Higher Gauge Theory – I
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Some Stuff About the String Gerbe
Some Stuff about the String Gerbe Danny Stevenson Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA 92521, USA email: [email protected] March 14, 2006 1 Introduction Let G be a compact, simple and simply connected Lie group and let π : P → M be a principal G bundle over a smooth manifold M. Let ν denote the universally transgressive generator of H3(G; Z) = Z and let c ∈ H4(BG; Z) = H3(G; Z) be the transgression of ν. By regarding H4(BG; Z) as a lattice in (S2g∗)G we will allow ourselves to confuse c and the basic inner product h , i on g. Recall [23] that h ,√i is the Killing form on g, normalised so that the longest root θ has length 2. In the physics literature, M is said to be string, or admit a string structure, if a certain characteristic class in H3(LM; Z) vanishes (here LM denotes the free loop space of M). This characteristic class is the obstruction to lifting the structure group of the principal LG- bundle LP → LM to LGc — the Kac-Moody group. As has been observed by several authors [12, 13, 19] the obstruction in H3(LM; Z) is closely related to the characteristic class c ∈ H4(M; Z): if M is 2-connected a lift of the structure group to LGc exists precisely when the map c: M → K(Z, 4) is null- homotopic. As is well known, if G = Spin(n) then 2c = p1. This obstruction problem on LM can be phrased in the language of homotopy theory down on M. -
A Few Points in Topos Theory
A few points in topos theory Sam Zoghaib∗ Abstract This paper deals with two problems in topos theory; the construction of finite pseudo-limits and pseudo-colimits in appropriate sub-2-categories of the 2-category of toposes, and the definition and construction of the fundamental groupoid of a topos, in the context of the Galois theory of coverings; we will take results on the fundamental group of étale coverings in [1] as a starting example for the latter. We work in the more general context of bounded toposes over Set (instead of starting with an effec- tive descent morphism of schemes). Questions regarding the existence of limits and colimits of diagram of toposes arise while studying this prob- lem, but their general relevance makes it worth to study them separately. We expose mainly known constructions, but give some new insight on the assumptions and work out an explicit description of a functor in a coequalizer diagram which was as far as the author is aware unknown, which we believe can be generalised. This is essentially an overview of study and research conducted at dpmms, University of Cambridge, Great Britain, between March and Au- gust 2006, under the supervision of Martin Hyland. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 General knowledge 3 3 On (co)limits of toposes 6 3.1 The construction of finite limits in BTop/S ............ 7 3.2 The construction of finite colimits in BTop/S ........... 9 4 The fundamental groupoid of a topos 12 4.1 The fundamental group of an atomic topos with a point . 13 4.2 The fundamental groupoid of an unpointed locally connected topos 15 5 Conclusion and future work 17 References 17 ∗e-mail: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction Toposes were first conceived ([2]) as kinds of “generalised spaces” which could serve as frameworks for cohomology theories; that is, mapping topological or geometrical invariants with an algebraic structure to topological spaces. -
Picard Groupoids and $\Gamma $-Categories
PICARD GROUPOIDS AND Γ-CATEGORIES AMIT SHARMA Abstract. In this paper we construct a symmetric monoidal closed model category of coherently commutative Picard groupoids. We construct another model category structure on the category of (small) permutative categories whose fibrant objects are (permutative) Picard groupoids. The main result is that the Segal’s nerve functor induces a Quillen equivalence between the two aforementioned model categories. Our main result implies the classical result that Picard groupoids model stable homotopy one-types. Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. The Setup 4 2.1. Review of Permutative categories 4 2.2. Review of Γ- categories 6 2.3. The model category structure of groupoids on Cat 7 3. Two model category structures on Perm 12 3.1. ThemodelcategorystructureofPermutativegroupoids 12 3.2. ThemodelcategoryofPicardgroupoids 15 4. The model category of coherently commutatve monoidal groupoids 20 4.1. The model category of coherently commutative monoidal groupoids 24 5. Coherently commutative Picard groupoids 27 6. The Quillen equivalences 30 7. Stable homotopy one-types 36 Appendix A. Some constructions on categories 40 AppendixB. Monoidalmodelcategories 42 Appendix C. Localization in model categories 43 Appendix D. Tranfer model structure on locally presentable categories 46 References 47 arXiv:2002.05811v2 [math.CT] 12 Mar 2020 Date: Dec. 14, 2019. 1 2 A. SHARMA 1. Introduction Picard groupoids are interesting objects both in topology and algebra. A major reason for interest in topology is because they classify stable homotopy 1-types which is a classical result appearing in various parts of the literature [JO12][Pat12][GK11]. The category of Picard groupoids is the archetype exam- ple of a 2-Abelian category, see [Dup08]. -
INTRODUCTION to ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY 1 Category And
INTRODUCTION TO ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY (UPDATED June 2, 2020) SI LI AND YU QIU CONTENTS 1 Category and Functor 2 Fundamental Groupoid 3 Covering and fibration 4 Classification of covering 5 Limit and colimit 6 Seifert-van Kampen Theorem 7 A Convenient category of spaces 8 Group object and Loop space 9 Fiber homotopy and homotopy fiber 10 Exact Puppe sequence 11 Cofibration 12 CW complex 13 Whitehead Theorem and CW Approximation 14 Eilenberg-MacLane Space 15 Singular Homology 16 Exact homology sequence 17 Barycentric Subdivision and Excision 18 Cellular homology 19 Cohomology and Universal Coefficient Theorem 20 Hurewicz Theorem 21 Spectral sequence 22 Eilenberg-Zilber Theorem and Kunneth¨ formula 23 Cup and Cap product 24 Poincare´ duality 25 Lefschetz Fixed Point Theorem 1 1 CATEGORY AND FUNCTOR 1 CATEGORY AND FUNCTOR Category In category theory, we will encounter many presentations in terms of diagrams. Roughly speaking, a diagram is a collection of ‘objects’ denoted by A, B, C, X, Y, ··· , and ‘arrows‘ between them denoted by f , g, ··· , as in the examples f f1 A / B X / Y g g1 f2 h g2 C Z / W We will always have an operation ◦ to compose arrows. The diagram is called commutative if all the composite paths between two objects ultimately compose to give the same arrow. For the above examples, they are commutative if h = g ◦ f f2 ◦ f1 = g2 ◦ g1. Definition 1.1. A category C consists of 1◦. A class of objects: Obj(C) (a category is called small if its objects form a set). We will write both A 2 Obj(C) and A 2 C for an object A in C. -
A Construction of String 2-Group Modelsusing a Transgression
A Construction of String 2-Group Models using a Transgression-Regression Technique Konrad Waldorf Fakult¨at f¨ur Mathematik Universit¨at Regensburg Universit¨atsstraße 31 D–93053 Regensburg [email protected] Dedicated to Steven Rosenberg on the occasion of his 60th birthday Abstract In this note we present a new construction of the string group that ends optionally in two different contexts: strict diffeological 2-groups or finite-dimensional Lie 2-groups. It is canonical in the sense that no choices are involved; all the data is written down and can be looked up (at least somewhere). The basis of our construction is the basic gerbe of Gaw¸edzki-Reis and Meinrenken. The main new insight is that under a transgression- regression procedure, the basic gerbe picks up a multiplicative structure coming from the Mickelsson product over the loop group. The conclusion of the construction is a relation between multiplicative gerbes and 2-group extensions for which we use recent work of Schommer-Pries. MSC 2010: Primary 22E67; secondary 53C08, 81T30, 58H05 arXiv:1201.5052v2 [math.DG] 4 May 2012 1 Introduction The string group String(n) is a topological group defined up to homotopy equivalence as the 3-connected cover of Spin(n), for n =3 or n> 4. Concrete models for String(n) have been provided by Stolz [Sto96] and Stolz-Teichner [ST04]. In order to understand, e.g. the differential geometry of String(n), the so-called “string geometry”, it is necessary to have models in better categories than topological groups. Its 3-connectedness implies that String(n) is a K(Z, 2)-fibration over Spin(n), so that it cannot be a (finite-dimensional) Lie group. -
Directed Homotopy Hypothesis'. (,1)-Categories
Steps towards a `directed homotopy hypothesis'. (1; 1)-categories, directed spaces and perhaps rewriting Steps towards a `directed homotopy hypothesis'. (1; 1)-categories, directed spaces and perhaps rewriting Timothy Porter Emeritus Professor, University of Wales, Bangor June 12, 2015 Steps towards a `directed homotopy hypothesis'. (1; 1)-categories, directed spaces and perhaps rewriting 1 Introduction. Some history and background Grothendieck on 1-groupoids `Homotopy hypothesis' Dwyer-Kan loop groupoid 2 From directed spaces to S-categories and quasicategories A `dHH' for directed homotopy? Some reminders, terminology, notation, etc. Singular simplicial traces Suggestions on how to use T~ (X ) Models for (1; 1)-categories Quasi-categories 3 Back to d-spaces 4 Questions and `things to do' Steps towards a `directed homotopy hypothesis'. (1; 1)-categories, directed spaces and perhaps rewriting Introduction. Some history and background Some history (1; 0)-categories, spaces and rewriting. Letters from Grothendieck to Larry Breen (1975). Letter from AG to Quillen, [4], in 1983, forming the very first part of `Pursuing Stacks', [5], pages 13 to 17 of the original scanned file. Letter from TP to AG (16/06/1983). Steps towards a `directed homotopy hypothesis'. (1; 1)-categories, directed spaces and perhaps rewriting Introduction. Grothendieck on 1-groupoids Grothendieck on 1-groupoids (from PS) At first sight, it seemed to me that the Bangor group had indeed come to work out (quite independently) one basic intuition of the program I had envisaged in those letters to Larry Breen { namely the study of n-truncated homotopy types (of semi-simplicial sets, or of topological spaces) was essentially equivalent to the study of so-called n-groupoids (where n is a natural integer). -
Groupoids, the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and the Jordan Curve
Groupoids, the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and the Jordan Curve Theorem Ronald Brown University of Wales, Bangor∗ February 2, 2008 Abstract We publicise a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem which relates it to the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and whose proof uses the van Kampen theorem for the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points. 1 Introduction This article extracts from [Bro88] a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem based on the use of groupoids, the van Kampen Theorem for the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points, and the use of the Phragmen-Brouwer Property. In the process, we give short proofs of two results on the Phragmen- Brouwer Property (Propositions 4.1, 4.3). There is a renewed interest in such classical results1, as shown in the article [Sie] which revisits proofs of the Schoenflies Theorem. There are many books containing a further discussion of this area. For more on the Phragmen- Brouwer property, see [Why42] and [Wil49]. Wilder lists five other properties which he shows for a connected and locally connected metric space are each equivalent to the PBP. The proof we give of the Jordan Curve Theorem is adapted from [Mun75]. Because he does not have our van Kampen theorem for non-connected spaces, he is forced into rather special covering space arguments to prove his replacements for Corollary 3.5 (which is originally due to Eilenberg [Eil37]), and for Proposition arXiv:math/0607229v1 [math.AT] 9 Jul 2006 4.1. The intention is to make these methods more widely available, since the 1988 edition of the book [Bro88] has been out of print for at least ten years, and the new edition is only just now available. -
On the String 2-Group
On the String 2-Group Urs Schreiber∗ May 3, 2006 Oberseminar Topologie Universit¨atBonn, May 2, 2006 Abstract We try to convey the main idea for 1. • what the String-group StringG is • and how it is the nerve of a 2-group StrG; 2. as well as • what a StrG-2-bundle is • and how it is “the same” as a StringG-bundle. The first point is due to [10, 9], which will be reviewed in section 2. The second point has been addressed in [8] using the language of bundle gerbes. In section 3 we review this, using a 2-functorial language which is natural with respect to the 2-group nature of StrG. A commented bibliography is given in section 1. Contents 1 Motivation 2 2 The String 2-Group 3 2.1 2-Groups . 4 2.2 StringG ................................ 6 3 String 2-Bundles 9 3.1 2-Bundles . 9 3.2 Transition Bundles . 15 4 Outlook: String Connections 19 ∗e-mail: urs.schreiber at math.uni-hamburg.de 1 1 Motivation The main motivation for the following discussion has its origin in theoretical physics. Elementary particles with spin are described by sections of spin bundles. From the physical point of view, the necessity of a spin structure on spacetime may be deduced from a certain global anomaly for the path integral of a single, point-like, fermion. The path integral (albeit a somewhat heuristic device) can be regarded as a single valued function on the space of configurations of the particle, only if the (first and) second Stiefel-Whitney class of spacetime vanishes. -
Note on the Gluing Theorem for Groupoids and Van Kampen's
CAHIERS DE TOPOLOGIE ET GÉOMÉTRIE DIFFÉRENTIELLE CATÉGORIQUES KLAUS HEINER KAMPS Note on the gluing theorem for groupoids and Van Kampen’s theorem Cahiers de topologie et géométrie différentielle catégoriques, tome 28, no 4 (1987), p. 303-306 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=CTGDC_1987__28_4_303_0> © Andrée C. Ehresmann et les auteurs, 1987, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Cahiers de topologie et géométrie différentielle catégoriques » implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ CAHIERS DE TOPOLOGIE Vol. XXVIII-4 (1987) ET GÉOMÉTRIE DIFFÉPRENTIELLE CATEGORI QUES NOTE ON THE GLUING THEOREM FOR GROUPOIDS AND VAN KAMPEN’S THEOREM by Klaus Heiner KAMPS RÉSUMÉ. Le but de cette note est de montrer que le Théorème de van Kampen classique pour le groupe fondamental d’une union d’espaces peut 6tre d6duit du Théorème de van Kampen g6n6ral pour le gr-oupoi*de fondamental dans 121 (voir aussi (61) en appliquant le théorème de recollement pour les groupoides qui est un cas particulier d’un théarème g6n6ral de recollement en théorie de 1’homotopie abstraite (voir [7, 8]). The following classical van Kampen Theorem determines under suitable local conditions the fundamental group n1(X,xo) of a topo- logical space X at xo e X, when X is the union of two subspaces. -
A Whirlwind Tour of the World of (∞,1)-Categories
Contemporary Mathematics A Whirlwind Tour of the World of (1; 1)-categories Omar Antol´ınCamarena Abstract. This introduction to higher category theory is intended to a give the reader an intuition for what (1; 1)-categories are, when they are an appro- priate tool, how they fit into the landscape of higher category, how concepts from ordinary category theory generalize to this new setting, and what uses people have put the theory to. It is a rough guide to a vast terrain, focuses on ideas and motivation, omits almost all proofs and technical details, and provides many references. Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. The idea of higher category theory 3 2.1. The homotopy hypothesis and the problem with strictness 5 2.2. The 3-type of S2 8 2.3. Shapes for cells 10 2.4. What does (higher) category theory do for us? 11 3. Models of (1; 1)-categories 12 3.1. Topological or simplicial categories 12 3.2. Quasi-categories 13 3.3. Segal categories and complete Segal spaces 16 3.4. Relative categories 17 3.5. A1-categories 18 3.6. Models of subclasses of (1; 1)-categories 20 3.6.1. Model categories 20 3.6.2. Derivators 21 3.6.3. dg-categories, A1-categories 22 4. The comparison problem 22 4.1. Axiomatization 24 5. Basic (1; 1)-category theory 25 5.1. Equivalences 25 5.1.1. Further results for quasi-categories 26 5.2. Limits and colimits 26 5.3. Adjunctions, monads and comonads 28 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 18-01. -
The Fundamental Localic Groupoid of a Topos
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 77 (1992) 67-86 67 North-Holland The fundamental localic groupoid of a topos John F. Kennison Department of Mathematics, Clark University*, Worcester, MA 01610, USA Communicated by M. Barr Received 2 January 1991 Revised 9 May 1991 Abstract Kennison, J.F., The fundamental localic groupoid of a topos, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 77 (1992) 67-86. If 8 is a connected Grothendieck topos, then there is a prodiscrete localic groupoid n which plays the role of the fundamental group of 8. There is a ‘universal torso? which is a geometric morphism from 8 to Ba, the topos of all continuous r-actions. n classifies torsors since a G-torsor of 8 corresponds to a uniformly continuous functor from r to G. (If ‘Z is locally connected all such continuous functors are automatically uniform.) When 8 is locally connected, and has a point, then r is equivalent to a localic group, otherwise a groupoid is needed. The topos 8 is equivalent to BX for X a fully prodiscrete localic groupoid iff 8 is locally connected and generated by its split (or by its locally trivial) objects. A technical aspect of this paper shows how to use a prodiscrete localic groupoid to represent a 2-diagram of groups. For example, each pro-group is representable (in a 2-categorical sense) by a prodiscrete localic groupoid. Some curious counter-examples arise by considering toposes of infinitesimal group actions. -
Fundamental Groupoids As Generalised Pushouts of Codiscrete Groupoids
FUNDAMENTAL GROUPOIDS AS GENERALISED PUSHOUTS OF CODISCRETE GROUPOIDS ETTORE CARLETTI AND MARCO GRANDIS Abstract. Every differentiable manifold X has a `good cover', where all open sets and their finite intersections are 1-connected (and even contractible). Using a generalised van Kampen theorem for open covers we deduce that the fundamental groupoid of X (or any space admitting such an open cover) is a `generalised pushout' of codiscrete groupoids and inclusions. This fact motivates the present brief study of generalised pushouts. In particular, we show that every groupoid is, up to equivalence, a generalised pushout of codiscrete subgroupoids; moreover, in any category, generalised pushouts amount to connected colimits, and - in the finite case - to ordinary pushouts and coequalisers. 1. Introduction This article starts from two facts. (a) A well-known groupoid-version of the van Kampen theorem, by R. Brown [Bw1, Bw2], determines the fundamental groupoid of a space X as a pushout of fundamental groupoids of (convenient) subspaces X1;X2; the latter (and their intersection!) are not supposed to be path-connected - a crucial advantage with respect to the classical formulation for the fundamental group. This groupoid version can be easily extended to an open cover (Xi)i2I of the space X: then the fundamental groupoid π1X is the `gluing' of the fundamental groupoids π1Xi `over' the groupoids π1(Xi \ Xj) - a colimit of a particular form, that is called here a `generalised pushout' (see Sections 2 to 4). We readily note that generalised pushouts are connected, non simply connected colimits and therefore cannot be reduced to ordinary pushouts (see R.