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Saavedra Morales, Patricio.Pdf A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Non-participants’ support for protest violence: the role of the perceived political context Volume 1 of 2 by Patricio Saavedra Morales BSc Psychology (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology School of Psychology University of Sussex September 2019 2 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Patricio Saavedra Morales Signature....................................................................................................................................... 3 “As long as there is resistance, there is hope” Kong Tsung-gan 4 Contents (Volume 1) Volume 1 Contents..........................................................................................................................................4 List of tables....................................................................................................................................8 List of figures..................................................................................................................................9 Context statement........................................................................................................................10 AcKnowledgments........................................................................................................................12 Summary.......................................................................................................................................15 Chapter 1: Overview of research 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................18 1.1 Literature review......................................................................................................................21 1.1.1 Why do research on non-participants’ support for protest violence against the police? .....................................................................21 1.1.2 Why is political context important?................................................................................28 1.1.3 Why should psychological research focus on non-participants? ...................................36 1.2 Methods and measures..............................................................................................................40 1.2.1 Research methods employed to study political opportunities.........................................40 1.2.2 Research methods employed to study non-participants’ perceptions of protests............44 1.3 Overview of the chapters..........................................................................................................48 Chapter 2: Including political context in the psychological analysis of collective action: Development and validation of a measurement scale for Subjective Political Openness 2.1 Abstract....................................................................................................................................54 2.2 Introduction..............................................................................................................................55 2.2.1 Legitimacy of protest......................................................................................................59 2.2.2 Subjective political openness..........................................................................................61 2.2.3 Measurement invariance................................................................................................62 5 2.2.4 Bifactor model................................................................................................................62 2.2.5 Trust in police procedural justice...................................................................................63 2.3 Overview of studies..................................................................................................................64 2.4 Study 1......................................................................................................................................67 2.4.1 Method...........................................................................................................................67 2.4.2 Analysis..........................................................................................................................69 2.4.3 Results............................................................................................................................70 2.4.4 Discussion......................................................................................................................77 2.5 Study 2......................................................................................................................................79 2.5.1 Method...........................................................................................................................79 2.5.2 Analysis..........................................................................................................................81 2.5.3 Results............................................................................................................................82 2.5.4 Discussion......................................................................................................................89 2.6 General discussion....................................................................................................................91 Chapter 3: Support for protesters’ violence against the police: The role of public opinion and perceived restrictions on protests 3.1 Abstract....................................................................................................................................95 3.2 Introduction..............................................................................................................................96 3.2.1 What leads to the use of violence during protests? .........................................................97 3.2.2 Features of the political context and protesters’ violence...............................................99 3.2.3 The role of non-participants and public opinion...........................................................101 3.3 The current research...............................................................................................................103 3.4 Study 1....................................................................................................................................106 3.4.1 Method.........................................................................................................................108 3.4.2 Results..........................................................................................................................111 3.4.3 Discussion....................................................................................................................116 3.5 Study 2....................................................................................................................................118 3.5.1 Method.........................................................................................................................119 3.5.2 Results..........................................................................................................................123 3.5.3 Discussion....................................................................................................................127 3.6 General discussion..................................................................................................................128 6 Chapter 4: Beyond peaceful protest: When non-participants support violence against the police 4.1 Abstract..................................................................................................................................134 4.2 Introduction............................................................................................................................135 4.2.1 Violence during social mobilisation processes.............................................................136 4.2.2 The perceived political context.....................................................................................138 4.2.3 Public opinion and non-participants’ support for protest violence..............................139 4.3 The present research...............................................................................................................141 4.4 Method...................................................................................................................................142 4.5 Results....................................................................................................................................144 4.5.1 Protests should be
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