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Engler Og Demonisering Engler og demonisering Politiretorikkens gjennomslagskraft Asbjørn Olsen Mastergrad i journalistikk ved Institutt for medier og kommunikasjon UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Desember 2015 I Engler og demonisering Politiretorikkens gjennomslagskraft En studie av pressens dekning av motorsykkelklubben Hells Angels Norway i perioden 01.01. 2010 – 31.12. 2013 «Få av de om lag 100 norske deltagerne, ei heller noen av de om lag 20 norske journalistene, dro uberørt hjem. Ingen forlot konferansen uten å se for seg og frykte tilsvarende utvikling her til lands.» Journalist Frank Brandås i en kommentarartikkel i Hamar Arbeiderblad 01.04. 2011 II © Asbjørn Olsen 2015 Engler og demonisering. Politiretorikkens gjennomslagskraft. Asbjørn Olsen http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo III Sammendrag Hovedproblemstilling i masteroppgaven er om pressens dekning av Hells Angels i perioden 2010 til 2013 kan leses som del av en moralsk panikk. I oppgaven foretas en innholdsanalyse av tre kriminalpolitiske dokumenter, 436 avisartikler hentet fra tre ulike aviser gjennom en fireårsperiode, samt dokumentarfilmene «Engler uten grenser» og «Broderskapet», produsert av NRK Brennpunkt, som alle handler det såkalte «kriminelle MC-miljøet» og spesielt om MC-klubben Hells Angels. Deretter nøstes det opp «kriminalpolitiske spor» knyttet til begrepet «organisert kriminalitet», straffeloven § 60a (mafiaparagrafen) og Hells Angels i perioden 2010 – 2014. Det er samspillet mellom politiet, kriminaljournalistikk og kriminalpolitikk som det fokuseres på i denne studien. Dette samspillet er i masteroppgaven belyst gjennom teorien om moralsk panikk, gjennom en kritisk vurdering av pressens «samfunnsoppdrag» samt teori knyttet til kilder, kilderelasjoner og tolkningsrammer. Abstract A central question in this thesis is to analyze whether the media’s coverage of Hells Angels from 2010 to 2013 can be seen as a part of a moral panic. In this master’s degree, a content analysis is conducted of three penological documents, 436 news articles from three different newspapers through a four year span, and the documentaries “Angels without borders” and “Brotherhood” produced by NRK Brennpunkt, which are all about the so-called “criminal 1% clubs”, although the main focus was on Hells Angels. Then penological clues are linked to the term organized crime, the penal code § 60a (the mob section) and Hells Angels in the period from 2010 to 2014. The focus of this thesis is the interaction between the police, crime journalism, and crime politics. In this thesis, this interaction is illustrated through the theory of moral panic, through a critical assessment of the media’s social responsibility, as well as through theories linked to sources, source relations and framing. IV Forord Jeg jobber som journalist. Journalistikk kan utgjøre en forskjell, men det er, når sant skal sies, ikke derfor jeg er i bransjen. Jeg har ingen store illusjoner om å bidra til å skape en bedre verden gjennom jobben min. Fast inntekt og gleden ved å omdanne en historie til en fortelling har vært den viktigste drivkraften. I tillegg har jeg muligens et par egenskaper som passer til yrket: Jeg er nysgjerrig. Og jeg er skeptisk. Det siste høres pompøst ut og skyldes mer personlighet enn ideologi. Jeg er egentlig ikke så skeptisk til «makta». Jeg tror ikke på de store konspirasjonene. Jeg er like skeptisk til fattigfolk og tapere. Ofre, i min verden gjerne omtalt som case, tar mange ganger feil selv om de i mediene blir fremstilt som sannhetsbevis når makta skal konfronteres. Men jeg er skeptisk til alle former for «fakta». Og særlig når fakta blir pakket inn i retorikk og dramaturgi. Trolig har det med oppveksten på Sørlandet å gjøre. Motivasjonen bak oppgaven beskriver jeg i innledningskapittelet men det kanskje nødvendig allerede her å nevne spørsmålet som utløste en ny studenttilværelse: Hva gjør en journalist som får behov for å gjøre undersøkende journalistikk på journalistikk? For min del ble svaret å betale semesteravgiften til UiO, og deretter lese meg opp på teori og metode for så å gå i gang med det som skulle vise seg å bli en svært tidkrevende analyse. Resultatet ble denne oppgaven. Først og fremst vil jeg takke min sønn Håkon (14) for den tålmodighet han har vist med en arbeidende og studerende far. Deretter fortjener veileder Sigurd Allern (2012- 2015) honnør for kritiske spørsmål under veis, og ikke minst for at han har pushet på når studiene tidvis stoppet opp grunnet jobb. Mitt reisefølge gjennom 20 år, Mariann Aronsen, hjalp til med korrektur i innspurten, og medstudent Gita Simonsen ryddet kyndig opp i layout tre timer før deadline. En varm takk til dere begge to. Birgit Eie skal også ha stor takk for hjelp med kvalitetssikring av tall i Excel. Takk også til TV2 som skaffet til veie en måneds permisjon med lønn i innspurten. Stian Steinsvik i Hamar Arbeiderblad hjalp til med arkivsøk da avisen på Hamar ikke er tilgjengelig i Retriever. Oppgaven vil jeg dedikerer til min far Håkon (1922 – 2006) som i over 20 år var sosialsjef i en liten innlandskommune på Sørlandet. Han lærte meg at man ikke skal skue hunden på hårene. En lærdom som kommer godt med i jobben som journalist. Oslo, 1. desember 2015 Asbjørn Olsen V VI Innholdsfortegnelse 1 INNLEDNING ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 OPPGAVENS TEMA ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 HELLS ANGELS – ET INTERNASJONALT FENOMEN ...................................................................................... 4 1.3 HELLS ANGELS I DEN NORSKE OFFENTLIGHETEN ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 BEGREPSMESSIG AVKLARING ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 OPPGAVENS PROBLEMSTILLING .................................................................................................................. 12 1.6 OPPGAVENS OPPBYGGING ............................................................................................................................ 13 2 TEORETISKE PERSPEKTIVER OG BEGREPER ............................................................................ 15 2.1 FORSKNING PÅ MEDIER OG KRIMINALITET ............................................................................................... 15 2.2 ORGANISERT KRIMINALITET ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 PRESSENS SAMFUNNSOPPDRAG .................................................................................................................. 21 2.4 KRIMINALJOURNALISTIKKENS NYHETSVERDI .......................................................................................... 25 2.5 KILDER OG KILDERELASJONER .................................................................................................................... 27 2.6 MORALSK PANIKK ......................................................................................................................................... 32 2.7 TOLKNINGSRAMMER ..................................................................................................................................... 38 3 DATAGRUNNLAG OG METODER ..................................................................................................... 41 3.1 UTVALG AV KRIMINALPOLITISKE TEKSTER ............................................................................................... 41 3.2 VALG AV TIDSPERIODE OG MEDIETEKSTER ............................................................................................... 43 3.3 KRIMINALPOLITISK TIDSLINJE .................................................................................................................... 47 3.4 UTTALELSENE TIL PRESSENS FAGLIGE UTVALG (PFU) ......................................................................... 47 3.5 BRUK AV ULIKE METODER............................................................................................................................ 47 3.6 ARGUMENTASJONSRETORIKK ...................................................................................................................... 48 3.7 KVANTITATIV INNHOLDSANALYSE AV JOURNALISTISKE TEKSTER ........................................................ 50 3.8 SELVREFLEKSJON ........................................................................................................................................... 54 4 ANALYSE AV KRIMINALPOLITISKE DOKUMENTER................................................................. 56 4.1 TEKSTENES OPPONENT ................................................................................................................................ 56 4.1.1 Analyse av Handlingsplan (2011-2015) ............................................................................................ 57 4.1.2 En troverdig avsender ................................................................................................................................ 58 4.1.3 Hvem er de MC-kriminelle?...................................................................................................................... 59 4.1.4 Hvorfor er de MC-kriminelle organiserte kriminelle? ................................................................. 60 4.1.5 Hells
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