Impact Assessment of Mining at Alappad, Kollam, Kerala
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF MINING AT ALAPPAD, KOLLAM, KERALA Prof.Jency Nadayil1, Gishnu S2, Gopika Manoj3, Fitha Pareeth4, Jismi Muhammed5 1Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kerala, India 2-5UG student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kerala, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - “Abandoned homes, deserted school, heaps of heavy mineral sand in the Eastern Extension of the NK Block sand, a lone temple and dried up mangroves.” These are the IV in the villages of Alappad, Panmana, and remnants of a once green coastal Alappad panchayat, where Ayanivelikulangara in Kollam district for an area of 180 ha in locals are up in arms against beach sand mining, blaming it 2007. for sea erosion eating up their lands. The study analyses direct 1.1 History of Mining and indirect impacts of mining at Alappad and Panmana in Kollam, Kerala. Due to mining, a number of negative impacts The history of mining starts from the year 1909 when the have been identified in these regions including coastal erosion, german scientist Herr Shomberg discovered the brilliance of water quality deterioration, loss of agricultural land, depletion black sand in coir products that are exported to Germany of groundwater table; etc. .The study further tries to assess the from the Travancore Backwaters. His enquiry led him to find seriousness of the social, economic and environmental impacts out the deposits in Chavara. The first barge filled black sand that might result from the indiscriminate mining activity by was sent off to Germany in the year 1992. Complete minnig profit oriented companies. Thereby mitigation measures have procedure began with the foundation of F X Perrera and sons also been proposed. Hydraulic fill of land reclamation method ltd. in the year 1932. Travancore Mineral Corporation was is recommended. Land reclamation is the process of creating was established on 1933. After that under the regulation of new land by raising the elevation of a seabed, riverbed or government company named Travancore Titanium Products other low-lying land. The present study attempts to identify was established on 1951 for the production of titanium the correlation between years and the existing land areas. dioxide pigment and related products. In the year 1956 the Land areas were found out using Google Earth Pro Software. state government acquired F X Perrera and Sons and it Analysis of year and existing land area using SPSS software became FXP minerals. The British company named Hockins (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to find their and Williams limited which stared mining in collaboration correlation and their geographical comparison. Based on the with Travancore Mineral Corporation shut down in the year analysis, forecasting for future period data is done with 1960. By the year 1971 private companies were completely Microsoft Excel. eliminated from the mining field. 1.2 Use of Minerals Key Words: Alappad, Panmana, Shoreline change, Water quality deterioration, land area prediction, Hydraulic Ilmenite (FeO.TiO2): The Titanium Dioxide Pigment fill, MS Excel, SPSS, and Google Earth Pro Software. industry's primary raw ingredient. It's used in paints, lacquers, enamels, rayon, and other products as a white 1.INTRODUCTION pigment. It's also utilised in the coating of welding rods. Rutile (TiO2): It's used to make TiO2 pigment, welding electrodes, titanium metal, and titanium alloys, among other Alappad is a coastal village lies in the mineral-rich beach in things. Titanium alloys are employed in severely corrosive Kollam known as Chavara Deposits. It's a 22.5-kilometer- environments because they are light, corrosion resistant, and long mineral sand beach with heavy mineral content such as erosion resistant. ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and zillimanite, which are utilised in Zircon (ZrO2.SiO2):It's used to make foundry moulds, large amounts as raw materials in the production of various refractory bricks, and crucibles, as well as as an opacifier in industrial goods such as titanium dioxide, welding the ceramic industry. Zirconium alloys are utilised in nuclear electrodes, and ceramics. In 50 years, Alappad, which is power reactors, jet engine parts, medical tools, and high- situated between the Arabian Sea and the TS Canal, has intensity electric arc lamps, among other applications. reduced from 87.5 square kilometres to 8.7 square Monazite (Ce, Y, La, Th (PO4)): It's a rare earth phosphate kilometres. with varying levels of thorium that's commonly mixed with The Kerala government separated this deposit between silicate or phosphate. In nuclear reactors, thorium is Neendakara and Kayamkulam into eight blocks for mining primarily employed as a breeder. Glass polishing, arc lease purposes. Even-numbered blocks (II, IV, VI, and VII) carbons, and flint for lighters all require rare earth mixtures. were leased to Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) in 1970, They're found in things like optical lenses, prisms, television whereas odd-numbered blocks were leased to Kerala tubes, and faceplates. Minerals and Metals Limited (KMML) in Kollam. The Government of Kerala granted IREL a mining lease to collect © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2669 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Sillimanite (Al2O3.SiO2): This is most commonly employed Secondary data was employed for collecting the details about in the production of refractory goods for lining furnaces, mining and its history. although it is also used in the ceramic sector. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1.3 Objectives 4.1 Project Location To find out and evaluate the Direct and Indirect impacts of 1) Alappad Panchayath sand mining, To propose measures to mitigate the North: Azhekkal environmental impacts and forecasting of land erosion. South: Kattil Mekkathil temple 2. LITERATURE REVIEW East: T. S canal West: Arabian sea a) Pratik D, Sanil D and,Prof. Sudeshna Wawhal (2018): Murum levelling and rotering with a static 2) Panmana Panchayath vibrator were used to prepare the ground for the North : Kattil Mekkathil temple construction of the new track. The land is prepared for construction purpose. It improved rail South: IRE Ltd transportation by incorporating public East: T.S Canal transportation West : Arabian sea. b) Monalisha M, Panda GK(2018): The goal of this project is to investigate and assess shoreline 4.2 Environmental Impacts changes in terms of accretion, erosion, and topsheets, among other things. They gathered 4.2.1 Socio-economic Impacts erosion and accretion rates and came to the The proposed mining project will have a number of negative conclusion that erosion is more active than impacts. The coastline of Alappad is densely populated with accretion. fisherman community. The fishing depended population here c) K.K Basheer Ahammed, Arvind Chandra Pandey is involved in activities such as small-scale fish distribution, (2019) : Shoreline alteration studies revealed that fish curing, peeling etc. An economically important natural 85 ha of land was taken out of the Alappad beach, phenomenon that will be seriously affected by the proposed out of a total coastal area of 671 ha. Between 2001 mining is the 'Mud banks' (locally called chakara), which used and 2012, 42.81 hectares of land were degraded. to be a regular feature on the Alappad coast and is becoming The current study looked into the dreadful changes scarce. that had occurred in the studied area. Mining has adversely affected the agricultural land and the d) Mark R Byrnes, Richard M Hammer, Tim D people who depend on the agricultural sector. Coconut and Thibaut, and David B, Snyder (2004) : Sand mining's paddy cultivations were common in those regions. physical and biological impacts were investigated. Sand mining study on the Alabama OCS should have Ground depletion in ground water table and degradation of surface water quality were the after effects of mining. low environmental impact on fluid and sediment “Kambavala”, which was a technique used by the natives to dynamics, according to the literature, data collected, catch fishes during the past can’t be used nowadays because and simulations. of the change in ecology and landscape arisen due to mining. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS The West Coast Canal or National Waterway No 3 is a 205- km stretch of inland navigational route which runs from Field visit was conducted .The socio economic impacts are Kollam to Kottapuram. If the mining continue like this, it will assessed by conducting survey in the nearby human adversely affect the waterway. The land area is depleting and inhabitations in the mining affected area. Interviews were finally the waterway will also become a part of Arabian Sea. conducted with some officials and peoples who were actively Mining has also affected the coir and coir products depended engaged in the “Save Alappad Movement”. Water samples are population in the area. Apart from selling coconuts as an collected from the study area and laboratory tests were edible good, people was involved in manufacturing coir from conducted to analyse the extend of water pollution.