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Close World-System Encounters on the Western/Central Canadian Arctic Periphery: Long-Term Historic Copper Inuit-European and Eurocanadian Intersocietal Interaction

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Close World-System Encounters on the Western/Central Canadian Arctic Periphery: Long-Term Historic Copper Inuit-European and Eurocanadian Intersocietal Interaction Close World-System Encounters on the Western/Central Canadian Arctic Periphery: Long-term Historic Copper Inuit-European and Eurocanadian Intersocietal Interaction by Donald S. Johnson A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Individual Interdisciplinary Program University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © Don Johnson, 2010 ABSTRACT This study examines long-term direct and indirect Historic Copper Inuit–European and – Eurocanadian intersocietal interaction in the west/central Canadian Arctic periphery. Utilizing theoretical perspectives deriving from World-System Theory and moderate relativist orientations, and, embracing ethnographic, ethnohistorical and archaeological methodologies, the historic process by which the Historic Copper Inuit, living externally to the modern capitalist World-System, came into contact with, and, were gradually incorporated within this expanding global system of interconnected states is examined. The process leading to the ultimate Incorporation of the Historic Copper Inuit within the World-System is scrutinized through chronological stages and, utilizing two-views; the perspective of the Historic Copper Inuit mediating the penetration of the World-System, and, through a perspective based on World-System orientations. ii DEDICATIONS This Thesis is dedicated to the people of Ulukhaktok (formerly Holman), Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, Canada And To the memory of my beloved father, Carl Gunnar Johnson (1921-1997) iii EPIGRAPH “And I suddenly saw that their reactions to my society were neither more nor less valid than mine to theirs. And do you know that was a moment of the most amazing freedom”. - In: Regeneration, Pat Barker iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedications…………………………………………………………………….. iii Epigraph………………………………………………………………………… iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………. v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………… viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………. xi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… xii Section 1 Chapter 1: Theoretical Orientations, Methodology, Research Techniques: Overview and Purpose…………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 2: Theoretical Orientations……………………………………………… 4 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 4 World-System Theory and Close Encounters: Theoretical Synthesis……. 6 World-System Theory: Approaches………………………………………. 9 World-System Theory and its “Positions”………………………………… 12 World-System Theory: Paradigm Origins and its Relationship with Anthropology……………………………………………………… 13 Close Encounters: Moderate Relativist Theoretical Orientations………… 17 Chapter 3: Methodology and Research Techniques………………………………. 20 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 20 World-System Methodologies: Analysis and Predictions ………………... 20 Classification System/Chronology for the Process of Incorporation in this Study................................................................................................. 24 World-System: Culture History, Process of Incorporation and Predictions. 27 External Zone - Incidental Zone…………………………………………… 27 Early Contact Periphery…………………………………………………… 28 Late Contact Periphery……………………………………………………. 29 Marginal Periphery………………………………………………………… 31 Dependent Periphery……………………………………………………… 32 Close Encounters: Methods………………………………………………. 33 Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Methods……………………………….. 38 Introduction………………………………………………………………... 38 Ethnographic Methods…………………………………………………….. 39 Ethnohistorical Methods…………………………………………………… 55 v Archaeological Methods………………………………………………………….. 58 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 58 Archaeology and this Study……………………………………………… 59 The Place of the Encounter: Winter Cove, Boot Inlet, Minto Inlet and the Itivyaaq as a Cultural “Laboratory”…………………………….. 60 Systematic Site Survey and its Methodological Application within this Study…………………………………………… 64 Chapter 4: The Human Community: The Historic Copper Inuit………………… 99 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 99 The Historic Copper Inuit……………………………………………….. 99 Environment……………………………………………………………… 105 Historic Copper Inuit: “Traditional” cultural/economic overview………. 107 Section II Chapter 5: Discussion The External Zone and The Incidental Zone……………… 113 Chapter 6: Discussion Early Contact Periphery………………………………….. 121 Chapter 7: Discussion Late Contact Periphery…………………………………… 130 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 131 Historic Copper Inuit and the Nature of Nineteenth Century Contact and Intersocietal Interaction…………………………………………………… 133 Southern Historic Copper Inuit Areas……………………………………. 136 Northern Historic Copper Inuit Areas……………………………………. 144 Copper Inuit Areas-Victoria Island and Banks Island: The Reluctant Consorts- H.M.S. Investigator and H.M.S. Enterprise……………………………… 145 H.M.S. Investigator: Effects of Contact…………………………………. 156 H.M.S. Enterprise: A Long-Term Direct Contact Episode……………… 168 Conclusions………………………………………………………………. 174 Chapter 8: Discussion Late Contact Periphery: Archaeological Investigations, Northern Victoria Island…………………………………………………. 180 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 180 2003 Archaeology Survey Area: Winter Cove and Northern Area of Itivyaaq, Site Descriptions and Investigations……………………………………. 182 2004 Archaeology Survey Area: Minto Inlet, Boot Inlet and Southern Area Of Itivyaaq, Site Descriptions and Investigations………………………… 184 Findings…………………………………………………………………… 196 Chapter 9: Discussion Marginal Periphery……………………………………….. 206 Chapter 10: Discussion Dependent Periphery……………………………………. 237 Incorporation Within the World-System…………………………………………. 247 vi Chapter 11: Discussion and Conclusions………………………………………… 259 External Zone and Incidental Zone………………………………………. 259 Early Contact Periphery…………………………………………………. 263 Late Contact Periphery…………………………………………………… 265 Marginal Periphery………………………………………………………. 269 Dependent Periphery…………………………………………………….. 272 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 274 References Cited…………………………………………………………………. 278 List of Maps……………………………………………………………………… 302 List of Interviews………………………………………………………………… 302 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. “Esquimaux of Pr[ince] Albert‟s Land – Winter Dress,” ca. 1851-1852. By: Edward Adams……………………………………………………… 2 2. World-System Schematic/four classification systems……………………….. 26 3. Hermeneutical Spiral/this study………………………………………………. 35 4. Top: Hamlet of Ulukhaktok (formerly Holman). Bottom: The People of Ulukhaktok…………………………………………………………… 40 5. Approval Certificate, 2003, Joint-Faculty Research Ethics Board, Research Services, & Programs, University of Manitoba……………… 42 6. Hamlet of Holman, Letter of Permission for Research, June 10, 2003………. 43 7. Holman Community Corporation Letter of Permission for Research, June 13, 2003…………………………………………………………… 44 8. Olokhaktomiut Hunters & Trappers Committee, letter of Permission for Research, June 16, 2003…………………………………………….. 45 9a-c. Scientific Research Licence notification letter, June 27, 2006, Aurora College/Aurora Research Institute………………………………. 46-48 9d. Aurora Research Institute Scientific Research Licence, June 27, 2006. Licence # 14007R, Donald S. Johnson………………………………….. 49 10a-b. Sample of Informant Interview Agreement, University of Manitoba………………………………………………………………….. 50-51 11. Ethnographic interviews, series of three photos……………………………… 53 12. Ethnographic interviews, two photos………………………………………… 54 13. Holman Community Corporation Agenda, August 8, 2005 Community Presentation/Research Report for 2003/04………………….. 56 14a. Notification letter, Northwest Territories Class 2 Archaeologists Permit, July 3, 2003, Permit # 2003-941, Donald S. Johnson……………………. 65 14b. Northwest Territories Class 2 Archaeologists Permit, NWT 2003-941, Donald S. Johnson……………………………………………………….. 66 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 15. Archaeological survey, 2003: series of three photos………………………… 74 16. Map of 2003 and 2004 Archaeological Survey Study Areas ……………….. 75 17. Map of 2003 and 2004 Archaeological Study Areas – Recorded Sites ……… 76 18. Map of 2003 and 2004 Archaeological Study Areas – Sites containing European Materials of Mid-nineteenth Century origin …………………… 83 19. Map of 2003 and 2004 Archaeological Study Areas – Recorded European Sites……………………………………………………………. 84 20. Top: “Birding cliffs…July 27th 1852”. By: Edward Adams. Bottom: image of the same scene, 2007………………………………….. 85 21a-b. Archaeological Investigations At Winter Cove, Walker Bay, Victoria Island, N.W.T., July-August, 2003 ……… …………………….. 96-97 22. Sample of study publicity, July 16, 2004, Canadian Broadcasting Company Partial text of Radio interview with author……………………………….. 98 23. “Sketch Map Showing The Distribution of The Copper Eskimos, Coronation Gulf Region, Northwest Territories.”……………………….. 102 24. Distribution of the Copper Inuit (Rasmussen)……………………………….. 103 25. “Eskimo Trades Routes, Arctic Coast, Canada”……………………………… 104 26. Copper Inuit traditional seasonal cycle………………………………………… 112 27. Map of Traditional Range of the Copper Inuit – External Zone………………. 117 28. Map of Copper Inuit Territory – Incidental Zone …………………………….. 118 29. Map of Copper Inuit Territory – Early Contact Periphery…………………….. 123 30. Archaeology Survey, 2005. Top: Jackie Kataoyak, Neoeskimo site, Kuujjua, Minto Inlet. Bottom: Author, Winter Cove, Walker Bay…………………. 124 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 31. Map of Copper Inuit Territory – Late Contact Periphery …………………… 132 32. “H.M.S. Enterprise entering Dolphin and Union Strait. Sept. 1852”. Francis Skead, Second Master of H.M.S.
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