DOCSLIB.ORG

Respiratory System Chapter 23

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Respiratory System Chapter 23 Respiratory System Chapter 23 Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities FIGURE 23.15 1. A spirometer is a device for measuring the volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system. Spirometry is the process of taking the measurements. 2. There are four pulmonary volumes. A. Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the respiratory system during normal, quiet, at rest breathing. B. Inspiratory reserve is the amount of air that can be taken into the lungs following a normal tidal volume. It is the amount of air "on top" of the tidal volume. C. Expiratory reserve is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs following a normal tidal volume. It is the amount of air "below" the tidal volume. D. Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the expiratory reserve. It is the volume of air that cannot be eliminated from the lungs. E. Pulmonary volumes for a young adult male: Tidal volume 500 mL Inspiratory reserve 3000 mL Expiratory reserve 1100 mL Residual volume 1200 mL 3. A pulmonary capacity is two or more pulmonary volumes added together. A. Inspiratory capacity is tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve. This is the amount of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration. B. Functional residual capacity is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air in the lungs after a normal expiration. C. Vital capacity is the expiratory reserve plus the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve. It is the air a person can expel from the lungs after taking as deep a breath as possible. D. Total lung capacity is the sum of the four pulmonary volumes. E. Pulmonary capacities for a young adult male: Inspiratory capacity 3500 mL Functional residual capacity 2300 mL Vital capacity 4600 mL Total lung capacity 5800 mL 23-1 4. Using the spirometer, it is reasonably easy to measure vital capacity, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve. Inspiratory reserve is usually calculated using these measurements. IR = VC - (TV + ER) ☞ Practice problem: Marty Blowhard used a spirometer with the following results: a. After a normal inspiration, a normal expiration was 500 mL. b. Following a normal expiration, he was able to expel an additional 1000 mL. c. Taking as deep a breath as possible then forcefully exhaling all the air possible, yielded an output of 4500 mL. On the basis of these measurements, what is Marty's inspiratory reserve? ☞ Practice problem: Explain who would be most likely to have the greatest vital capacity? A. A young adult male versus a female of the same age. B. A man standing and the same man lying down. C. A healthy man and a man of the same size and age who has muscular dystrophy. 23-2 D. A healthy man and a man of the same size and age who has emphysema. 5. Forced expiratory vital capacity determines the rate at which the lungs empty during a vital capacity measurement. A. In some conditions vital capacity is not significantly affected, but the rate at which air can be expelled is reduced. B. Examples include airway obstruction from asthma or a tumor that blocks the bronchi. Minute Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation 1. The minute ventilation is the total amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in a minute. Minute ventilation (MV) is equal to the tidal volume (TV) times the respiratory rate (RR; breaths/min): MV = TV x RR = 500 mL/breath x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min =6 L/min 2. Minute ventilation does not measure the amount of air available for gas exchange, because gas exchange does not occur everywhere within the lungs. 3. The dead space (VD) is the part of the respiratory system in which gas exchange does not take place. A. The anatomic dead space is the air within the conducting zone of the tracheobronchial tree. This air is not available for gas exchange. A typical value is 150 mL of air. B. The physiologic dead space is anatomic dead space plus the air within any alveoli that are not functioning normally. 1) Normally physiologic dead space is equal to the anatomic dead space, which means all of the alveoli are functioning normally. 2) In emphysema, the walls between alveoli are destroyed. Consequently, the surface area available for gas exchange decreases. This can dramatically increase physiologic dead space. 23-3 4. Alveolar ventilation (AV) is a measure of the gas available for gas exchange that takes into account the dead space. AV = RR (TV - VD) ☞ Practice Problem: If a resting person had a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, what would his alveolar ventilation be? How does this compare to his minute ventilation? ☞ Explain why increasing the respiration rate to 24 breaths/min and tidal volume to 4000 mL during exercise would be beneficial. 23-4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peak Flow Measure: an Index of Respiratory Function?
    International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Peak Flow Measure: An Index of Respiratory Function? D. Devadiga, Aiswarya Liz Varghese, J. Bhat, P. Baliga, J. Pahwa Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal University), Mangalore -575001 Corresponding Author: Aiswarya Liz Varghese Received: 06/12/2014 Revised: 26/12/2014 Accepted: 05/01/2015 ABSTRACT Aerodynamic analysis is interpreted as a reflection of the valving activity of the larynx. It involves measuring changes in air volume, flow and pressure which indicate respiratory function. These measures help in determining the important aspects of lung function. Peak expiratory flow rate is a widely used respiratory measure and is an effective measure of effort dependent airflow. Aim: The aim of the current study was to study the peak flow as an aerodynamic measure in healthy normal individuals Method: The study group was divided into two groups with n= 60(30 males and 30 females) in the age range of 18-22 years. The peak flow was measured using Aerophone II (Voice Function Analyser). The anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and Body Mass Index was calculated for all the participants. Results: The peak airflow was higher in females as compared to that of males. It was also observed that the peak air flow rate was correlating well with height and weight in males. Conclusions: Speech language pathologist should consider peak expiratory airflow, a short sharp exhalation rate as a part of routine aerodynamic evaluation which is easier as compared to the otherwise commonly used measure, the vital capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Spirometry Basics
    SPIROMETRY BASICS ROSEMARY STINSON MSN, CRNP THE CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA DIVISION OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY PORTABLE COMPUTERIZED SPIROMETRY WITH BUILT IN INCENTIVES WHAT IS SPIROMETRY? Use to obtain objective measures of lung function Physiological test that measures how an individual inhales or exhales volume of air Primary signal measured–volume or flow Essentially measures airflow into and out of the lungs Invaluable screening tool for respiratory health compared to BP screening CV health Gold standard for diagnosing and measuring airway obstruction. ATS, 2005 SPIROMETRY AND ASTHMA At initial assessment After treatment initiated and symptoms and PEF have stabilized During periods of progressive or prolonged asthma control At least every 1-2 years: more frequently depending on response to therapy WHY NECESSARY? o To evaluate symptoms, signs or abnormal laboratory tests o To measure the effect of disease on pulmonary function o To screen individuals at risk of having pulmonary disease o To assess pre-operative risk o To assess prognosis o To assess health status before beginning strenuous physical activity programs ATS, 2005 SPIROMETRY VERSUS PEAK FLOW Recommended over peak flow meter measurements in clinician’s office. Variability in predicted PEF reference values. Many different brands PEF meters. Peak Flow is NOT a diagnostic tool. Helpful for monitoring control. EPR 3, 2007 WHY MEASURE? o Some patients are “poor perceivers.” o Perception of obstruction variable and spirometry reveals obstruction more severe. o Family members “underestimate” severity of symptoms. o Objective assessment of degree of airflow obstruction. o Pulmonary function measures don’t always correlate with symptoms. o Comprehensive assessment of asthma.
    [Show full text]
  • BSL Lesson 13
    Physiology Lessons Lesson 13 for use with the PULMONARY FUNCTION II Biopac Student Lab Pulmonary Flow Rates Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1,2,3) PC under Windows 95/98/NT 4.0/2000 Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) or Macintosh Manual Revision 12132000.PL3.6.6-ML3.0.7 Number of cycles in 12 second interval Average Volume Richard Pflanzer, Ph.D. per cycle Associate Professor Indiana University School of Medicine Purdue University School of Science J.C. Uyehara, Ph.D. Biologist Number of cycles/minute = Number of cycles in 12 second interval X 5 MVV = (Average volume per cycle) X (Number of cycles per minute) BIOPAC Systems, Inc. William McMullen Vice President BIOPAC Systems, Inc. BIOPAC Systems, Inc. 42 Aero Camino, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 (805) 685-0066, Fax (805) 685-0067 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.biopac.com Page 2 Lesson 13: Pulmonary Function II Biopac Student Lab V3.0 I. INTRODUCTION The respiratory or pulmonary system performs the important functions of supplying oxygen (O2) during inhalation, removing carbon dioxide (CO2) during exhalation, and adjusting the acid-base balance (pH) of the body by removing acid-forming CO2. Because oxygen is necessary for cellular metabolism, the amount of air that the pulmonary system provides is important in setting the upper limits on work capacities or metabolism. Therefore, the measurement of lung volumes and the rate of air movement (airflow) are important tools in assessing the health and capacities of a person. In this lesson, you will measure: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the maximal amount of air that a person can forcibly exhale after a maximal inhalation.
    [Show full text]
  • Restrictive Lung Disease
    Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/48/5/455/4638136 by guest on 29 September 2021 RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE WARREN M. GOLD, M.D. RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE is a These disorders can be divided into two pattern of abnormal lung function defined by groups: extrapulmonary and pulmonary. a decrease in lung volume (Fig. I).1,2 The In extrapulmonary restriction, an abnormal total lung capacity is decreased and, in severe increase in the stiffness of the chest wall (kypho­ restrictive defects, all of the subdivisions of the scoliosis) restricts the lung volumes, as does total lung capacity including vital capacity, respiratory muscle weakness (poliomyelitis or functional residual capacity, and residual vol­ muscular dystrophy). These extrapulmonary ume are decreased. In mild or moderately se­ causes of pulmonary restriction are treated vere restrictive defects, the residual volume may be normal or slightly increased. CLINICAL DISORDERS CAUSING TABLE 1 RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE CAUSES OF RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE Restrictive lung disease is not a specific clin­ I. Extrapulmonary restriction 3 ical entity, but only one of several patterns of A. Chest wall stiffness (kyphoscoliosis) B. Respiratory-muscle weakness (muscular dystrophy)4 abnormal lung function. It is produced by a C. Pleural disease (pneumothorax)5 number of clinical disorders (see Table 1). II. Pulmonary restriction A. Surgical resection (pneumonectomy)6.7 Dr. Gold: Director, Pulmonary Laboratory and Re­ B. Tumor (bronchogenic carcinoma or metastatic tumor)8 search Associate in Cardiology (Pulmonary Physiology), C. Heart disease (hypertensive, arteriosclerotic, rheu­ Children's Hospital Medical Center; Associate in Pedi­ matic, congenital)9 atrics and Tutor in Medical Science, Harvard Medical 10 11 School, Boston, Massachusetts.
    [Show full text]
  • Standardisation of Spirometry
    Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 319–338 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805 CopyrightßERS Journals Ltd 2005 SERIES ‘‘ATS/ERS TASK FORCE: STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING’’ Edited by V. Brusasco, R. Crapo and G. Viegi Number 2 in this Series Standardisation of spirometry M.R. Miller, J. Hankinson, V. Brusasco, F. Burgos, R. Casaburi, A. Coates, R. Crapo, P. Enright, C.P.M. van der Grinten, P. Gustafsson, R. Jensen, D.C. Johnson, N. MacIntyre, R. McKay, D. Navajas, O.F. Pedersen, R. Pellegrino, G. Viegi and J. Wanger CONTENTS AFFILIATIONS Background ............................................................... 320 For affiliations, please see Acknowledgements section FEV1 and FVC manoeuvre .................................................... 321 Definitions . 321 CORRESPONDENCE Equipment . 321 V. Brusasco Requirements . 321 Internal Medicine University of Genoa Display . 321 V.le Benedetto XV, 6 Validation . 322 I-16132 Genova Quality control . 322 Italy Quality control for volume-measuring devices . 322 Fax: 39 103537690 E-mail: [email protected] Quality control for flow-measuring devices . 323 Test procedure . 323 Received: Within-manoeuvre evaluation . 324 March 23 2005 Start of test criteria. 324 Accepted after revision: April 05 2005 End of test criteria . 324 Additional criteria . 324 Summary of acceptable blow criteria . 325 Between-manoeuvre evaluation . 325 Manoeuvre repeatability . 325 Maximum number of manoeuvres . 326 Test result selection . 326 Other derived indices . 326 FEVt .................................................................. 326 Standardisation of FEV1 for expired volume, FEV1/FVC and FEV1/VC.................... 326 FEF25–75% .............................................................. 326 PEF.................................................................. 326 Maximal expiratory flow–volume loops . 326 Definitions. 326 Equipment . 327 Test procedure . 327 Within- and between-manoeuvre evaluation . 327 Flow–volume loop examples. 327 Reversibility testing . 327 Method .
    [Show full text]
  • Interrelationship Between Lung Volume, Expiratory Flow, and Lung Transfer Factor in Fibrosing Alveolitis
    Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.36.11.858 on 1 November 1981. Downloaded from thorax 1981 ;36:858-862 Interrelationship between lung volume, expiratory flow, and lung transfer factor in fibrosing alveolitis JN PANDE From the Respiratory Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India ABSTRACT Fifty patients with fibrosing alveolitis studied on 104 occasions exhibited significant direct correlations between vital capacity (VC), maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR), and transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO). Forced expired volume in the first second (FEV,)/VC ratio bore a weak negative correlation with VC. Peak expiratory flow, MMFR, and maximum flow rates at 50 % and 25 % of VC were often reduced in patients with severe grades of pulmonary dys- function. It appears that as the severity of the fibrotic process increases, the lung volumes shrink and the transfer factor for CO decreases. The total lung capacity decreases predominantly on account of reduction in VC. With a decrease in lung volume the MMFR also falls. Decrease in flow rates at low lung volumes is greater as compared to the fall in peak flow. The expiratory flow rates how- ever were normal or even increased when related to absolute lung volume. Some patients exhibit disproportionate expiratory slowing as evidenced by a decrease in MMFR which is out of propor- tion to the reduction in VC. These patients also have a reduced FEV1,/VC ratio. These changes are probably the consequence of associated peripheral airway narrowing. copyright. Increased elastic recoil of the lung limiting maximal 33 women. Their age ranged from 16-68 years (mean inflation is considered to be the main abnormality of ± SE 42-1 ± 1-7 years).
    [Show full text]
  • Errors in the Measurement of Vital Capacity a Comparison of Three Methods in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Pulmonary Emphysema
    Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.28.5.584 on 1 September 1973. Downloaded from Thorax (1973), 28, 584. Errors in the measurement of vital capacity A comparison of three methods in normal subjects and in patients with pulmonary emphysema D. C. S. HUTCHISON, C. E. BARTER', and N. A. MARTELLI2 Chest Unit, King's College Hospital, London SE5 Hutchison, D. C. S., Barter, C. E., and Martelli, N. A. (1973). Thorax, 28, 584-587. Errors in the measurement of vital capacity: a comparison of three methods in normal subjects and in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Three methods of measuring the vital capacity have been compared in six normal subjects and in six with pulmonary emphysema, according to a randomized design. The methods were (a) the inspiratory vital capacity (IVC), (b) the expiratory vital capacity (EVC), and (c) the forced vital capacity (FVC). In normal subjects, there was a small but significant difference between the methods. The residual standard deviation derived from analysis of variance was 94 ml (coefficient of variation 1.7 %). A slight but significant rise in vital capacity with repeated effort was observed. In emphysematous subjects, there was no significant difference between the IVC and EVC methods. The FVC gave values which were, on average, approximately 0.5 litre less copyright. than those obtained by the other methods. The standard deviation in all three methods was substantially greater than for the normal subjects. The FVC is not a suitable method for the measurement of vital capacity in patients with pulmonary emphysema. The EVC is satisfactory, provided it is used with caution, but in practice the IVC is the preferred method.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Methods for Assessing Bronchodilator Reversibility In
    Thorax 2001;56:713–720 713 Alternative methods for assessing bronchodilator Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.56.9.713 on 1 September 2001. Downloaded from reversibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease J Hadcroft, P M A Calverley Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Background—Bronchodilator reversibil- (COPD) is characterised by airflow limitation ity testing is recommended in all patients which varies little over several months of with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis- observation or after treatment.12 The assess- ease (COPD) but does not predict im- ment of airflow limitation usually relies on provements in breathlessness or exercise spirometric testing and, in particular, the performance. Two alternative ways of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) assessing lung mechanics—measurement which is the usual outcome measure in of end expiratory lung volume (EELV) diagnostic bronchodilator reversibility testing.3 using the inspiratory capacity manoeuvre Although useful diagnostically and prognosti- and application of negative expiratory cally,4 spirometric abnormalities are poor pressure (NEP) during tidal breathing to descriptors of the severity of breathlessness in detect tidal airflow limitation—do relate 5 COPD. Likewise, significant changes in FEV1 to the degree of breathlessness in COPD. after inhaled bronchodilators are not necessary Their usefulness as end points in broncho- for improvement in exercise performance or dilator reversibility testing has not been dyspnoea to occur.5–7 Two alternative tech- examined. niques of measuring lung mechanics relatively Methods—We studied 20 patients with easily are now available. Both are better corre- clinically stable COPD (mean age 69.9 lates of breathlessness than FEV , but their (1.5) years, 15 men, forced expiratory vol- 1 reproducibility and sensitivity to change in ume in one second (FEV ) 29.5 (1.6)% pre- 1 response to bronchodilator drugs has not been dicted) with tidal flow limitation as assessed—an important consideration if they assessed by their maximum flow-volume loop.
    [Show full text]
  • PFT Interpretation
    PFT Interpretation Presented by: Shazhad Manawar, MD Medical Director Respiratory Care & Pulmonary Rehab McLaren Bay Region Introduction History or symptoms suggestive of lung disease. Risk factors for lung disease are present. Pulmonary Function Tests Spirometry Spirometry before and after bronchodilator Lung volumes Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide Maximal respiratory pressures Flow volume loops Spirometry Volume of air exhaled at specific time points during forceful and complete exhalation. Total exhaled volume, know as the FVC (forced vital capacity). Volume exhaled in the first second, know as the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) Spirometry - continued Ratio (FEV1/FVC) are the most important variables Minimal risk Key diagnostic test Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic cough Spirometry - continued Monitor a broad spectrum of respiratory diseases. Asthma COPD Interstitial Lung Disease Neuromuscular diseases affecting respiratory muscles Spirometry - continued Slow vital capacity (SVC) Useful measurement when FVC is reduced and airway obstruction is present Post-bronchodilator Determine the degree of reversibility Administration of albuterol Technique is important Increase in the FEV1 of more than 12% or greater than 0.2 L suggests acute bronchodilator responsiveness. Subjective improvements Post-bronchodilator - continued Thus, the lack of an acute bronchodilator response on spirometry should not preclude a one to eight week therapeutic trial of bronchodilators
    [Show full text]
  • Vital Capacity As a Predictor of Incident Type 2 Diabetes the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
    Metabolic Syndrome/Insulin Resistance Syndrome/Pre-Diabetes ORIGINAL ARTICLE Vital Capacity as a Predictor of Incident Type 2 Diabetes The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study 1 3 HSIN-CHIEH YEH, PHD JAMES S. PANKOW, PHD studies (11–14) have consistently shown 1,2 4 NARESH M. PUNJABI, MD, PHD BRUCE B. DUNCAN, MD, PHD that adults with diabetes have lower vital 2 1,2 NAE-YUH WANG, PHD FREDERICK L. BRANCATI, MD, MHS capacity than their nondiabetic counter- parts, but such studies cannot establish temporal sequence. Prospective studies have tentatively identified lower vital ca- pacity as a predictor of hyperinsulinemia OBJECTIVE — To test the hypothesis that lower vital capacity is cross-sectionally associated (3) and type 2 diabetes (4,5,25) but have with features of insulin resistance and is an independent predictor of incident type 2 diabetes. had limitations related to sample size and availability of diabetes-related data. We RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — We conducted a prospective cohort study of vital capacity as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes using 9-year follow-up data on 11,479 therefore analyzed longitudinal data from middle-aged adults without diabetes at baseline from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. (ARIC) study, a biracial community- based study of 15,792 middle-aged RESULTS — Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were measured adults, to test the hypothesis that lower at baseline using standard spirometry. Incident type 2 diabetes cases were ascertained during lung function, as indicated by lower vital follow-up.
    [Show full text]
  • Respiratory Health Spirometry Procedures Manual
    Respiratory Health Spirometry Procedures Manual January 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 SPIROMETRY OVERVIEW.......................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Overview of the Spirometry Exam Component.................................. 1-1 1.2 The Bronchodilator Subcomponent .................................................... 1-2 1.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease............................................ 1-3 1.4 Asthma................................................................................................ 1-4 1.5 Basics of Respiration .......................................................................... 1-5 1.6 Spirometric Measurements ................................................................. 1-6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND REFERENCES............................................ 1-13 2 EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES...................................................................... 2-1 2.1 List of Equipment and Supplies.......................................................... 2-1 2.2 Description of Equipment and Supplies ............................................. 2-2 2.2.1 Equipment ........................................................................... 2-2 2.2.2 Supplies............................................................................... 2-3 2.3 Equipment Setup Procedures .............................................................. 2-4 2.3.1 Equipment ........................................................................... 2-4 2.3.2 Supplies..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spirometry Interpretation Guide
    Spirometry interpretation guide The information present is intended to provide supplemental information only. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Spirometric values FVC—Forced vital capacity; the total volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration effort. FEV1—Forced expiratory volume in one second; the volume of air exhaled in the first second under force after a maximal inhalation. FEV1/FVC ratio—The percentage of the FVC expired in one second. FEV6 —Forced expiratory volume in six seconds. FEF25–75%—Forced expiratory flow over the middle one half of the FVC; the average flow from the point at which 25 percent of the FVC has been exhaled to the point at which 75 percent of the FVC has been exhaled. MVV—Maximal voluntary ventilation. Lung volumes ERV—Expiratory reserve volume; the maximal volume of air exhaled from end-expiration. IRV—Inspiratory reserve volume; the maximal volume of air inhaled from end-inspiration. RV—Residual volume; the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. VT —Tidal volume; the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during each respiratory cycle. Lung capacities FRC—Functional residual capacity; the volume of air in the lungs at resting end-expiration. IC—Inspiratory capacity; the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level. TLC—Total lung capacity; the volume of air in the lungs at maximal inflation. VC—Vital capacity; the largest volume measured on complete exhalation after full inspiration. Prior to performing Spirometry, review patient medical/surgical
    [Show full text]