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A New European Species of the Opportunistic Pathogenic 2 Genus Saksenaea – S bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/597955; this version posted April 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 A New European Species of The Opportunistic Pathogenic 2 Genus Saksenaea – S. dorisiae Sp. Nov. 3 Roman Labudaa,c*, Andreas Bernreiterb,c, Doris Hochenauerb, Christoph Schüllerb,c, Alena 4 Kubátovád, Joseph Straussb,c and Martin Wagnera,c a 5 Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and 6 Food Science; Bioactive Microbial Metabolites group (BiMM), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Konrad 7 Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria 8 bDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, University of 9 Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria 10 c Research Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, 11 Austria 12 d Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Benátská 2, 13 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic 14 15 *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 16 17 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/597955; this version posted April 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 18 Abstract: A new species Saksenaea dorisiae (Mucoromycotina, Mucorales), recently isolated 19 from a water sample originating from a private well in a rural area of Serbia (Europe), is 20 described and illustrated. The new taxon is well supported by phylogenetic analysis of the 21 internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), domains D1 and D2 of the 28S rRNA gene (LSU), and 22 translation elongation factor-1α gene (TEF-1α), and it is resolved in a clade with S. 23 oblongispora and S. trapezispora. This fungus is characteristic by its moderately slow growth 24 at 15 and 37°C, sparse rhizoids, conical-shaped sporangia and short-cylindrical 25 sporangiospores. S. dorisiae is a member of the opportunistic pathogenic genus often 26 involved in severe human and animal mucormycoses encountered in tropical and subtropical 27 regions. Despite its sensitivity to several conventional antifungals (terbinafine and 28 ciclopirox), the fungus is potentially causing clinically challenging infections. This is the first 29 novel taxon of the genus Saksenaea described from the moderately continental climate area 30 of Europe. 31 Key words: Saksenaeaceae, mucormycosis, antifungal susceptibility, water quality 32 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/597955; this version posted April 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 33 INTRODUCTION 34 The genus Saksenaea S.B. Saksena belongs to mucoralean microscopic fungi 35 (Mucoromycotina, Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae) comprising species often causing severe 36 human and animal cutaneous mucormycoses in both immunocompromised and 37 immunocompetent hosts (1, 2). The genus was described from a forest soil in India in 1953, 38 with Saksenaea vasiformis S.B. Saksena being a type and for more than 50 years a single- 39 species of the genus (nowadays considered as S. vasiformis species complex), reported in 40 soil, drift-wood, and grains (1). Interruption of skin integrity, such as needle sticks, insect 41 stings or spider bites, burn and accident wounds (up to 95% of cases) represent the most 42 common mode of infection by this fungus from contaminated soil or water (2-4). In addition 43 to these traumatic implantations infections through inhalation of spores and the use of 44 indwelling catheters have been reported (5). The species of the genus are responsible for 45 skin infections, characterized by rapid progression and invasion of neighboring tissues. 46 Infection of the Saksenaea fungi is diagnosed by angio-invasion leading to tissue necrosis 47 with cutaneous and subcutaneous involvement. Furthermore, rhino-orbito-cerebral and 48 disseminated infections have been reported (1, 2). Classic management of the infection site 49 usually includes a combination of broad, aggressive and repeated surgical debridement 50 (which may lead to amputation), and long–term systemic therapy with appropriate 51 antifungals, preferably liposomal amphotericin B and/or posaconazole (6-9). Antifungal 52 therapy alone seems to be inadequate to control infection (2). 53 Recent revisions by Alvarez et al. (1) and Crous et al. (10, 11) applying a polyphasic 54 approach including sequence analysis of three loci (ITS, LSU, EF-1α) revealed that a 55 monospecific genus Saksenaea is actually genetically heterogenous and encompasses more 56 species, namely S. vasiformis complex (with more putative cryptic species), S. 57 loutrophoriformis, S. erythrospora, S. oblongispora and S. trapezispora. So far these species 58 (except S. oblongispora) have been reported worldwide from human and animal clinical 59 cases. They were encountered in tropical and subtropical climates and have been reported 60 from Australia, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka, the Middle East, Tunisia, the USA, Central and 61 South America (1, 12). In Europe, there are only a few published cases available reporting S. 62 vasiformis infections, e.g. from Spain (3, 13-15), France (1), and Greece (2). Up to now, 63 approximately 45 cases of mostly cutaneous infections of Saksenaea, have been reported 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/597955; this version posted April 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 64 around the world (2, 4, 5, 10, 11), although the actual number of clinical cases is possibly 65 underestimated (4). Despite its reproducibility in severe human infections, this genus 66 remains a poorly studied mucoralean genus, mainly due to the lack of sporulation on the 67 mycological culture media (e.g. sabourad agar, malt extract agar, corn-meal agar) routinely 68 used in clinical laboratories (1). 69 During our microbiological survey of water samples a fast growing mucoralean 70 nonsporulating fungus was recovered on a Pseudomonas isolation plate in a sample 71 originating from a private well in a rural area of Manastirica (Serbia) in October 2018. This 72 isolate was designated BiMM-F232 and further characterized in terms of morphology, 73 physiology, molecular phylogeny and antifungal susceptibility. Phylogenetically informative 74 sequences were obtained from three loci, i.e. internal transcribed spacer region including 75 5.8S rDNA (ITS), domains D1 and D2 of the 28S rRNA gene (LSU), and from the translation 76 elongation factor-1α locus (TEF1α). Overall, the resulting data revealed that this isolate 77 represents a novel species of the opportunistic pathogenic genus Saksenaea, and it is 78 described and illustrated here as Saksenaea dorisiae sp. nov. 79 80 MATERIALS AND METHODS 81 Sample collection and isolation of the fungus 82 A single sample of water from a private well in Manastirica-Petrovac (The Republic of Serbia, 83 Europe) was collected in October 2018. A 100 mL aliquot was aseptically filtered through a 84 filter paper disc (0.45 µm, 47 mm diameter, GN-6Metricel, Pall, Mexico) plated on 85 Pseudomonas Selective Agar amended with Glycerol (Carl Roth, Germany) and incubated for 86 3 days at 37 (±0,2°C) in the dark. 87 Cultivation of a strain, media and morphological analysis 88 For phenotypic determination, the strain was transferred (one agar block grown on CYA, ca 5 89 x 5 mm, in the middle) on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA, Fluka), Malt Extract Agar (MEA, 90 Merck), Corn Meal Agar (Oxoid), Water Agar 1% (WA), Oatmeal Agar (OA), Synthetic 91 Nutrient-poor Agar (SNA), Czapek Agar (CZA), Czapek Yeast extract Agar (CYA) and Yeast 92 Extract Sucrose Agar (YES) as described by Samson et al. (16), and incubated for 5-30 days in 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/597955; this version posted April 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 93 the dark at 25°C. Colony size (in mm), colony structure and characteristics were noted after 4 94 days, however the cultivation was prolonged up to 3 months in order to observe and record 95 changes in pigmentation of the colonies as well as to determine the onset of sporangia and 96 zygospore formation. For sporangial development, a recommended method of floating agar 97 blocks in yeast extract water according to Padhye et Ajello (17) was used in this study. In 98 order to determine the optimal and minimal/maximal temperatures for growth, the strain 99 was incubated on four different media (CZA, CYA, PDA, and MEA) at 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 100 37, 39, 40, and 42 °C (± 0.1-0.2°C). Colony diameters were measured on the 4th day of 101 cultivation. For comparative description of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, 102 CZA was used according to Alvarez et al. (1) and Crous et al., (10, 11). 103 The capability of three different vegetative form of the fungus to germinate or grow on more 104 extreme temperatures was assessed by incubation at 5±0.3°C during 1 to 50 days or at 105 40±0.1°C for 24 to 48 hours. For these tests the following procedure was applied: (a) spores 106 - 100 µL of spore suspension (4.0 x 105 CFU/mL physiologic solution) collected from CZA (6 107 days at 30°C) was applied on MEA plate (at 37°C) at defined time intervals (1, 2, 3 ,4, 7, 14, 108 21, 28, 42 and 50 d); (b) mycelial pellets-micro-colonies of ca 50-200 µm in diam.
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