A Review on Air Quality Indexing System
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Trans-Boundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: Sustainability Through Plural Environmental Governance
sustainability Article Trans-Boundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: Sustainability through Plural Environmental Governance Md Saidul Islam 1,*, Yap Hui Pei 2 and Shrutika Mangharam 1 1 Division of Sociology, Nanyang Technological University, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332; [email protected] 2 Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +65-6592-1519 Academic Editor: Marc A. Rosen Received: 29 February 2016; Accepted: 13 May 2016; Published: 21 May 2016 Abstract: Recurrent haze in Southeast Asian countries including Singapore is largely attributable to rampant forest fires in Indonesia due to, for example, extensive slash-and-burn (S & B) culture. Drawing on the “treadmill of production” and environmental governance approach, we examine causes and consequences of this culture. We found that, despite some perceived benefits, its environmental consequences include deforestation, soil erosion and degradation, global warming, threats to biodiversity, and trans-boundary haze pollution, while the societal consequences comprise regional tension, health risks, economic and productivity losses, as well as food insecurity. We propose sustainability through a plural coexistence framework of governance for targeting S & B that incorporates strategies of incentives, education and community resource management. Keywords: slash-and-burn; environmental governance; haze; Indonesia; plural coexistence; global warming; Singapore 1. Introduction The world’s rapidly growing population has been a long-standing cause of concern amongst both economists and environmentalists alike. There is an increasing demand for agricultural and urban spaces to sustain the ever-multiplying demographics. However, due to limited availability of space, the trend of clearing forests to make way for cultivable land has been gaining popularity [1]. -
Air Polution Index (Api) Real Time Monitoring System
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository AIR POLUTION INDEX (API) REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM NORHAFIZAH BINTI RUSLAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik Dan Elektronik Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia JANUARY 2015 ABSTRACT This project is to develop a low cost, mobile Air Pollutant Index (API) Monitoring System, which consists of Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F optical dust detector as a sensor for dust, Arduino Uno and LCD Keypad Shield. A signal conditioner has been used to amplify and extend the range of the sensor reading for a more accurate result. Readings from the sensor has been compared with reference data from the Department of Environment, Malaysia to ensure the results validity of the developed system. The developed dust detector is expected to provide a relatively accurate API reading and suitable to be used for the detection and monitoring of dust concentrations for industrial areas around Parit Raja, Johor. ABSTRAK Projek ini adalah untuk membangunkan alat mudah alih berkos rendah, Indeks Pencemaran mudah alih Udara (IPU) Sistem Pemantauan, yang terdiri daripada Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F pengesan debu optik sebagai sensor bagi habuk, Arduino Uno dan LCD Keypad Shield. Satu penyaman isyarat akan digunakan untuk menguatkan dan melanjutkan pelbagai bacaan sensor untuk keputusan yang lebih tepat. Bacaan dari sensor akan dibandingkan dengan data rujukan daripada Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia bagi memastikan kesahihan keputusan yang sistem yang dibangunkan. Pengesan debu dibangunkan dijangka menyelesaikan masalah-masalah projek ini dan sesuai digunakan untuk mengesan dan memantau kepekatan debu bagi kawasan perindustrian di seluruh Parit Raja, Johor. -
Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp)
FCEAP Criteria Air Pollutants QAPP September 2017 Page 1 of 109 Revision 0 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN (QAPP) FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING OF CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS 9/5/17 SUBMITTED BY THE FORSYTH COUNTY OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE AND PROTECTION (FCEAP) FCEAP Criteria Air Pollutants QAPP September 2017 Page 2 of 109 Revision 0 Quality Assurance Project Plan Acronym Glossary A&MD- Analysis and Monitoring Division A&MPM- Analysis and Monitoring Program Manager AQI – Air Quality Index AQS - Air Quality System (EPA's Air database) CFR – Code of Federal Regulations DAS - Data Acquisition System DQA - Data Quality Assessment DQI - Data Quality Indicator DQO - Data Quality Objective EPA - Environmental Protection Agency FCEAP-Forsyth County Office of Environmental Assistance and Protection FTS - Flow Transfer Standard FEM – Federal Equivalent Method FRM – Federal Reference Method LAN – Local Area Network MQO – Measurement Quality Objective NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards NCDAQ - North Carolina Division of Air Quality NIST - National Institute of Science and Technology NPAP - National Performance Audit Program PEP – Performance Evaluation Program PQAO – Primary Quality Assurance Organization QA – Quality Assurance QA/QC - Quality Assurance/Quality Control QAPP - Quality Assurance Project Plan QC – Quality Control SD – Standard Deviation SLAMS - State and Local Air Monitoring Station SOP - Standard Operating Procedure SPM - Special Purpose Monitor TEOM - Tapered Elemental Oscillating Microbalance TSA - Technical -
Acute Health Impacts of the Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze Problem—A Review
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Acute Health Impacts of the Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze Problem—A Review Kang Hao Cheong 1,* , Nicholas Jinghao Ngiam 2 , Geoffrey G. Morgan 3, Pin Pin Pek 4,5, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan 2, Joel Weijia Lai 1, Jin Ming Koh 1, Marcus Eng Hock Ong 4,5 and Andrew Fu Wah Ho 6,7,8 1 Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore 2 Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore 3 School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore 5 Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore 6 SingHealth Duke-NUS Emergency Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore 169857, Singapore 7 National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore 8 Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 August 2019; Accepted: 29 August 2019; Published: 6 September 2019 Abstract: Air pollution has emerged as one of the world’s largest environmental health threats, with various studies demonstrating associations between exposure to air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Regional air quality in Southeast Asia has been seasonally affected by the transboundary haze problem, which has often been the result of forest fires from “slash-and-burn” farming methods. In light of growing public health concerns, recent studies have begun to examine the health effects of this seasonal haze problem in Southeast Asia. -
Long-Term Air Pollution Trend Analysis in Malaysia
Justin Sentian et al., Int. J. Environ. Impacts, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2019) 309–324 LONG-TERM AIR POLLUTION TREND ANALYSIS IN MALAYSIA JUSTIN SENTIAN, FRANKY HERMAN, CHAN YIT YIH AND JACKSON CHANG HIAN WUI Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ABstract Air pollution has become increasingly significant in the last few decades as a major potential risk to public health in Malaysia due to rapid economic development, coupled with seasonal trans-boundary pollution. Over the years, air pollution in Malaysia has been characterised by large seasonal variations, which are significantly attributed to trans-boundary pollution. The aim of this study is to analyse the long-term temporal dynamic (1997–2015) of CO, NOx and PM10 at 20 monitoring stations across Ma- laysia. Long-term pollutant trends were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test. For potential pollutant source analysis, satellite data and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectories model were employed. In all monitoring sites, we observed that the annual aver- age concentrations of PM10 were varied, with large coefficient variations. Meanwhile, CO and NOx were found to be less varied, with smaller coefficient variations, except in certain monitoring sites. Long-term analysis trends for CO attested to insignificant decreasing trends in 11 monitoring stations and increasing trends in seven stations. Meanwhile, NOx showed no significant trends in most sta- tions. For PM10, five monitoring stations showed increasing trends, whereas 15 other stations showed decreasing trends. HYSPLIT backward trajectory analyses have shown that high seasonal PM10 levels in most parts of Malaysia are due to trans-boundary pollution. -
Technical Guidance on Assessing Impacts to Air Quality in NEPA and Planning Documents January 2011 Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRR—2011/ 289
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Technical Guidance on Assessing Impacts to Air Quality in NEPA and Planning Documents January 2011 Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRR—2011/ 289 ON THE COVER Hiker photographing distant vistas in the Needles District at Canyonlands National Park, Utah. Credit: National Park Service. ON THIS PAGE Good (top) and poor (bottom) visibility at Yosemite National Park, California. Credit: National Park Service. Technical Guidance on Assessing Impacts to Air Quality in NEPA and Planning Documents January 2011 Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRR—2011/289 Natural Resource Program Center Air Resources Division PO Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 January 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Denver, Colorado The National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the NPS and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This technical guidance has undergone review by the NPS Air Resources Division, the Environmental Quality Division, and the Natural Resource Program Center’s Planning Technical Advisory Group, along with the Department of the Interior Solicitor’s Office. -
The Criteria Pollutants & a Closer Look at Ozone
Module 1: Activity 4 The Criteria Pollutants & a Closer Look at Ozone SUMMARY Students will be introduced to the criteria pollutants and will work in groups to make cartoon booklets demonstrating the formation of ground-level ozone and the destruction of stratospheric ozone. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • What are criteria pollutants and why are they of concern? • What’s the difference between stratospheric ozone and ground-level ozone? • Why do we sometimes have too much ozone in the troposphere and not enough in the stratosphere? • How do these problems affect human health? TIME NEEDED Highly variable. It’s possible to complete this activity in one block period if you just use the background information provided and have students create a comic strip individually. However if you want to give students more time to produce creative products, allow two full days to work on the project in groups, and 30 minutes to present projects in class. 2012 North Carolina ESSENTIAL STANDARDS FOR EARTH/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE • EEn.2.5.1 Summarize the structure and composition of our atmosphere. • EEn.2.5.5 Explain how human activities affect air quality. • EEn.2.7.3 Explain how human activities impact the biosphere. A product of the NC Air Awareness Program 2014. Available for re-distribution with permission. [email protected] www.itsourair.org The Criteria Pollutants & Module 1: a Closer Look at Ozone Activity 4 (usually over 75° F). NOX comes from burning fuels. VOCs are MAKING chemicals containing carbon that evaporate easily – which usually means they are smelly. Sources of VOCs include CONNECTIONS cleaning chemicals, solvents, paints, unburned gasoline, hog In this activity, students will be learning about ozone waste lagoons, and natural sources such as trees. -
Climate Change, Indoor Air Quality and Health
CLIMATE CHANGE, INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air August 24, 2010 By Paula Schenck, MPH A. Karim Ahmed, PhD Anne Bracker, MPH, CIH Robert DeBernardo, MD, MBA, MPH Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center for Indoor Environments and Health Climate Change, Indoor Air Quality and Health By Paula Schenck, MPH A. Karim Ahmed, PhD Anne Bracker, MPH CIH Robert DeBernardo MD MBA MPH University of Connecticut Health Center Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center for Indoor Environments and Health 1. Introduction and problem statement ......................................................................................1 Background .........................................................................................................................1 2. Climate change and health as relates to indoor environment ...............................................3 National Institute of Environmental Health Science 2010 report........................................3 3. Environment and agents of concern in the indoor environment ..........................................4 Temperature ........................................................................................................................4 Outdoor air contaminants and indoor air quality .................................................................4 Components of indoor air, links with adaptation measures and climate change.................4 4. “Green buildings”, indoor -
Smoke Episodes and Assessment of Health Impacts Related to Haze from Forest Fires: Indonesian Experience
Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events, Lima, Peru, 6-9 October 1998. Background papers © WHO, 1999 SMOKE EPISODES AND ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH IMPACTS RELATED TO HAZE FROM FOREST FIRES: INDONESIAN EXPERIENCE Yudanarso Dawud The Indonesian Association of Pulmonologists Persahabatan Hospital Jalan Raya Persahabatan Jakarta Timur 13230 Indonesia INTRODUCTION Uncontrolled forest fire in Indonesia has caused smoke pollution in the country as well as other countries in this particular part of the world. The haze episodes in the Southeast Asian region constituted a substantial health risk to the public in 1997 and early 1998 This was evidenced by widespread increases of health-related ambient air quality standards and guidelines for particulate matter. In 1997, in relation to clinical indicators of health, this risk was reflected in increased respiratory-related hospital visits in the most heavily impacted areas during the peak period of the haze. Forest fires have been occuring almost yearly, especially during the dry season, at certain locations in Indonesia including Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya. From July to the beginning of October 1997, smoke haze from uncontrolled forest fires had spread throughout some neighbouring countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Southern Philippines, Singapore and Southern Thailand. The Coordinator Minister of Social Welfare of Indonesia declared these uncontrolled forest fires, especially in Sumatera and Kalimantan, as national disaster. 313 Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events, Lima, Peru, 6-9 October 1998. Background papers © WHO, 1999 In a WHO meeting on the health impacts of haze in June 1998, it was mentioned that the severity and extent of the smoke haze pollution were unprecedented, affecting an area with a population of 300 million people across the region. -
Report. There Are Six AQI Categories, Namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe
Control of Urban Pollution Series: CUPS/ 82 /2014-15 NATIONAL AIR QUALITY INDEX Pl\nto AQI: 95; Satisfactory Responsible Pollutant: P M "tilks CLEAN Wg/ CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change Website: www.cpcb.nic.in 7rfvr AT.A.14. Wzr Frfaa s SHASHI SHEKHAR, IAS i 1c'Ic1I 4 to41 Special Secretary -14 - 110003 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MEZIF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST & ITTUT -11A41 CLIMATE CHANGE Chairman NEW DELHI-110003 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD Foreword Air pollution levels in most of the urban areas have been a matter of serious concern. It is the right of the people to know the quality of air they breathe. However, the data generated through National Ambient Air Monitoring Network are reported in the form that may not be easily understood by a common person, and therefore, present system of air quality information does not facilitate people's participation in air quality improvement efforts. In view of this, CPCB took initiative for developing a national Air Quality Index (AQI) for Indian cities. AQI is a tool to disseminate information on air quality in qualitative terms (e.g. good, satisfactory, poor) as well as its associated likely health impacts. An Expert Group comprising medical professionals, air quality experts, academia, NGOs, and SPCBs developed National AQI. Necessary technical information was provided by IIT Kanpur. The draft AQI was launched in October 2014 for seeking public comments. It was also circulated to States Governments, Pollution Control Boards, concerned Central Government Ministries and premier research institutes for inputs. Comments received were examined by the Expert Group and a National AQI scheme was finalized, which is presented in this report. -
Focus on Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
The information presented here reflects EPA's modeling of the Clear Skies Act of 2002. The Agency is in the process of updating this information to reflect modifications included in the Clear Skies Act of 2003. The revised information will be posted on the Agency's Clear Skies Web site (www.epa.gov/clearskies) as soon as possible. Overview of the Human Health and Environmental Effects of Power Generation: Focus on Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and Mercury (Hg) June 2002 Contents The Clear Skies Initiative is intended to reduce the health and environmental impacts of power generation. This document briefly summarizes the health and environmental effects of power generation, specifically those associated with sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and mercury (Hg). This document does not address the specific impacts of the Clear Skies Initiative. • Overview -- Emissions and transport • Fine Particles • Ozone (Smog) • Visibility • Acid Rain • Nitrogen Deposition • Mercury Photo Credits: 1: USDA; EPA; EPA; VTWeb.com 2: NADP 6: EPA 7: ?? 10: EPA 2 Electric Power Generation: Major Source of Emissions 2000 Sulfur Dioxide 2000 Nitrogen Oxides 1999 Mercury Fuel Combustion- Industrial Processing electric utilities Transportation Other stationary combustion * Miscellaneous * Other stationary combustion includes residential and commercial sources. • Power generation continues to be an important source of these major pollutants. • Power generation contributes 63% of SO2, 22% of NOX, and 37% of man-made mercury to the environment. 3 Overview of SO2, NOX, and Mercury Emissions, Transport, and Transformation • When emitted into the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury undergo chemical reactions to form compounds that can travel long distances. -
Indicators in Practice: How Environmental Indicators Are Being Used in Policy and Management Contexts
8c\o[\J_\iY`e`e#8XifeI\lY\e#DXiZ8%C\mp#Xe[CXliXAf_ejfe )'(* Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 4 2. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 4 3. THE USE OF INDICATORS .................................................................................................................. 7 4. FACTORS AFFECTING THE ROLES AND INFLUENCE OF INDICATORS ................................................. 11 5. GOING FORWARD – FUTURE ACTION AND RESEARCH .................................................................... 15 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 17 ANNEX 1. CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................... 21 1. AFRICA CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 21 Energy, Environment and Development Network for Africa .............................................................. 21 2. CAMBODIA CASE STUDY................................................................................................................. 22 The Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project of Cambodia ............................... 22 3. DENMARK CASE STUDY