DOCSLIB.ORG

Women in Healthcare Experiencing Occupational Stress and Burnout During COVID-19: a Rapid Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women in Healthcare Experiencing Occupational Stress and Burnout During COVID-19: a Rapid Review Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048861 on 8 April 2021. Downloaded from Women in healthcare experiencing occupational stress and burnout during COVID-19: a rapid review Abi Sriharan ,1 Savithiri Ratnapalan,2,3 Andrea C Tricco ,1,4 Doina Lupea5 To cite: Sriharan A, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Ratnapalan S, Tricco AC, Context COVID-19 has had an unprecedent impact on et al. Women in healthcare physicians, nurses and other health professionals around ► This rapid review included 47 studies representing experiencing occupational stress the world, and a serious healthcare burnout crisis is and burnout during COVID-19: 18 668 women in healthcare. emerging as a result of this pandemic. a rapid review. BMJ Open ► This study used Bolman and Deal’s (2017) four- Objectives We aim to identify the causes of occupational 2021;11:e048861. doi:10.1136/ frame leadership model to explain the contextual stress and burnout in women in medicine, nursing and bmjopen-2021-048861 factors of stress and burnout experienced by women other health professions during the COVID-19 pandemic health professionals. ► Prepublication history for and interventions that can support female health ► This study used the WHO guidelines on rapid re- this paper is available online. professionals deal with this crisis through a rapid review. To view these files, please visit views and reported using the Preferred Reporting Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, the journal online (http:// dx. doi. Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PsycINFO and ERIC from December 2019 to 30 September org/ 10. 1136/ bmjopen- 2021- guidelines to guide this rapid review. 2020. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO 048861). ► Quality of evidence was assessed using the Quality and is available online. We selected all empirical studies Rating Scheme for Studies and Other Evidence. Received 11 January 2021 that discussed stress and burnout in women healthcare ► Due to the heterogeneity of data collected in the in- Revised 08 March 2021 workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. cluded studies, a meta-analysis was not appropriate. Accepted 15 March 2021 Results The literature search identified 6148 citations. A review of abstracts led to the retrieval of 721 full-text articles for assessment, of which 47 articles were included for review. Our findings show that concerns of safety Women in healthcare experience specific (65%), staff and resource adequacy (43%), workload and challenges with adapting to COVID-19 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ compensation (37%) and job roles and security (41%) related public health measures, in addition to appeared as common triggers of stress in the literature. Conclusions and relevance The current literature the pre- existing systemic challenges related to workplace gender bias, discrimination, sexual primarily focuses on self- focused initiatives such 7 as wellness activities, coping strategies, reliance of harassment and inequities. The pandemic © Author(s) (or their family, friends and work colleagues to organisational- has taken a disproportionate toll on women 8 employer(s)) 2021. Re- use led initiatives such as access to psychological support in the workplace. Women make up 75% permitted under CC BY- NC. No and training. Very limited evidence exists about the of HCWs globally.9 Female physicians are commercial re- use. See rights organisational interventions such as work modification, already more likely than male physicians to on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. and permissions. Published by financial security and systems improvement. BMJ. experience depression, burnout and suicidal 10 11 1Institute of Health Policy, ideation. On average, women performed Management and Evaluation, 2.5 times of unpaid work per day compared University of Toronto, Toronto, INTRODUCTION with men as parents and primary caregivers Ontario, Canada to family members.12 2 The health sector is facing an unprecedented Division of Emergency burden due to the ongoing COVID-19 In this review, we explore factors that may Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, pandemic. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are influence stress and burnout in women health Canada at the frontline providing essential services, professionals and describe how different type 3Department of Paediatrics, The and they are experiencing increased harass- of intervention organisations can offer to Temerty Faculty of Medicine, ment, stigmatisation, physical violence and support women health professionals. Toronto, ON, Canada psychological trauma, including increased 4Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health, Toronto, rates of burnout, depression, anxiety, Ontario, Canada substance abuse and suicide due to COVID- METHODS 5Ontario Medical Association, 19.1–4 Amnesty International has recorded the Overall objectives Toronto, Ontario, Canada deaths of over 7000 health workers worldwide The overall objectives of this review are to: Correspondence to due to COVID-19. In the USA alone, over 250 (A) explore the triggers of occupational Dr Abi Sriharan; 000 health workers have been infected, and stress and burnout faced by women in health- 5 6 abi. sriharan@ utoronto. ca nearly 1000 deaths have occurred. care during the COVID-19 pandemic and (B) Sriharan A, et al. BMJ Open 2021;11:e048861. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048861 1 Open access BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048861 on 8 April 2021. Downloaded from identify interventions that can support their well-being included primary where data were collected and anal- through a systematic review. ysed using objective quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. We excluded editorials and opinion pieces. Materials and methods We conducted a rapid review in accordance with the WHO Patient and public involvement Rapid Review Guide13 and reported using the Preferred No patient involved. Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA). The review protocol was registered in PROS- Search methods and information sources PERO and is available online (CRD42020189750). We conducted comprehensive literature search strategies in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (via Ovid), Ethical considerations Embase (via Ovid), CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), PsycINFO This study used secondary data analysis using published (via Ovid) and ERIC (via ProQuest). We developed our research; therefore, it did not require submission to the search strategies via an academic health sciences librarian research ethics committee. with input from the research team. The search was origi- nally built in MEDLINE Ovid and peer-reviewed using the Theoretical model Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies tool.17 We limited The WHO classified burnout and occupation stress as an our searches to articles published in English no later than 30 14 occupational phenomenon. In this context, we used September 2020. The final search results were exported into Bolman and Deal’s (2017) four-frame model of leader- Covidence, review management software, where duplicates ship to understand the stress and burnout experienced were identified and removed. by women health professionals.15 The four-frame model provides an approach to describe organisational issues Screening process through four perspectives: structural, human resource, To minimise selection bias, we piloted 20 citations against symbolic and political. The structural frame focuses on a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. After high agree- rules, roles, strategy, policies, technology and work envi- ment was achieved, two reviewers independently screened all ronment. The human resource frame considers indi- citations. Conflicts were resolved by discussion or via a third vidual needs, skills and relationships. The political frame reviewer. The same process was used for full- text screening of examines power, conflict, competition and organisa- potentially eligible studies. tional politics, and the symbolic frame includes culture, meaning, rituals and stories. Rating of the quality of evidence The strength of data and subsequent recommendations for Research questions interventions were graded according to the Quality Rating The following research questions guided the rapid review: Scheme for Studies and Other Evidence by two reviewers http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ what are the triggers of stress and burnout in women in independently, with discrepancies resolved after joint review 18 healthcare? What interventions are effective in preventing and discussion. occupational stress and burnout? Data extraction Eligibility criteria We used a predefined data extraction form to extract data The eligibility criteria are included in table 1. First, we from the papers included in the rapid review. To ensure the were only interested in articles published from December integrity of the assessment, we piloted the data extraction 2019 to 30 September 2020 (the last day of the literature form on three studies. We extracted the following informa- on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. search). We chose this timeframe to include research tion from the studies: the first author, year of publication, related to experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. health professionals enrolled in the study, geographic loca- Our study specifically focused on the experiences of tion, study methods, quality of evidence, triggers of stress and women in healthcare, encompassing a broad array of burnout, interventions and outcomes. health professionals
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ambassadors of Change in a Challenging Global World July 25-28, 2019 | Brooklyn Bridge Marriott | Nyc
    MWIAMWIA 100100 MEDICAL WOMEN: AMBASSADORS OF CHANGE IN A CHALLENGING GLOBAL WORLD JULY 25-28, 2019 | BROOKLYN BRIDGE MARRIOTT | NYC 1 2 Cover Art: Karen Poirier-Brode MWIA PRESIDENT Dear Congress Attendants from All Over the World, It is my great pleasure and honor to serve as MWIA president for the last three years, and at this centen- nial celebration, I welcome you all to MWIA´s Centennial Congress in New York. This Congress will celebrate our achievements as medical women in MWIA over the past 100 years! The theme of the Congress is “Medical Women: Ambassadors of Change in a Challenging Global World,” bridging the past with the present and moving into the future! The theme is very timely, since the specific challenges to women´s health are manifold: e.g. deprivation of women’s rights in many so- cieties, lack of access to health care, socioeconomic, cultural, and political factors. Medical women and national medical women’s associations play an important role in tackling those problems. I am looking forward to fostering dialogue and exchanging ideas with all of you here in New York. MWIA is greatly indebted to the American Medical Women´s Association (AMWA) for hosting this Centennial Congress and making it a memorable event for all of us! Thank you! Being MWIA’s president will always have a special place in my heart and I want to thank you for supporting me, trusting me, and working together with me to make MWIA even stronger. In sisterhood and respect, Bettina Pfleiderer, MD, PhD President, Medical Women’s International Association Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • American Protestant Female Medical Missionaries to China, 1880-1930
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2020 Imperial Professionals: American Protestant Female Medical Missionaries to China, 1880-1930 Yutong Zhan William & Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Cultural History Commons, Social History Commons, United States History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Zhan, Yutong, "Imperial Professionals: American Protestant Female Medical Missionaries to China, 1880-1930" (2020). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1530. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1530 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Imperial Professionals: American Protestant Female Medical Missionaries to China, 1880-1930 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in History from The College of William and Mary by Yutong Zhan Accepted for Highest Honors (Honors, High Honors, Highest Honors) Adrienne Petty, Director Joshua Hubbard Leisa Meyer Williamsburg, VA May 1, 2020 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………...2 Illustrations ………………………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………5 Chapter I. “The Benefit of [...] the Western World”:
    [Show full text]
  • Fatima Cody Stanford, MD, MPH, MPA, FAAP, FACP, FAHA, FTOS
    Fatima Cody Stanford, MD, MPH, MPA, FAAP, FACP, FAHA, FTOS Date Prepared: July 17, 2020 Name: Fatima Cody Stanford Office Address: MGH Weight Center, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 430, Boston, MA 02114 Work Phone: (617) 726-4400 Work Email: [email protected] Work Fax: (617) 724-6565 Place of Birth: Atlanta, Georgia, USA Education 08/96-05/00 Bachelor of Science Anthropology & Human Biology Emory University- College (BS) (major); Dance (minor) Atlanta, GA 08/00-08/01 Master of Public Health Health Policy and Management Emory University- (MPH) Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta, GA 08/03-05/07 Doctor of Medicine General Medicine Medical College of (MD) Georgia School of Medicine Augusta, GA 07/14-05/15 Master of Public Mid-Career Program- Leadership, Harvard University- Administration (MPA) Policy, and US Politics Kennedy School of Government Cambridge, MA 03/20-04/21 Master of Business Management and Leadership Quantic School of Business (Anticipated) Administration (MBA) and Technology Washington, DC Postdoctoral Training 07/07-06/08 Clinical & Research Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Staten Island Orthopaedics Fellow Medicine & Sports Medicine Staten Island, NY 07/07-06/08 Research Fellow Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Hospital for Special Medicine Surgery New York, NY 1 07/08-06/12 Resident Physician Internal Medicine/ Pediatrics Palmetto Health/ University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, SC 07/12-06/15 Clinical & Research Obesity Medicine & Nutrition Massachusetts General Fellow Hospital 07/12-06/15 Research Fellow
    [Show full text]
  • EXHIBIT a (Declaration of Dr
    Case 1:19-cv-00370-EAW Document 122-2 Filed 04/02/20 Page 1 of 24 EXHIBIT A (Declaration of Dr. Jaimie Meyer) CaseCase 1:19-cv-00370-EAW 1:20-cv-01803-AKH Document Document 122-2 42 Filed Filed 03/16/20 04/02/20 Page Page 1 of2 of23 24 Declaration of Dr. Jaimie Meyer Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.§ 1746, I hereby declare as follows: I. Background and Qualifications 1. I am Dr. Jaimie Meyer, an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Yale School of Medicine and Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing at Yale School of Nursing in New Haven, Connecticut. I am board certified in Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Addiction Medicine. I completed my residency in Internal Medicine at NY Presbyterian Hospital at Columbia, New York, in 2008. I completed a fellowship in clinical Infectious Diseases at Yale School of Medicine in 2011 and a fellowship in Interdisciplinary HIV Prevention at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS in 2012. I hold a Master of Science in Biostatistics and Epidemiology from Yale School of Public Health. 2. I have worked for over a decade on infectious diseases in the context of jails and prisons. From 2008-2016, I served as the Infectious Disease physician for York Correctional Institution in Niantic, Connecticut, which is the only state jail and prison for women in Connecticut. In that capacity, I was responsible for the management of HIV, Hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases in the facility. Since then, I have maintained a dedicated HIV clinic in the community for patients returning home from prison and jail.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Barriers to Women's Leadership in Greek, Maltese And
    Exploring barriers to women’s leadership in the Maltese healthcare setting A sub-study as part of the study: Exploring barriers to women’s leadership in healthcare setting in South Eastern European countries by Valia Kalaitzi and Katarina Czabanowska Maastricht University Researcher: Dr. Liliana Cuschieri Supervisor: Dr. Natasha Azzopardi Muscat MAPHM Symposium 20th October 2017 #PHSymposium17 Background Women leaders in healthcare significantly underrepresented in top leadership positions Global healthcare workforce - 75% are women but only 38% hold top positions In healthcare industry - women leaders compose only 18% of hospital CEOs, 14% of healthcare boards of directors, 15.9% have reached full professorship #PHSymposium17 Background “Women doctors bring excellent qualities and results into medical services” Talent pipeline of women in medical and clinical leadership needs to be further enhanced Various barriers identified • cultural (stereotypes) • structural (inadequate childcare) • organisational (inflexible working hours) • personal (lack of appropriate training) #PHSymposium17 Background Justifications for underepresentation of women in leadership positions in healthcare: ➢ too soon ➢ too busy with family ➢ not natural leaders #PHSymposium17 Aim To explore nature of identified barriers to women’s clinical, academic & medical leadership within healthcare setting #PHSymposium17 Methodology One on one in-depth interviews with 18 healthcare leaders (9 female, 9 male) Three leadership domains – academic, clinical, medical
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Women in Academic Medicine
    The State of Women 2013–14 in Academic Medicine Learn Serve The Pipeline and Pathways to Leadership Lead Association of American Medical Colleges THE STATE OF WOMEN IN ACADEMIC MEDICINE Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 3 Understanding the Pipeline and Pathways The proportion of new faculty hires who are 4 Methods women rose since 2008–09. The proportion of 5 Entering the Pipeline faculty departures who are women also rose. 7 Working in the Pipeline 11 Leading in the Pipeline 13 Medical School Resources to Support Women Faculty 15 Discussion Points The proportion of full-time full professors 16 Take Action to Advance Women Faculty who are women has increased 7 17 Why Should You Support a WIMS Program? percentage points since 2003–04 (14% to 21%). AUTHORS: Diana M. Lautenberger, M.A.T., Valerie M. Dandar, M.A., Claudia L. Raezer, and Rae Anne Sloane ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors wish to thank Ann Steinecke, Ph.D., Hershel Alexander, Ph.D., While the number of applicants to medical Emory Morrison, Ph.D., Tai Pham, and the GWIMS Steering Committee for their substantial contributions to and guidance on this project. school who are women continues to increase, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC the proportion remains under 50%. This is a publication of the Association of American Medical Colleges. The AAMC serves and leads the academic medicine community to improve the health of all. www.aamc.org. To download copies of this report visit: www.aamc.org/publications. © 2014 Association of American Medical Colleges. May not be Learn More reproduced or distributed without prior permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Male and Female Emirati Medical Clerks' Perceptions of the Impact Of
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Male and Female Emirati Medical Clerks’ Perceptions of the Impact of Gender and Mobility on Their Professional Careers Michelle McLean 1,* ID and Susan B. Higgins-Opitz 2 1 Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia 2 College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-5595-5536 Received: 4 July 2017; Accepted: 5 September 2017; Published: 9 September 2017 Abstract: Background: Medicine has undergone profound changes in terms of the number of women entering the profession with postulated implications of this ‘feminization’ for the profession. The present phenomenological study sought to gain insight into the experiences of final year male and female Emirati medical students (clerks) in terms of the impact of gender on their careers. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 of the 27 clerks. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Findings: There was consensus that the gender profile of medicine in the United Arab Emirates was changing as opportunities emerged for Emirati women to branch into different medical specialties. These opportunities were, however, local or regional due largely to travel restrictions on women. Females would thus receive a less highly regarded board certification than males who were encouraged to specialize abroad. On their return, males would be appointed as consultants or as high-ranking administrators. Participants also acknowledged that like their roles in their society, some medical specialties were ‘gendered’, e.g., surgery (male) and pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology (female). Conclusion: Although religious and cultural traditions around gender and mobility will influence the professional careers of male and female Emirati medical graduates, the situation is, however, changing.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Physicians and the Politics and Practice of Medicine in the American West, 1870-1930
    Medical Frontiers: Women Physicians and the Politics and Practice of Medicine in the American West, 1870-1930 by Jacqueline D. Antonovich A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Alexandra Minna Stern, Co-chair Professor Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Co-chair Professor Anna Kirkland Professor Matthew D. Lassiter Professor Martin Pernick Jacqueline D. Antonovich [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6295-7735 © Jacqueline D. Antonovich 2018 For my younger self. A single mother, working as a waitress, with only an associate degree in hand. You are my inspiration every day. ii Acknowledgements Years ago, when I decided to return to school to finish my bachelor’s degree, I never imagined that the journey would end with a Ph.D. I want to thank the History Department at the University of Michigan for taking a chance on me, and I also want to encourage them to keep taking chances on students like me – first-generation, non-traditional students bring a valuable and much-needed perspective to the academy. Alexandra Minna Stern is a phenomenal advisor. Her scholarly insight and professional mentorship has made this dissertation a stronger project, and I am a better historian because of her. My dissertation co-chair, Regina Morantz Sanchez, provided unwavering support over the past seven years. She has always taken my claims about the importance of medical women’s politics seriously, and graciously opened up both her home and her archives to me. Martin Pernick taught me not only how to be a pretty good medical historian, but also how to be an excellent teacher.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminisation of the Health Workforce and Wage Conditions of Health
    Shannon et al. Human Resources for Health (2019) 17:72 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0406-0 RESEARCH Open Access Feminisation of the health workforce and wage conditions of health professions: an exploratory analysis Geordan Shannon1,2,3* , Nicole Minckas1,2, Des Tan2,3, Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli3, Neha Batura3 and Jenevieve Mannell1 Abstract Background: The feminisation of the global health workforce presents a unique challenge for human resource policy and health sector reform which requires an explicit gender focus. Relatively little is known about changes in the gender composition of the health workforce and its impact on drivers of global health workforce dynamics such as wage conditions. In this article, we use a gender analysis to explore if the feminisation of the global health workforce leads to a deterioration of wage conditions in health. Methods: We performed an exploratory, time series analysis of gender disaggregated WageIndicator data. We explored global gender trends, wage gaps and wage conditions over time in selected health occupations. We analysed a sample of 25 countries over 9 years between 2006 and 2014, containing data from 970,894 individuals, with 79,633 participants working in health occupations (48,282 of which reported wage data). We reported by year, country income level and health occupation grouping. Results: The health workforce is feminising, particularly in lower- and upper-middle-income countries. This was associated with a wage gap for women of 26 to 36% less than men, which increased over time. In lower- and upper-middle-income countries, an increasing proportion of women in the health workforce was associated with an increasing gender wage gap and decreasing wage conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Medicine Lecture Series: Thriving in the Virtual World
    NOW VIRTUAL & COMPLIMENTARY! NORTHWESTERN WOMEN IN MEDICINE LECTURE SERIES: THRIVING IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD THURS. DECEMBER 17, 2020 THURS. JANUARY 21, 2021 THURS. FEBRUARY 18, 2021 THURS. MARCH 18, 2021 THURS. APRIL 22, 2021 THURS. MAY 20, 2021 THURS. JUNE 17, 2021 THURS. JULY 22, 2021 SPONSORED BY: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Oce of Continuing Medical Education, ALL TAKE PLACE Department of Medicine and the Department of Surgery AT 5:00 PM CST THE NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY FEINBERG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DESIGNATES THIS LIVE ACTIVITY FOR A MAXIMUM OF: 12 AMA PRA CATEGORY 1 CREDITS™ REGISTER TODAY: CME.NORTHWESTERN.EDU PROGRAM INFORMATION LEARNING OBJECTIVES ACCREDITATION STATEMENT NORTHWESTERN At the conclusion of this activity, The Northwestern University Feinberg School participants should be able to: of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation WOMEN IN MEDICINE Council for Continuing Medical Education 1. Describe strategies to navigate the (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education virtual world to continue advancing for physicians. LECTURE SERIES: professional growth. CREDIT DESIGNATION STATEMENT THRIVING IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD 2. Describe the impact on COVID-19 on The Northwestern University Feinberg School women in academic medicine using of Medicine designates this live activity for a evidence based data. maximum of 12 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only credit commensurate 3. Explain and cultivate characteristics of Women physicians face unique challenges and obstacles throughout with the extent of their participation in the being an inclusive leader and mitigate activity. bias in the work environment. their professional careers. These challenges may affect leadership FACULTY DISCLOSURE 4. Describe strategies to guide graduating The Northwestern University Feinberg School medical trainees for a fulfilling career development and opportunities for women in medicine resulting in a of Medicine requires course directors, speakers, in medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Family Physicians: a Career in Academic Family Medicine – an Example from Turkey
    Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 2015; 17, 1: 48–53 © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Continuo PRACE POGLĄDOWE • REVIEWS Women Family Physicians: A Career in Academic Family Medicine – an example from Turkey Kobieta – lekarz medycyny rodzinnej pracownikiem naukowym uniwersytetu PL ISSN 1734-3402 medycznego – na przykładzie Turcji ILHAMI UNLUOGLU1, ESRA SAATCI2, ERSIN AKPINAR2 1 Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine Department of Family Medicine, Eskisehir 2 Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Department of Family Medicine, Adana A – Study Design, B – Data Collection, C – Statistical Analysis, D – Data Interpretation, E – Manuscript Preparation, F – Literature Search, G – Funds Collection Summary When the first universities opened in Europe in the 12th century, they were, with few exceptions, open for men only. It was not until the 19th century that most European countries opened their academic institutions to female students and female teachers. At present, women occupy approximately one third of the academic posts in Turkey. Medical field is the third preferred area for women in Turkey. It is supposed that 30% of all physicians and almost half of 100,000 academic personnel in Turkey are female. However, the percentage of women decreases as the rank increases. Of residents, 47% are women whereas 35% of assistant professors, 31.6% of associate professors and 27.4% of full professors is women. The first academic tenure in family medicine was in 1994. By 15 March 2012, there are 82 associate professors and 16 full professors in family medicine. Of 82 associate professors, 46% (38) and of 16 full professors, 25% (4) are women. Changing the environment of academic medicine could enhance career satisfaction and success for both women and men.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Medicine
    The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research Volume 13 Article 6 2012 Women in Medicine Tierney Sullivan St. John Fisher College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons How has open access to Fisher Digital Publications benefited ou?y Recommended Citation Sullivan, Tierney. "Women in Medicine." The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research 13 (2012): 23-27. Web. [date of access]. <https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/6>. This document is posted at https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/6 and is brought to you for free and open access by Fisher Digital Publications at St. John Fisher College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in Medicine Abstract In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. It seems that most individuals regardless of gender, race or ethnicity are in a constant rat race to keep up with the demands of modern day society and be as successful as possible. Looking at a college population, everyone has high goals and ambitions and is hoping to be the best in the field they enter. However, women are faced with the dilemma of what to do when life puts another barrier up around us. Women have gained the access to equality of education that we hoped for and are graduating in equal number with men (The Mommy Mystique), but society continues to put up barriers around women based on stereotypes that are deeply engrained into our psyche (Chodorow, 200).
    [Show full text]