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Canada Geese of the Mississippi Flyway

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STATE OF ILLINOIS Adlai E. Stevenson, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Noble J. Puffer, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Harlow B. Mills, Chief Volume 25 B U L L E T I N Article 3 Canada Geese of the Mississippi Flyway tVith Special Reference to an Illinois Flock HAROLD C. HANSON ROBERT H. SMITH Printed hy .lulhorily of the State of Illinois URBANA, ILLINOIS March 1950 . STATE OF ILLINOIS Adlai E. Stevenson, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Noble J. Puffer, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Noble J. Puffer, Chairman Stoddard, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., A. E. Emerson, Ph.D., Biology George D. President the University Illinois L. H. Tiffany, Ph.D., Forestry LL.D., of of L R. HowsoN, B.S.C.E., C.E., Walter H. Newhouse, Ph.D., Geology Engineering Roger Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Urbana, Illinois Scientific and Technical Staff Harlow B. Mills, Ph.D., Chief Bessie B. Henderson, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Section of Economic Entomology Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pa- thology George C. Decker, Ph.D., Entomologist and Head Leo R. Tehon, Ph.D., Botanist and Head Bigger, M.S., Entomologist J. H. J. Cedric Carter, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist English, Ph.D., Entomologist L. L. J. L. Forsberg, M.S., Associate Plant Patholo- Entomologist C. J. Weinman, Ph.D., gist S. C. Chandler, B.S., Associate Entomologist G. H. Boewe, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist Willis N. Bruce, M.A., Assistant Entomologist Robert A. Evers, M.S., Assistant Botanist Entomologist John M. Wright, M.A., Assistant Joan H. Laube, B.S., B.M., Technical Assistant H. B. Petty, M.A., Associate in Entomology Extension Research M. Bann, B.S., Research Assistant Section of Game and Manage- James ment Section of Faunistlc Surveys and Insect G. Scott, Ph.D., Game Specialist and Identification Thomas Head H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Systematic Entomologist Ralph E. Yeatter, Ph.D., Game Specialist and Head Frank C. Bellrose, B.S., Associate Game Spe- Milton W. Sanderson, Ph.D., Associate Tax- cialist onomist Harold C. Hanson, M.S., Assistant Game Spe- Lewis Stannard, Jr., M.S., Assistant Tax- J. cialist onomist James S. Jordan, M.F., Assistant Game Tech- Leonora K. Gloyd, M.S., Laboratory Assistant nician Philip W. Smith, B.S., Laboratory Assistant William Nuess, Laboratory Assistant Carolyn E. Shroyer, Technical Assistant Section of Aquatic Biology Cooperative Wildlife Research George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist and Head (Hlinois Department of Conservation and U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, Cooperating) WiLLiA.vi C. Starrett, Ph.D., Associate Aquat- and ic Biologist Paul J. Moore, B.S., Project Leader D. F. Hansen, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic Bi- George C. Arthur, B.S., Project Leader ologist Lysle R. Pietsch, M.F., Project Leader R. VVeldon Larimore, M.S., Research Assist- John C. Calhoun, B.S., Assistant Project ant Leader Daniel Avery, Field Assistant William J. Harth, M.S., Project Leader Leonard Durham, B.S., Technical Assistant Section of Forestry WiLLET N. Wandell, M.F., Forester and Head Lawson B. Culver, B.S., Associate in Forestry Section of Publications and Public Rela- Extension tions Henri D. Crawley, M.F., Junior Forester James S. Ayars, B.S., Technical Editor and Technical Library Head Marguerite Simmons, M.A., M.S., Technical Blanche P. Young, B.A., Assistant Technical Librarian Editor Ruth Warrick, B.S., Assistant Technical Li- Charles L. Scott, B.S., Assistant Technical brarian Photographer Consultant in Herpetology: Hobart M. Smith, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Hlinois. This paper is a contribution from the .Section of Game Research and Management (80159—4,500—6-49) <,^g^2 FORE W ORD OF all of the geese inhabiting North This is the problem that faced those in- America, the Canada goose stands at terested in the geese wintering in Illinois. or near the top of the list in general From nesting grounds on the west side of recognition, and as a game bird. So well James Bay in Canada, one segment of the known is it that the mention of wild goose Canade goose population moved south and brings to the average person a mental pic- west, and in recent years wintered to a very ture of the great gray-bodied, black-necked, large extent at the Horseshoe Lake Game white-jowled "honker." Francis Kortright, Refuge in Alexander County, Illinois. About in his The Ducks, Geese and Swans of half of the population of geese in the Mis- North America says, "Sagacity, wariness, sissippi flyway concentrated in a small area strength and fidelity are characteristics of where excessive hunting could conceivably the Canada Goose which, collectively, are have affected numbers and hunting successes possessed in the same degree by no other in a very large area both inside and out- bird." The cold, calculating, investigative, side the state. The object of the study re- scientific eye may occasionally cast doubt ported herein was to ascertain the health on the completeness with which some of of the Horseshoe Lake population, and this these traits permeate the whole population study required a broad attack both as re- (as will be noted in this report). One can, lated to the subject matter investigated and if he searches diligently, find a thriftless the geography involved. Scotchman. Both of the authors have been far afield Wide distribution, great size, and habits in this study. Mr. Smith, as Flyway Bi- conspicuous to the ear and eye have all ologist for the United States Fish and Wild- assisted in making the Canada goose a life Service, has had an opportunity allowed well-known bird ; but most of the knowl- to but a very few to observe this and other edge concerning it has been general and Canada goose populations. Mr. Hanson superficial. During some time in the year spent several years at Horseshoe Lake and this goose may be seen from one coast to parts of two summers in the James Bay the other and from northern Canada to the nesting area Gulf of Mexico. To the average person The section titled "Population Survival" this wide distribution might mean that the represents an attempt to analyze a difficult elimination of the species from any of its problem with data difficult to obtain in areas of habitation would be difficult. But quantity. The data available have been every field biologist is familiar with the so- explored by Mr. Hanson, and certain con- called "flyway concept" that has devel- clusions reached. These conclusions, it is oped in the past few decades. This con- realized, may vary somewhat from the true cept, backed by a large quantity of band- picture, but it is felt that their inclusion is recovery data and general observation, is worth while as a stimulus to a fuller in- that the whole population of a migratory vestigation of this problem even if there species may be divided into subpopulations, were no other values accruing. each having rather definite nesting and A study such as the following must of wintering areas and routes of movement. necessity have authors. It is obvious, how- with a minimum of mixing among these ever, that an investigation of this magni- suhpopulation groupings. tude is the result of the authors' efforts On the basis of this thinking, the study plus assistance from many people in numer- of a migratory species breaks down into a ous ways. To all who helped in any way number of geographic units, and the suc- we are deeply grateful. cess or failure of one flyway population may affect but little the populations of other Harlow B. Mills, Chief fiyways. Illinois Natural History Survey CONTENTS Acknowledgments 67 Materials and Methods 70 Data From Horseshoe Lake 70 Data From Jack Miner Sanctuary 70 Data From (^ther Areas 7.? Data From Questionnaires 7.? The Flyway Concept 74 Eastern Populations 74 North Atlantic Population 77 Hudson-James Bay Populations 77 Hudson-James Bay Breeding Range 79 Limits of Range 79 West Coast Muskey: Types 92 West Coast Production Centers 96 Nest Sites 101 Migration 103 Autumn Migration Routes 10.? Spring Migration Routes 109 Time and Rate of Migrations 110 Winter Concentrations 112 Jack Miner Bird Sanctuary 114 Illinois 116 Michigan 120 Wisconsin 121 Ohio 121 Indiana 121 Arkansas 122 Lower Mississippi River 122 Coastal Marshes 124 Goose Behavior and Hunting Losses 125 Wariness, Innate and Acquired 126 Family Grouping 127 Sociability 128 History of Goose Hunting in Illinois 129 Annual Bag 1.^5 On Breeding Grounds 135 Southern Canada and United States 142 Total Annual Bag 148 Canada vs. United States Kill 149 Differential Hunting Losses 152 Crippling Losses 155 Miscellaneous Mortality Factors 158 Lead Poisoning 158 Starvation 15" Bound Crop 159 Predators 161 Diseases 161 Parasites 162 Productivity 163 Breeding Potential 163 Actual Productivity 166 Data From Horseshoe Lake 166 Theoretical vs. Actual Productivity 171 Flock Sizes 171 Population Survival 172 Definition of Terms 1 72 Mortality 172 Longevity 186 Discussion 1 88 Status 189 Management 191 Present Situation 195 Summary 196 Appendix A, The Southeast Population 199 Breeding Range 199 Migration Routes 199 Wintering Concentrations 199 Future Status 202 Appendix B, Classification of the Canada Geese of the Genus Branta 203 Literature Cited 205 ^ -^ r-' Evening flight of Canada geese at Horseshoe Lake. Canada Geese of the Mississippi Flyway ^^ith Special Reference to an Illinois Flock HAROLD C . HANSON ROBERT H. SMITH* HORSESHOE LAKE, formed the Mississippi Ri\'er valley, the goose from an ancient oxbow of the flock using Horseshoe Lake gradually Alississippi River, lies in Alex- lost most of its fear of man and gunfire ander County, Illinois, at the southwest while near the refuge.
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