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Control Biológico De Insectos Plagas

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Control Biológico De Insectos Plagas Volumen 1. Agentes de control biológico Capítulo 5 Bacterias entomopatógenas en Sección II el control biológico de insectos Control biológico Capítulo 6 Hongos entomopatógenos en de insectos plagas el control biológico de insectos plagas Capítulo 7 Virus entomopatógenos en el control biológico de insectos Capítulo 8 Las feromonas en el control de insectos Capítulo 9 Uso de depredadorescomo agentes de control biológico para insectos plaga Capítulo 10 Uso de parasitoides en el control biológico de insectos plagas en Colombia Volumen 1. Agentes de control biológico Capítulo 5 Contenido Bacterias entomopatógenas Introducción . .300 en el control biológico de insectos Historia . .301 Clasificación, huéspedes y uso en control biológico . .302 Chapter 5 Bacterias Gram-positivas . 302 Bacterias Gram-negativas . 316 Entomopathogenic bacteria Historias de éxito y aplicación . 322 in insect biological control Limitaciones en el uso de bacterias entomopatógenas . .324 Conclusiones y perspectivas . .325 Agradecimientos . 325 Referencias . 326 Erika Grijalba,1 Mark Hurst,2 Jorge E. Ibarra,3 Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes,4 Trevor Jackson2 1 Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (agrosavia) 2 AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre y Bio-Protection Research Centre 3 Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del ipn (cinvestav) 4 Departament of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee. Resumen Abstract Este capítulo presenta una revisión de las bacterias entomopatógenas que han This chapter reviews entomopathogenic bacteria that have been used in sido utilizadas para el control microbiológico de insectos considerados como microbial control of insect pests and covers their identification, mode of plaga, incluyendo su identificación, modo de acción y uso en el control de action and aspects of their use in pest control . In general, entomopathogenic plagas . En general, las bacterias entomopatógenas deben ser ingeridas y actúan bacteria must be ingested and act by release of toxins and/or penetration of mediante la liberación de toxinas o penetración de las células del intestino the midgut cells before invasion of the haemocoel to multiply in the insect medio, antes de la invasión del hemocele para multiplicarse en el cadáver del cadaver . The Gram-positive entomopathogenic bacteria are sporeformers insecto . Las bacterias entomopatógenas Gram-positivas tienen la capacidad and include the well-known Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as well as insect de formar esporas, dentro de las que se encuentra el bien conocido Bacillus pathogens from the genera Paenibacillus and Lysinibacillus . The Gram-negative thuringiensis (Bt), así como patógenos de insectos de los géneros Paenibacillus y entomopathogens are non-sporeformers and include isolates from the genera Lysinibacillus . En contraste, los entomopatógenos Gram-negativos no forman Serratia, Yersinia, Photorhabdus, Chromobacterium and others . Most bacterial esporas e incluyen aislamientos de los géneros Serratia, Yersinia, Photorhabdus, entomopathogens can be produced by fermentation and have been amenable Chromobacterium, entre otros . Muchas bacterias entomopatógenas pueden to mass production and commercialisation . Bt has been the most successful ser producidas por fermentación, y se ha logrado llevar a cabo su producción of all microbial controls with lepidopteran, coleopteran and dipteran active masiva y comercialización . Por su parte, Bt ha sido el caso más exitoso de todos strains used in large scale pest control operations and toxin genes used for los controles microbianos con cepas activas sobre lepidópteros, coleópteros y protection of transgenic crop plants . Bacterial biopesticides have also been the dípteros, utilizadas en el control de plagas a gran escala; además, sus genes de mainstay of organic crop production . While bacterial entomopathogens have toxinas han sido usados para la protección de plantas en cultivos transgénicos . been the most successful of all microbial control agents to date, the enormous Asimismo, los bioplaguicidas bacterianos también han sido el pilar para la range of bacterial diversity suggests that there are many strains and toxins yet producción de cultivos orgánicos . Aunque las bacterias entomopatógenas han to be discovered . sido los agentes de control microbiológico más exitosos a la fecha, el enorme rango de diversidad microbiana sugiere que aún hay muchas cepas y toxinas por descubrir . Keywords Bacillus thuringiensis, bacteria, entomopathogenic, Serratia entomophila, Palabras clave Yersinia entomophaga Bacillus thuringiensis, bacteria, entomopatógeno, Serratia entomophila, Yersinia entomophaga 298 Capítulo 5. Bacterias entomopatógenas en el control biológico de insectos Erika Grijalba1, Mark Hurst, Jorge E. Ibarra, Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Trevor Jackson 299 Control biológico de fitopatógenos, insectos y ácaros lo que permite un incremento en la productividad denominaba “flacheria” (de la palabra francesaflacherie ) . del cultivo (Mnif & Ghribi, 2015) . Ishiwata denominó a la bacteria como “sottokin” o “sotto bacillus”, proveniente del vocablo japonés sotto Introducción El mercado global de los biopesticidas fue valorado en que significa “muerte súbita” o “colapso”, aduciendo el 2011 en 1,3 billones de dólares, y se proyectaba que a la rapidez con la que las larvas morían después de Las bacterias y arqueobacterias, los organismos esporulan produciendo un estado de vida resistente para el 2017 alcanzaría los 3,2 billones de dólares, alimentarse con esta (Beegle & Yamamoto, 1992) . unicelulares más abundantes, tienen en su mayoría a factores ambientales, lo que les da una gran ventaja al incrementarse la demanda por cultivos libres un tamaño de 1 a 7 µm y, a pesar de su tamaño y al considerar la limitada disponibilidad de huéspedes de residuos químicos y por alimentos orgánicos La primera incertidumbre sobre este caso se presentó arquitectura simple sin núcleo y organelos (Murray, viables y la dispersión pasiva de las bacterias (Dutta, 2015) . Dentro de los bioinsecticidas para por el hecho de que Louis Pasteur, entre 1865 y 1870, Rosentahl, & Pfaller, 2009), son fábricas bioquímicas, entomopatógenas ( Jurat-Fuentes & Jackson, 2012) . todos los tipos de cultivos, los basados en bacterias en su famoso rescate de la industria sericícola francesa críticas para la ecología de la tierra (Lodish et al ,. entomopatógenas comprenden el 74% del valor de por el descubrimiento y elaboración de un protocolo Históricamente, las bacterias Gram-negativas han sido 2006) . Después de millones de años de evolución, mercado (Thakore, 2006), lo que no sería de extrañar de desinfección de colonias enfermas, descubrió dos separadas de las Gram-positivas por su incapacidad estos seres tan pequeños, que de no ser por sus efectos dadas las diversas maneras en que las bacterias se enfermedades infecciosas del gusano de seda: una para absorber el colorante cristal violeta, propiedad podrían pasar desapercibidos, se han especializado y encuentran estrechamente relacionadas con los plenamente identificada hasta hoy como pebrina que se debe a la estructura de su pared celular . Por conformado en ecosistemas complejos con interac- insectos . No obstante, solo unas pocas bacterias (pébrine), causada por el microsporidio Nosema su parte, las bacterias Gram-positivas (Firmicutes), ciones bien definidas y vitales para la vida de todos patógenas de insectos han sido utilizadas como agentes bombycis; otra, la flacheria (flacherie), causada por como Bacillus thuringiensis, B. subtilis y Lysinibacillus los seres vivos . de control biológico (Mnif & Ghribi, 2015), siendo bacterias . Aquí reside la incertidumbre . Los dibujos sphaericus, poseen una pared celular gruesa que consta Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner) la más común y de su cuaderno de trabajo contenían diversos tipos Los microorganismos rara vez se encuentran como una de varias capas y que está formada principalmente frecuentemente utilizada como ingrediente activo de de bacterias, incluyendo evidentes formas bacilares . única especie en una población en el medio ambiente . por peptidoglicano, mientras que las Gram-negativas bioinsecticidas ( Jisha, Smitha, & Benjamin, 2013) . Debido a que la flacheria posteriormente se asoció Los estudios muestran una enorme riqueza en (Gracilicutes), como Pseudomonas spp , . Serratia Este dominio de Bt en el mercado de bioinsecticidas también a la presencia de virus, el dilema de diferentes hábitats, detectada en pequeñas muestras de entomophila y Yersinia entomophaga, poseen una mem- bacterianos se da, posiblemente, debido a su mayor corroborar si Pasteur fue el primero en trabajar con suelo, sedimento, animales, plantas (Braga, Dourado, brana externa que mantiene su estructura y constituye estabilidad en los procesos de producción, formulación B. thuringiensis sigue sin resolverse (Steinhaus, 1975) . & Araújo, 2016) y aún en insectos, siendo esta última una barrera para las moléculas de gran tamaño y aplicación en campo, al utilizar como ingrediente una relación que ha coevolucionado por más de 250 (Murray et al ., 2009) . activo las esporas y los cristales proteicos Cry . Pero El segundo caso de controversia ocurre cuando el millones de años, abarcando desde el comensalismo al la amplia diversidad de bacterias, incluidos los microbiólogo alemán Ernst Berliner recibe, en 1911, En la búsqueda de alternativas que permitan el parasitismo o patogénesis (Jurat-Fuentes & Jackson, recombinantes naturales y manipulados, proporciona una muestra de larvas muertas de la
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