot that needs to be done to educate the people about the role of CSOs in poverty reduction especially at a household level.

5.2 Conclusion

5.2.1 The major causc~ of poverty in Birembo sub~county Kakumiro District..

According to research find~ngs, the following are the major factors that have caused high poverty levels in Birembo sub county-Kakumiro, district more especially at household level. They include; High levels of corruption, High dependence ratio due to bigger household size, levels of Illiteracy with its associated problems, Lack/limited land for both cultivation and other economic activities, Institutional factors i.e., inadequate social-economic infrastructures, Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions, Civil wars and conflicts across different cultural groups, Natural disasters, among others.

5.2.2Roles played by civil society organization~ towards household poverty reduction

The study concludes that civil society organizations contribute much in promotion and protection of human rights and resolving issues that may escalate and lead to violence, conflicts or wars hence poverty reduction.

52 CSOs assist citizens in aci~ocating for policy change especially pro poor policies in the district and at national level. This further concluded that civil society organizations collaborate with the government towards poverty reduction.

The study went ahead to conclude that civil society organizations promote political participation. CSOs can do this by educating people about their rights and obligations as democratic citizens, and encouraging them to listen to election campaigns and vote in elections. CSOs can also help develop citizens’ skills to work with one another to solve common problems, to debate public issues, and express their views.

It also concludes that civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: to1eranc~,, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view. This also helps to improve on the political stability within the community and thus improves on poverty reduction. Without this deeper culture of accommodation, democracy cannot be stable. These values cannot simply be taught; they must also be experienced through practice.

The study concludes that CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, including the provision of drugs and sundries, training health workers, and health education of communities on domestic hygiene, water and sanitation and thus improves on the life expectancy and thus poverty reduction.

The study concludes that some potential contributions by employing the demand side approach”

CSOs assist citizens in flu ing out about the activities of the government and other which may affect them; they use advocacy and political influence to hold local officials accountable for their activities which are damaging to the poor; they help communities mobilize and form societies their concerns , and guard against reprisals; they also construct a forum in which officials can consult people about development plans and listen to alternatives presented by the people; and they help ensure that individuals disadvantaged by government decisions receive just compensation, negotiates with affected parties.

CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down costs in the running of the organization unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic. The cost of running is

53 high. They are appropriate to provide public services because the state and market institutions are driven by the need of ~ ~ial control and profit making respectively.

The study concludes that civil society can provide a training ground for future political leaders. CSOs and other groups can help to identify and train new types of leaders who have dealt with important public issues and can be recruited to run for political office at all levels and to serve in provincial and national cabinets. Experience from other countries shows that civil society is a particularly important arena from which to recruit and train future women leaders.

Civil society can help to inform the public about important public issues. This is not only the role of the mass media, but of CSOs which can provide forums for debating public policies and disseminating information about issues before parliament that affect the interests of different groups, or of society at lar’

5.2.2 Challenges faced by civil society organizations in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro District., Uganda.

The study concludes that majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and sustainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring policy processes and their implementation.

The study also concludes that the limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activities under the proposed CSO Registration (Amendment) Bill present a big challenge. This problem compounded by the fear or lack of “courage” by many CSOs to confront or contradict the state on some issues within the “no-go areas”.

CSOs in Uganda are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their programmes/agendas and activities, invariably this undermines their independence and the sustainability of their programmes.

It also concludes that CSOs (particularly CSOs) in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district Uganda are largely characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak

54 numerical base and a thin geographical coverage. The middle class plays a key role in these organizations or at least those most visible in the public arena.

The study further conclud. -s that co-ordination of CSO activities in Uganda has improved in the last few years. Further that there is “competition within and between networks for recognition and credit and between local and international CSOs”.

It also concludes that Uganda has a deteriorating infrastructure that has seen little improvement in the last decade. Many of the roads were frequently impassable in rainy seasons. Highway infrastructure is insufficient to open up isolated areas or to link the regions. The country has no railroads. Power is also in short or doesn’t exist in some areas of Birembo sub-county Kakumiro, district and in other different parts of Uganda in some areas. So this also hampers the activities of CSOs in Uganda especially in remote areas of Birembo sub-county in Kakumiro District..

5.3 Recommendations

Basing on the finding in this study, the following recommendations have been suggested: in order to address limitations and enhance CSO’s performance, CSOs have to deal with some challenges: Strengthening their capacities, finding other sources of funding and they also incorporate with other development agencies, CSOs activities should improve the economic wellbeing of the communities by job creation and income generation, so that in the long run the economic empowerment will contribute to poverty reduction and hence sustainable community development.

In order to reduce poverty, the CSOs need to tackle it dynamically, strategically and comprehensively. This is ~ecause poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that needs a multidimensional approach. There is a need to look at all categories of needy people in the society such as the elderly, widows and disabled persons, rather than placing emphasis on a few selected category as some organizations do. Addition to that, many different approaches should be fully utilized to reduce poverty in the district and the country at large especially at household level. There is need for civil society organizations to allow for full and meaningful beneficiary participation. Involving beneficiaries in active participation allow them to make right choices of

55 intervention and become responsive to such interventions. Consequently, sustainability of civil society organization’s projects may be enhanced and promoted, leading to poverty reduction at all levels.

There is need for provisio of educauon to all so as to fight the illiteracy levels which proved to be one of the challenges hindering effective implementation of CSOs operations, This should consider both young and elderly persons who wish to access education and adequate sensitization also be made to foster education.

Proper coordination between the district local government and the CSOs is paramount in poverty reduction processes. Poor coordination between CSOs and the district local governments leads to duplication of projects in the district. Both parties should expose their work plans to each other so that the problem of duplication is minimized.

There is need for CSOs to ~ntervenc so as to create market for the produce of people dealing in small business investments so as to boost their income. The government can also take up an upper hand in the marketing of the produce of business by availing them with a wider market and also provision of security to curb down on the theft of the produce

There is need to establish a policy framework that maximizes the incomes of the working rural dwellers through policies to promote rural self-employment and reliability. It is important to encourage and strengthen cooperative and community based initiatives in the formulation and management of rural development programmes, in liaison with available NGOs and the three tiers of government to avoid duplication of efforts, while fostering effective [coordination; this includes increased access to micro-credit facilities through the establishment of more cooperative, community a micro-fl jance banks in the rural areas.

Finally the government should intensify accountability mechanisms of CSOs to beneficiaries. CSOs should behave in a manner that they can justify or defend. But for them to do this, there needs to be mechanisms that hold them or answer or to account. For instance, if the state is accountable to the citizens/electorate through elections and laws; what happens if CSOs do not deliver on their promises? Whom do they report to? All those issues need to be addressed sufficiently.

56 5.4 Suggested areas for future study

CSOs and accountability, Legitimacy and Representation of the Poor in Uganda.

Factors determining the CSO operations in Uganda.

57 REFERENCES

Bratton, M. (1990a), Non Governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Policy? Development and Change, No. 21. Pp. 87-1 18.

Eade, D. (ed) (2000), Development, NGOs and Civil Society. Oxfarm GB, Oxford.

De Connick, J. and Kayuki, E (2005), Uganda Civil Society Overview Report. CIVICUS Civil Society Index Project, DE IVA.

Mugambe, K, (2008), Assessment of Poverty Reduction Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa, The Case of Uganda. (OSSREA).

Thomas, A. (1996), NGO Advocacy, Democracy and Policy Development: Some Examples Relating to Environmental Policies in Zimbabwe and Botswana, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Policies. Vol. XXXIV, March, No.1, pp, 3 8-65.

Bratton, M (1990a), Non Governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Policy? Development and Change, No. 21. Pp. 87-118.

D. Moyo, Dead Aid: Why id is not working and how there is another way for Africa, (London, Penguin Group, 2009), p. 67.

Grootaert C (1996); Determinants ofPoverty in Cote d’Ivoire in the 1980’s Journal ofAfrican Economies, Vol.6 No.2 (1 69-196). UBOS, (2006) Uganda National Household Survey Report

Republic of Uganda (2012), Uganda Poverty Status Report, 2012, Ministry Finance Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), Kampala.

Bazaara N (2000) Contemporary Civil Society and the Democratization Process in Uganda: A Preliminary Exploration. Working Paper 54, Centre for Basic Research Publications, Uganda.

Bratton Michael. (1994) “Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa,” (eds.). Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder & London, Lynne Rienner Publishers.

58 Chambers, Robert(1983,), Rural development:putting the last first longman,halow pages 108- 139

Diamond Larry. (1994). “Rethinking Civil Society. Towards Democratic Consolidation,” in Journal ofDemocracy Vol. 5 No. 3. pp 4-17.

Draper, Hal. (1986) Karl Marx~ Theory of Revolution (Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy, Volume 2: The Politics ofSocial Classes). New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977 & 1986.

Development Goals, Daka;, 2003.

Sibanda, h., 1996, “NGO influence on national policy formation in Zimbabwe “, IDR reports, volume 11, number 2 Human Development Report 2003, “Millennium Development Goal: A Compact among Nations

to End Human Poverty “, United Nations Development Programme. Hearn Julie. (1999) Foreign Aid~ Democratisation and Civil Society in Africa. Institute of Development Studies Sussex, University ofSussex Brighton UK

Hemmati, Minu. (2001) of Muitistakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability:Beyond Deadlock and Conflict

John Jean Barya (1999) c]ivil Society and Governance in Uganda: A Historical Perspective “. Bantry Bay, Cape Town, South Africa from February 17-22, 1999.

Actors in Dutch Civil society(2 001), civil society and structural poverty Reduction;December 200.

Kasfir Nelson. (1998) Civil Society and Democracy in Africa: Critical Perspectives. A Frank Cass Journal Vol. 36 No. 2. Anthony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wilts.

O’Connell~ Brian, (1999) Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy. Medförd, Mass:Tufis University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-87451-924-1.

Tripp Aili, Man. (1998) “Expanding ‘Civil Society’: Women and Political Space in

Contemporary Uganda,” ~i Commonwealth and Contemporary Politics, Vol. 36 No. 2.

59 Tvedt, Terje. (1998) Angels ofMercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.

Whaites, Alan, (1998) NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Avoiding theoretical extremes in real world issues, ‘Development in Practice 1998 Zaleski, Pawel Stefan.

60 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondent

My name is TUMWEBAZE MOSES, a student from Kampala International University carrying out a study on the Civil society organizations and Household poverty reduction in Birembo Sub-county, Kakumiro District (Uganda). I am very glad that you are my respondent for this study. The purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain your opinionlviews to be included among others in the study. This research is one of the requirements leading to the award of the Bachelor’s degree in Development Studies. It is hence an academic research and will not be used for any other purpose other than academic. Your cooperation/assistance and answers to these questions heartily and honestly significant to this study to gather the data needed for my academic success. Thank you in advance for your cooperation

INSTRUCTION: PLEASE TICK WHERE APPROPRIATE

Section A: Biographical Data

1. Sex a) Male LI b) Female ~ 2. Age a) 20 -25 LI b) 26-35 LI c) 36-45 LI d) 46-55 LI e) 56+ LI

3. Marital Status

a) Single LI b) Married LI c) Divorced LI

61 d) Widowed ~ 4. Education level

a) Primary b) Secondary level c) Vocational d) University SECTION B: CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS AND POVERTY REDUCTION

Direction 1: Please write your rating on the space before each option which corresponds to your

Best choice in terms of Jevel of motivation. Kindly use the scoring system below:

Score Response Mode Description Interpretation

5 Strongly Agree You agree with no doubt at all Very satisfactory

4 Agree You agree with some doubt Satisfactory

3 Undecided You are not sure about any None

2 Disagree You disagree with some doubt Fair

1 Strongly Disagree You disagree with no doubt at all Poor

The major causes of~ verty. 1 2 3 4 5

1 High levels of corruption especially in third world countries.

Like bribary, embezzlement of public funds etc 2 High dependence ratio due to bigger household size. For example bigger families have more dependants compared to small families. This means savings are restricted and no investment hence remaining trapped by poverty. 3 High levels of Illiteracy with its associated problems also causes

62 poverty. For example most illiterates intendingly faile to participate in — — — — development process,in fields of health among others. 4 Lack/limited access te land for both cultivation and other economic activities. For example poorest of the poor don’t easily access or own adequate land.

5 Institutional factors i.e., inadequate social-economic infrastructures, — — — — among others i.e. inefficient market arrangement and adequate basic social Services like roads, schools etc.

6 Cultural practices, beliefs and traditions also cause poverty to escalate. — — — —

7 Civil wars across the globe. For example civil wars and conflicts that occurred in Rwanda, northern Uganda and currently in south Sudan and Somalia. This has weaKened the economy leading to poverty.

Natural disasters i.e. floods, heavy earthquakes, tsunami, among others. — — — 8 They destroy plantations and people’s lives hence misery and poverty.

63 Roles played by civil society organizations towards Household 1 2 3 4 5 poverty reduction in Kakumiro, district especially in Birembo sub- county 1 CSOs engage in the n~otection of human rights at various different stages or levels.

2 Civil society organizations promote political participation — —

3 CSOs Advocates for policy change. — —

4 Civil society organizations can help to develop the other values of democratic life: tolerance, moderation, compromise, and respect for opposing points of view

5 CSOs are involved in the provision of general health services, — — — —

including the provision of drugs and sundries, training health workers etc

6 CSOs assist citizens in finding out about the activities of the — — — — — government and other which may affect them

7 CSOs are structurally less bureaucratic so this helps them to cut down — — — — costs in the running of the organization unlike the government sector which is highly bureaucratic 8 CSOs have financial soundings or base and their accountability is transparent so that they can be able to provide efficient and effective service provision as compared to the public sectors

9 CSOs can help to identify and train new types of leaders who have — — — dealt with important dblic issues and can be recruited to run for political office at all levels

10 CSOs help in Availing Financial services to rural poor so as to reduce — household poverty.

64 Challenges faced by civil society organizations fighting poverty 1 2 3 4 5 especially at household level in Kakumiro district-Uganda.

1 Majority of CSOs lack the capacity to comprehensively and sustainably engage the state in policy analysis; evaluation and monitoring policy proc sses and their implementation 2 Limited space(s) within which CSOs may advance democratization and governance issues combined with the threat to further control their registration and activities

3 CSOs are highly dependent on external sources of funding for their — — programmes/agendas and activities 4 CSOs are largely characterized as an elite phenomenon with a narrow social base; a weak numerical base and a thin geographical coverage

5 An organization’s internal social power will determine its capacity to — — — — — play its assigned civil role in helping to reform the state and promote democracy

6 Co-ordination of CSO activities has improved in the last few years — — —

7 The biggest challenges of CSOs in Uganda is high level of illiteracy — — — rate among the people

Thanks for your responses

65 APPENDIX II

INTERVIEW GUIDE

How do you understand poverty in your community?

What is Kakumiro, district doing to reduce poverty in the district?

To what extent have civil society organizations complemented the efforts of the district to reduce house hold poverty?

Do you agree that civil society organizations help in poverty reduction in Kakumiro district?

If yes, what are the roles/contributions played by civil society organizations towards Household poverty reduction in Birembo sub-county Kakumiro district-Uganda?

What are the challenges faced by civil society organizations in Kakumiro district-Uganda?

What are the solutions to overcome the challenges facing civil society organizations towards household poverty reduction in Kakumiro district-Uganda?

Do you think enough has been done to overcome the challenges facing civil society organizations towards Household poverty reduction your district?

66 APPENDIX III

TIME FRAME

ACTIVITY MAY AUGUST/SEP OCTOBER TEMBER

Topic formulation

Introduction writing

Literature review writing

Methodology

Typing and correctior~

Reviewing

Final copy formulation

67 I ~ , Ggaua Po ~ lisanol P0 BOX 20000 Karnpa~a, Uganoa r~Aivit’A_A TeL 255 (Bi 382 277 030’[ax: p256 (0) ai 501 974 ~NTERNAT1ONAL EmaiL adrin Ooac ag Wobsite: http: viww.kiuacug ~IVE~TY

COLLEGE OF hUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES

October 15, 2018, TO WhOM IT MAY CONCERN

Dear SiriMadam.

RE: INTRODUCTION LETTER FOR Mr.TLJMWEBAZE MOSES REG NO. 1153-06044-03352

The above mentioned candidate is a bonafide student of Kampala International University pursuing a Bachelor’s Degree in Development Studies.

He is currently conducting a field research for his dissertation entitled, “CIVIL SOCIEITY ORGANISATIONS AND hOUSE hOLD POVERTY REDUCTION.”

Your organisation has been identified as a valuable source of information pertaining to his Research Project. The p pose of this letter then is to request ou to accept and avail him with the pertinent inlbrmation he ma~ need

Any data shared with him will he used for academic purposes only and shall be kept with utmost confidentiality.

Any assistance rendered to him will be highly appreciated.

Yours faith fully,

Asaba Richard B ago riza, P liD

‘Exploring the Heights