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1. Planteamiento Del Problema ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS DESARROLLO DE UN JUEGO DE VIDEO BIDIMENSIONAL POR MEDIO DE LA CREACIÓN DE UN MOTOR GRÁFICO REUTILIZABLE PROYECTO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO EN SISTEMAS INFORMÁTICOS Y DE COMPUTACIÓN LUIS FERNANDO ALVAREZ ARTEAGA [email protected] DIRECTOR: ING. XAVIER ARMENDARIZ [email protected] Quito, Junio 2008 2 DECLARACIÓN Yo, Luis Fernando Alvarez Arteaga, declaro bajo juramento que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentada para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. A través de la presente declaración cedo mis derechos de propiedad intelectual correspondientes a este trabajo a la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. Luis Fernando Alvarez Arteaga 3 CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que el presente trabajo fue desarrollado por Luis Fernando Alvarez Arteaga, bajo mi supervisión. Xavier Armendáriz DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Primeramente quiero dar gracias a Dios, ya que por medio de una gran cantidad de acontecimientos a lo largo de mi carrera y de mi vida me demostró que él es la única fuerza que me ha sostenido y colmado de bendiciones a lo largo de estos años. En segundo lugar quiero agradecer a mi familia, quienes han sido un apoyo incondicional en el desarrollo de este proyecto con sus oraciones y palabras de aliento, más aún en los momentos de mayor dificultad. También agradezco a mi director de tesis, el Ingeniero Xavier Armendáriz, quien con su experiencia profesional en el campo del desarrollo de software contribuyó a que este proyecto tome forma y sea encaminado de la mejor manera. Finalmente quiero agradecer a la gente con la que compartí tantos buenos momentos en esta facultad, y que de una manera u otra me enseñaron lecciones importantes. Las chicas Lynx, con las que compartí tantas alegrías y desvelos; los muchachos Nemesis, quienes con su espontaneidad siempre supieron arrancarme una o dos sonrisas; los profesores de la facultad, que con su conocimiento pudieron guiarme a lo largo de mi carrera. A todas estas personas, y a las que compartieron su tiempo conmigo de una u otra forma en el desarrollo de este proyecto les extiendo mis más sinceros agradecimientos Luis Fernando Alvarez A. 5 DEDICATORIA Dedico esta tesis a Dios por mostrarme día a día su gloria. A mis padres Fernando y Sylvia por ser un apoyo constante e incondicional. A Juan Pablo y Esteban por ser mis mejores amigos, y quienes me hacen caer en cuenta de mis errores. Finalmente dedico este trabajo a todas las personas cuyo niño interior todavía no ha crecido, para los cuales los videojuegos son una gran parte de sus vidas. 6 CONTENIDO RESUMEN ............................................................................................................. 8 PRESENTACION................................................................................................... 9 Introducción.......................................................................................................... 10 1. Planteamiento del problema.......................................................................... 12 1.1. Proceso de desarrollo de videojuegos ................................................... 12 1.1.1. Etapa de pre-producción................................................................. 12 1.1.2. Etapa de producción....................................................................... 13 1.1.3. Mantenimiento ................................................................................ 16 1.2. Uso de motores gráficos en la creación de videojuegos........................ 17 1.2.1. Definición de motor......................................................................... 17 1.2.2. Objetivos de un motor..................................................................... 18 1.2.3. Motores comerciales....................................................................... 19 2. Análisis y diseño conceptual ......................................................................... 20 2.1. Conceptualización del videojuego.......................................................... 20 2.1.1. Tratamiento inicial........................................................................... 20 2.1.2. Album de arte conceptual ............................................................... 22 2.2. Análisis y diseño de concepto inicial...................................................... 26 2.2.1. Documento de diseño inicial ........................................................... 26 2.3. Diseño de concepto detallado................................................................ 31 2.3.1. Documento de diseño detallado...................................................... 31 3. Análisis y diseño del producto....................................................................... 43 3.1. Selección de la metodología de desarrollo ............................................ 43 3.1.1. Scrum ............................................................................................. 43 3.1.2. Razones para usar Scrum .............................................................. 46 3.1.3. Entregables y documentos del proyecto ......................................... 47 3.2. Análisis del producto.............................................................................. 48 3.3. Diseño de arquitectura del sistema........................................................ 50 3.3.1. Documento de diseño de arquitectura ............................................ 50 4. Implementación, pruebas y evaluación ......................................................... 69 4.1. Desarrollo del motor gráfico ................................................................... 69 4.2. Desarrollo del videojuego....................................................................... 75 4.3. Pruebas.................................................................................................. 83 7 4.4. Evaluación del producto......................................................................... 85 5. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones ............................................................... 87 5.1. Conclusiones ......................................................................................... 87 5.2. Recomendaciones ................................................................................. 89 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................... 91 8 RESUMEN El presente trabajo contiene la documentación del proceso de desarrollo del videojuego Piratas: La Tumba del Corsario, y su respectivo motor reutilizable. Este documento está dividido en cinco capítulos: En el primer capítulo se planteará el tema básico del proyecto, al describir tanto el proceso de desarrollo de un videojuego, como un resumen y explicación del uso de motores en la industria. Luego del análisis del problema, en el segundo capítulo se propone el diseño de concepto para el videojuego Piratas: La Tumba del Corsario, mediante el modelado básico de las reglas del juego. En el tercer capítulo se realiza la selección de la metodología para el desarrollo del producto, y en base a ella se hace un análisis y diseño de la arquitectura del sistema. El cuarto capítulo detalla el desarrollo del motor y del videojuego que hará uso del mismo. En éste se incluyen los documentos generados al realizar las pruebas de sistema y la evaluación del producto. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo se plantean las conclusiones obtenidas al realizar este proyecto y las recomendaciones pertinentes al tema tratado. 9 PRESENTACION Desde la aparición de las interfaces gráficas en los computadores personales, el desarrollo de software de entretenimiento ha sido un campo poco explotado por la dificultad de implementación que tiene un producto de este tipo. Más aún, con las nuevas tecnologías emergentes en el sector de los videojuegos, la implementación de este tipo de software ha llevado a los equipos de desarrollo a invertir una gran cantidad de tiempo y de recursos económicos para obtener un producto de alta calidad que sea competitivo en el mercado. En nuestro país no ha existido una incursión en el campo del desarrollo de videojuegos, ya que como se mencionó, es un negocio que requiere de una inversión muy alta, tanto en recursos de hardware como de software, y personal especializado en este tipo de productos, el cual no tiene la formación adecuada para la tarea. Mediante este trabajo se pretende implementar una herramienta que ayude a los desarrolladores de videojuegos a crear productos de una forma rápida, flexible, y con un costo y una curva de aprendizaje muy baja. Así mismo se contempla la reusabilidad de esta herramienta en distintos proyectos de este tipo, lo que ayudará al desarrollo de este campo en nuestro país. Adicionalmente, considerando que el desarrollo de videojuegos se ha caracterizado por ser un proceso totalmente informal, en este trabajo se plantea la selección de una metodología que se ajuste a un proyecto de este tipo de manera adecuada. 10 INTRODUCCIÓN A lo largo de los años, el campo del desarrollo de software ha evolucionado de manera acelerada. Mientras el mercado requiere de más productos, es tarea de las compañías desarrolladoras producir software de una manera ágil y flexible, pero sin dejar de lado la calidad y una correcta
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