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Wyoming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 43°N 107.5°W

"Wy" redirects here. For the Australian micronation, see Principality of Wy. Main page This article is about the U.S. state of . For other uses, see Wyoming (disambiguation). Contents Wyoming ( i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Featured content State of Wyoming Current events Western . Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the Random article least populous and the second least densely populated of the 50 Donate to Wikipedia U.S. states. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Interaction Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high Help elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital About Wikipedia and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly Flag Seal Community portal 60,000 people within its city proper. Nickname(s): Equality State (official); Recent changes Cowboy State; Big Wyoming Contact Wikipedia Contents [hide] Motto(s): Equal Rights

Toolbox 1 Geography 1.1 Location and size Print/export 1.2 Mountain ranges Languages 1.3 Islands Afrikaans 1.4 Public lands Ænglisc 1.4.1 Parks 1.4.2 Recreation areas اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ 1.4.3 National monuments Aragonés 1.4.4 National historic trails and sites 1.4.5 National parkways Official English অসমীয়া open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 1.4.5 National parkways অসমীয়া language(s) 1.4.6 Wildlife refuges and hatcheries Asturianu Demonym Wyomingite 2 Climate Avañe'ẽ Capital Cheyenne 3 History Aymar aru (and largest city) Azərbaycanca 4 Demographics Largest metro Cheyenne Metro Area 4.1 Population area বাংলা 4.2 Religion Ranked 10th in the U.S. Bân-lâm-gú Area 5 Economy - Total 97,814 sq mi Беларуская 2 5.1 Mineral production (253,348 km ) Беларуская - Width 280 miles (450 km) (тарашкевіца)​ 5.2 Taxes - Length 360 miles (581 km) Bikol Central 6 Transportation - % w ater 0.7 Bislama 7 Wind River Indian Reservation - Latitude 41°N to 45°N - Longitude 104°3'W to 111°3'W Български 8 State law and government

Boarisch 8.1 Judicial system Population Ranked 50th in the U.S. [1] 8.2 Politics - Total 568,158 (2011 estimate) བོད་ཡིག - Density 2 9 Counties 5.85/sq mi (2.26/km ) Bosanski Ranked 49th in the U.S. Brezhoneg 10 Cities and towns Elevation Català 11 Metropolitan areas - Highest point Gannett Peak[2][3][4] Чӑвашла 12 Education 13,809 ft (4209.1 m) Česky 12.1 Higher education - Mean 6,700 ft (2040 m) - Low est point Belle Fourche River at Cymraeg 13 Sports South Dakota border[3][4] Dansk 14 Miscellaneous information 3,101 ft (945 m) 14.1 State symbols Deutsch Before Wyoming Territory Diné bizaad 14.2 Wyomingites statehood Eesti 15 See also Admission to July 10, 1890 (44th) Union Ελληνικά 16 References (R) Español 17 External links Secretary of (R) Esperanto State [edit] Euskara Geography Legislature Upper house Senate - ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ Fiji Hindi Location and size [edit] - Low er house House of Representatives Føroyskt U.S. Senators (R) As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of (R) Français U.S. House (R) (list) open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Français Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, U.S. House Cynthia Lummis (R) (list) Frysk delegation and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Gaeilge Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude- Time zone Mountain: UTC -7/-6 Gaelg longitude quadrangle.[5] Wyoming is one of only three states (along Abbreviations WY US-WY Gagauz with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal Website w yoming.gov Gàidhlig and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Galego Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal Hak-kâ-fa border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a Хальмг mile (0.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along 한국어 the 45th parallel.[6] Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the Hawai`i east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the Հայերեն southwest by Utah, and on the west by . It is the tenth largest state in हद the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square miles Hrvatski (253,340 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the Ido south border it is 276 miles (444 km);[7] and from the east to the west Igbo Wind River Canyon border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the Ilokano north end. িবুিয়া মিণপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Mountain ranges [edit] Interlingua The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a Iñupiak great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range Ирон from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at Íslenska 13,804 feet (4,207 m), to the Belle Fourche River valley in the state’s Italiano northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (953 m). In the northwest are the Absaroka, עברית Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River and the Teton ranges. In the north Basa Jawa central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in Thunder Basin National Grassland close ಕನಡ the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges. to Douglas, Wyoming Kapampangan ქართული The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of Kernowek the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is Kiswahili remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000 ft (4,000 m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, Kreyòl ayisyen the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains. open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Kurdî of the Rocky Mountains. Кырык мары The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80 km), part of Ladino which is included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Latina Grand Teton, the second highest peak in Wyoming. Latviešu The Continental Divide spans north-south across the central portion of the Lëtzebuergesch state. Rivers east of the divide drain into the Basin and Lietuvių eventually the Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn Ligure and the Yellowstone rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming Limburgs eventually drains into the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean, as does Lumbaart the Green River through the Colorado River Basin. Magyar Македонски The continental divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area Wyoming terrain Malagasy known as the Great Divide Basin where the waters that flow or precipitate into this area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, because മലയാളം Māori of the overall aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or evaporates. मराठ Several rivers begin or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the .Snake River ﻣﺼﺮى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Islands [edit] Main article: List of islands of Wyoming Nāhuatl Wyoming has 32 named islands, of which the majority are located in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Nederlands Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. Green River in the southwest also contains a number नेपाल भाषा of islands. 日本語 Nordfriisk Public lands [edit] Norsk (bokmål)​ More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by Norsk (nynorsk)​ the U.S. Government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth Occitan in the U.S. in total acres and fifth in percentage of a Oʻzbekcha state's land owned by the federal government.[8] This ﭘﻨﺠﺎﺑﯽ amounts to about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1 km2) Papiamentu owned and managed by the U.S. Government. The Piemontèis open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Piemontèis state government owns an additional 6% of all Plattdüütsch Wyoming lands, or another 3,864,800 acres Polski (15,640 km2).[8] Português Română The vast majority of this government land is managed Rumantsch by the Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Runa Simi Service in numerous National Forests, a National Русский Grassland, and a number of vast swaths of public Саха тыла land, in addition to the F.E. Warren Air Force Base Sámegiella in Cheyenne. संकृतम् In addition, Wyoming contains areas that are under Scots the management of the National Park Service and Map of Wyoming: National Parks and NPS sites Shqip other agencies. They include: Sicilianu Simple English Parks [edit] Slovenčina Yellowstone National Park Slovenščina Grand Teton National Park Ślůnski Recreation areas [edit] ﮐﻮردی Српски / srpski Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area Srpskohrvatski / Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area (Forest Service-Ashley National Forest) српскохрватски Suomi National monuments [edit] Svenska Devils Tower National Monument Tagalog Fossil Butte National Monument த National historic trails and sites [edit] Татарча/tatarça ไทย California National Historic Trail Tsetsêhestâhese Independence Rock (Wyoming) An eruption of Castle Geyser Türkçe Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Yellow stone National Park Українська Medicine Wheel National Historic Site Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail اردو Uyghurche National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming / ﺋﯾﻐرﭼ open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Tiếng Việt National Historic Trail Volapük Pony Express National Historic Trail Winaray National parkways [edit] Yorùbá John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway between Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park Zazaki Wildlife refuges and hatcheries [edit] Žemaitėška 中文 Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge National Elk Refuge Jackson National Fish Hatchery Saratoga National Fish Hatchery

Panoramic view of the Teton Range looking w est from , Grand Teton National Park.

Climate [edit]

Further information: Climate change in Wyoming Wyoming's climate is generally semi-arid and continental (Köppen climate classification BSk), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between 85 °F (29 °C) and 95 °F (35 °C) in most of open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above 9,000 feet (2,700 m) averaging around 70 °F (21 °C). Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the 50–60 °F (10–16 °C) range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with Chinook winds providing unusually warm temperatures in Wyoming state w elcome sign on Interstate 80 in Uinta County (at the Utah some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving border). less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the Big Horn Basin averaging 5–8 inches (130– 200 mm) (making the area nearly a true desert). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around 10–12 inches (250–300 mm), making the climate there semi-arid. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation, 20 inches (510 mm) or more, much of it as snow, sometimes 200 inches (510 cm) or more annually. The states highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) at Basin on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is −66 °F (−54 °C) at Riverside on February 9, 1933. The number of thunderstorm days vary across the state with the southeastern plains of the state having the most days of thunderstorm activity. Thunderstorm activity in the state is highest during the late spring and early summer. The southeastern corner of the state is the most vulnerable part of the state to tornado activity. Moving away from that point and westwards, the incidence of tornadoes drops dramatically with the west part of the state showing little vulnerability. Tornadoes, where they occur, tend to be small and brief, unlike some of those that occur a little further east.

Casper climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall. [hide] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average max. temperature °F 32 37 45 56 66 78 87 85 74 60 44 34 58 (°C) (0) (3) (7) (13) (19) (26) (31) (29) (23) (16) (7) (1) (14) Average min. temperature 12 16 21 28 37 46 54 51 41 32 21 14 31 °F (°C) (−11) (−9) (−6) (−2) (3) (8) (12) (11) (5) (0) (−6) (−10) (-1) Average rainfall 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.7 12.8 inches (mm) (15.2) (15.2) (25.4) (40.6) (53.3) (38.1) (33.0) (17.8) (22.9) (25.4) (20.3) (17.8) (325.1) open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Source:[9]

Jackson climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall. [hide] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average max. temperature °F 24 28 37 47 58 68 78 77 67 54 37 24 49 (°C) (−4) (−2) (3) (8) (14) (20) (26) (25) (19) (12) (3) (−4) (9) Average min. temperature -1 2 10 21 30 36 41 38 31 22 14 0 20 °F (°C) (−18) (−17) (−12) (−6) (−1) (2) (5) (3) (−1) (−6) (−10) (−18) (-7) Average rainfall 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 2.3 2.5 21.4 inches (mm) (66.0) (48.3) (40.6) (35.6) (48.3) (45.7) (33.0) (33.0) (38.1) (33.0) (58.4) (63.5) (543.6)

Source:[10]

History [edit]

Main article: History of Wyoming Several American Indian groups originally inhabited the region now known as Wyoming. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were but a few of the original inhabitants encountered when white explorers first entered the region. What is now southwestern Wyoming became a part of the Spanish Empire and later Mexican territory of Alta California, until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican-American War. French- Canadian trappers from Québec and Montréal ventured into the state in the late 18th century, leaving French toponyms such as Téton, La Ramie, etc. John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, itself guided by French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau and his young Shoshone wife, The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to , first described the region in 1807. At the time, his reports of 1840. Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob the Yellowstone area were considered to be fictional. Robert Stuart and a Miller party of five men returning from Astoria discovered South Pass in 1812. The Oregon Trail later followed that route. In 1850, Jim Bridger located what is now known as Bridger Pass, which the Union Pacific Railroad used in 1868—as did Interstate 80, in ninety years' time. Bridger also explored Yellowstone and open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com filed reports on the region that, like those of Colter, were largely regarded as tall tales at the time. The region had acquired the name Wyoming by 1865, when Representative J. M. Ashley of introduced a bill to Congress to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming". The name Wyoming derives from the Munsee name xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat", but it was also named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell.[11][12] After the Union Pacific Railroad had reached the town of Cheyenne in 1867, the region's population began to grow steadily, and the federal government established the Wyoming Territory on July 25, 1868.[13] Unlike mineral-rich Colorado, Wyoming lacked significant deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent population boom. However, South Pass City did experience a short-lived boom after the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867).[14] Furthermore, copper was mined in some areas between the Sierra Madre Mountains and the Snowy Range near Grand Encampment.[15] Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming. On December 10, 1869, territorial Gov. extended the right to vote to women, making Wyoming the first U.S. state to grant suffrage to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming women into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming (Laramie in 1870); Wyoming had the first female court bailiff (Mary Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870); and the first female justice of the peace in the country (Esther Hobart Morris, South Pass City, in 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor, , who took office in January 1925. (In fact, Wyoming and both elected female governors at the same time, but Wyoming's took office a few days before Texas's.)[16] Due to its civil-rights history, Wyoming's state nickname is "The Equality State", and the official state motto is "Equal Rights".[17] Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water rights.[18] The United States admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.[17] Wyoming was the location of the Johnson County War of 1892, on which the controversial 1980 film Heaven's Gate was based, which erupted between competing groups of cattle ranchers. The passage of the federal Homestead Act led to an influx of small ranchers. A range war broke out when either or both of the groups chose violent conflict over commercial competition in the use of the public land. See: List of counties in Wyoming open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Demographics [edit]

Population [edit] Historical populations Census Pop. %± The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wyoming was 568,158 on July 1, 2011, a 0.80% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[1] 1870 9,118 — The center of population of Wyoming is located in Natrona County.[21] 1880 20,789 128.0% According to the 2010 Census, 90.7% of the population was White (85.9% non- 1890 62,555 200.9% Hispanic white), 0.8% was Black or African American, 2.4% American Indian and 1900 92,531 47.9% Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.2% 1910 145,965 57.7% from two or more races. 8.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin 1920 194,402 33.2% [22] (they may be of any race). 1930 225,565 16.0% As of 2005, Wyoming had an estimated population of 509,293, which was an increase 1940 250,742 11.2% of 3,407, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 15,512, or 3.1%, since the 1950 290,529 15.9% 2000 census. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 12,165 people 1960 330,066 13.6% (that is 33,704 births minus 21,539 deaths) and an increase from net migration of 1970 332,416 0.7% 4,035 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a 1980 469,557 41.3% net increase of 2,264 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase 1990 453,588 −3.4% of 1,771 people. In 2004, the foreign-born population was 11,000 (2.2%). In 2005, total 2000 493,782 8.9% births in Wyoming numbered 7,231 (Birth Rate of 14.04).[23] Sparsely populated, 2010 563,626 14.1% Wyoming is the least populous (total number of people) state of the United States, and has the second lowest population density, behind Alaska. It is the only state with Est. 2011 568,159 0.8% a smaller population than the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.. Sources:[19][20]

Demographics of Wyoming (csv) By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI* 2000 (total population) 96.19% 1.01% 3.06% 0.84% 0.13% 2000 (Hispanic only) 6.05% 0.11% 0.32% 0.06% 0.02% 2005 (total population) 96.01% 1.15% 3.06% 0.90% 0.12% 2005 (Hispanic only) 6.38% 0.15% 0.27% 0.05% 0.01% open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Growth 2000–05 (total population) 2.95% 17.26% 3.16% 10.32% -3.47%Wyoming Population Density Map Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) 2.57% 14.20% 4.95% 12.17% 0.18% Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 8.66% 42.08% -12.31% -14.09% -28.40% * AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

The largest ancestry groups in Wyoming are: German (26.0%), English (16.0%), Irish (13.3%), American (6.5%), Norwegian (4.3%), and Swedish (3.5%). As of 2011, 24.9% of Wyoming's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[24]

Religion [edit] The religious affiliations of the people of Wyoming are shown in the table below: Christian – 79% Protestant – 53% Lutheran – 8% Baptist – 8% Methodist – 6% Presbyterian – 4% Episcopal – 4% Other Protestant or general Protestant – 21% Catholic – 16% LDS (Mormon) – 11% Other Religions – 1% Non-Religious – 18% The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Catholic Church with 80,421; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 47,129 (in 2010 was 63,069); and the Wyoming Southern Baptist Convention with 17,101.[25]

Economy [edit]

According to the 2005 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis report, open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Wyoming’s gross state product was $27.4 billion. As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 7.6%.[26] Components of Wyoming's economy differ significantly from those of other states. The mineral extraction industry and travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyoming’s economy. The federal government owns about 50% of its landmass, while 6% is controlled by the state. Total taxable values of mining production in Wyoming for 2001 was over $6.7 billion. The tourism industry accounts for over $2 billion in revenue for the state. Electricity generating w ind farm in Uinta County. In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming’s national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors. Historically, agriculture has been an important component of Wyoming’s economy. Its overall importance to the performance of Wyoming’s economy has waned. However, agriculture is still an essential part of Wyoming’s culture and lifestyle. The main agricultural commodities produced in Wyoming include livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. More than 91% of land in Wyoming is classified as rural.

Mineral production [edit] Wyoming’s mineral commodities include coal, natural gas, coalbed methane, crude oil, uranium, and trona. Coal: Wyoming produced 395.5 million short tons (358.8 million metric tons) of coal in 2004. The state is the number one producer of coal in the U.S.[27] Wyoming possesses a reserve of 68.7 billion tons (62.3 billion metric tons) of coal. Major coal areas include the Powder River Basin and the Green River Basin Natural gas: Wyoming produced 2,254 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in 2007. The state ranked 2nd nationwide for natural gas production in A Wyoming coal mine 2007.[28] The major markets for natural gas include industrial, commercial, and domestic heating. open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Coal Bed Methane (CBM): The boom for CBM began in the mid-1990s. CBM is characterized as methane gas that is extracted from Wyoming’s coal bed seams. It is another means of natural gas production. There has been substantial CBM production in the Powder River Basin. In 2002, the CBM production yield was 327.5 billion cubic feet (9.3 km³). Crude oil: Wyoming produced 53,400,000 barrels (8,490,000 m3) of crude oil in 2007. The state ranked 5th nationwide in oil production in 2007.[28] Petroleum is most often used as a motor fuel, but it is also utilized in the manufacture of plastics, paints, and synthetic rubber. Trona: Wyoming possesses the largest known reserve of trona in the world[29] Trona is used for manufacturing glass, paper, soaps, baking A Drilling rig drills for natural gas just soda, water softeners, and pharmaceuticals. In 2008 Wyoming w est of the Wind River Range in the produced 46 million short tons (41.7 million metric tons) of trona, 25% of Wyoming Rockies the world's production.[29] Diamonds: The Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine, located in Colorado less than 1,000 feet (300 m) from the Wyoming border, produced gem quality diamonds for several years. The Wyoming craton, which hosts the kimberlite volcanic pipes that were mined, underlies most of Wyoming. Uranium: Although uranium mining in Wyoming is much less active than it was in previous decades, recent increases in the price of uranium have generated new interest in uranium prospecting and mining. Taxes [edit] Wyoming receives more federal tax dollars per capita in aid than any other state except Alaska. The federal aid per capita in Wyoming is more than double the U.S. average.[30] Unlike most other states, Wyoming does not levy an individual or corporate income tax. In addition, Wyoming does not assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Wyoming has a state sales tax of 4%. Counties have the option of collecting an additional 1% tax for general revenue and a 1% tax for specific purposes, if approved by voters. Food for human consumption is not subject to sales tax.[31] There also is a county lodging tax that varies from 2% to 5%. The state collects a use tax of 5% on items purchased elsewhere and brought into Wyoming. All property tax is based on the assessed value of the property and Wyoming's Department of Revenue's Ad Valorem Tax Division supports, trains, and guides local government agencies in the uniform assessment, valuation and taxation of locally assessed property. "Assessed value" means taxable value; "taxable value" means a percent of the fair market value of property in a particular class. open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Statutes limit property tax increases. For county revenue, the property tax rate cannot exceed 12 mills (or 1.2%) of assessed value. For cities and towns, the rate is limited to 8 mills (0.8%). With very few exceptions, state law limits the property tax rate for all governmental purposes. Personal property held for personal use is tax-exempt. Inventory if held for resale, pollution control equipment, cash, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds are also exempt. Other exemptions include property used for religious, educational, charitable, fraternal, benevolent and government purposes and improvements for handicapped access. Mine lands, underground mining equipment, and oil and gas extraction equipment are exempt from property tax but companies must pay a gross products tax on minerals and a severance tax on mineral production.[32] [33] Wyoming does not collect inheritance taxes. Because of the phase-out of the federal estate tax credit, Wyoming's estate tax is not imposed on estates of persons who died in 2005. There is limited estate tax related to federal estate tax collection. In 2008, the Tax Foundation ranked Wyoming as having the single most "business friendly" tax climate of all 50 states.[34] Wyoming state and local governments in fiscal year 2007 collected $2.242 billion in taxes, levies, and royalties from the oil and gas industry. The state's mineral industry, including oil, gas, trona, and coal provided $1.3 billion in property taxes from 2006 mineral production.[28]

Transportation [edit]

The largest airport in Wyoming is Jackson Hole Airport, with over 500 employees.[35] Three interstate highways and thirteen U.S. highways pass through Wyoming. In addition, the state is served by the Wyoming state highway system. Interstate 25 enters the state south of Cheyenne and runs north, intersecting Interstate 80 in Cheyenne. It passes through Casper and ends at Interstate 90 near Buffalo. Interstate 80 crosses the Utah border west of Evanston and runs east through the southern half of the state, passing through Cheyenne before entering Nebraska near Pine Bluffs. Interstate 90 comes into Wyoming near Parkman and cuts through the northern part of the state. It serves Gillette and enters South Dakota east of Sundance. Map of Wyoming - PDF open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Map of Wyoming - PDF The U.S. highways that pass through the state are U.S. Highways 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 30, 85, 87, 89, 189, 191, 212, and 287. See also: List of Wyoming railroads, List of airports in Wyoming, State highways in Wyoming. Wyoming is one of only two states (the other being South Dakota) in the 48 contiguous states not served by Amtrak.

Wind River Indian Reservation [edit]

Main article: Wind River Indian Reservation The Wind River Indian Reservation is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes of Native Americans in the central western portion of the state near Lander. The reservation is home to 2,500 Eastern Shoshone and 5,000 Northern Arapaho.[36] Chief established the reservation in 1868[37] as the result of negotiations with the federal government in the Fort Bridger Treaty.[38] However, the Northern Arapaho were forced onto the Shoshone reservation in 1876 by the federal government after the government failed to provide a promised separate reservation.[38] Today the Wind River Indian Reservation is jointly owned, with each tribe having a 50% interest in the land, water, and other natural resources.[39] The reservation is a sovereign, self-governed land with two independent governing bodies: the Eastern Shoshone Tribal Government and the Northern Arapaho Tribal Government. The Eastern Shoshone Business Council meets jointly with the Northern Arapaho Business Council as the Joint Business Council to decide matters that affect both tribes.[37] Six elected council members from each tribe serve on the joint council.

State law and government [edit]

Wyoming's Constitution established three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The Wyoming state legislature comprises a House of Representatives with 60 members and a Senate with 30 members. The executive branch is headed by the governor and includes a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Wyoming does not have a lieutenant governor. Instead the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession. Wyoming's sparse population warrants it only a single at-large seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, and hence open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com only three votes in the Electoral College. Its low population renders Wyoming voters effectively more powerful in presidential elections than those in more populous states. For example, while Montana had a 2010 census population of 989,415 to Wyoming's 563,626, they both have the same number of electoral votes. Wyoming is an alcoholic beverage control state.

Judicial system [edit] Wyoming's highest court is the Supreme Court of Wyoming, with five justices presiding over appeals from the state's lower courts. Wyoming is unusual in that it does not have an intermediate appellate court, like most states. This is largely attributable to the state's size and correspondingly lower caseload. Appeals from the state district courts go directly to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming also has state circuit courts (formerly county courts), of limited jurisdiction, which handle certain types of cases, such as civil claims with lower dollar amounts, misdemeanor criminal offenses, and felony arraignments. Circuit court judges also commonly hear small claims cases as well. All state court judges in Wyoming are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the Governor. They are then subject to a retention vote by the electorate.

Politics [edit] Wyoming's political history defies easy classification. The state was the [41] first to grant women the right to vote and to elect a woman governor. Presidential elections results[40] On December 10, 1869, John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Year Republicans Democrats Wyoming Territory, approved the first law in United States history 2008 64.78% 164,958 32.54% 82,868 explicitly granting women the right to vote. This day was later commemorated as Wyoming Day.[42] 2004 68.86% 167,629 29.07% 70,776 On November 5, 1889, voters approved the first constitution in the world 2000 67.76% 147,947 27.70% 60,481 granting full voting rights to women,[43] and in 1924, Wyoming voters 1996 49.81% 105,388 36.84% 77,934 elected Nellie Tayloe Ross as the first woman governor in the United 1992 39.70% 79,347 34.10% 68,160 States.[44] 1988 60.53% 106,867 38.01% 67,113 While the state elected notable Democrats to federal office in the 1960s 1984 70.51% 133,241 28.24% 53,370 and 1970s, politics have become decidedly more conservative since the 1980s as the Republican party came to dominate the state's 1980 62.64% 110,700 27.97% 49,427 congressional delegation. Today, Wyoming is represented in Washington 1976 59.30% 92,717 39.81% 62,239 by its two Senators, Mike Enzi and John Barrasso, and its one member 1972 69.01% 100,464 30.47% 44,358 open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 1972 69.01% 100,464 30.47% 44,358 of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Cynthia Lummis. All 1968 55.76% 70,927 35.51% 45,173 three are Republicans. The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964, one of only five times since statehood. At present, 1964 43.44% 61,998 56.56% 80,718 there are only two relatively reliably Democratic counties: affluent Teton 1960 55.01% 77,451 44.99% 63,331 and college county Albany. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won his second-largest victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President is a Wyoming resident and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989. Republicans are no less dominant at the state level. They have held a majority in the state senate continuously since 1936 and in the state house since 1964. However, Democrats have held the governorship for all but eight years between 1975 and 2011. Uniquely, Wyoming elected Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross as the first woman in U.S. history to serve as state governor. She served from 1925 to 1927 after winning a special election after her husband, governor at the time, unexpectedly died.[45] Further information: Political party strength in Wyoming

Counties [edit]

The state of Wyoming has 23 counties.

open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com An enlargeable map of the 23 counties of Wyoming.

The 23 counties of the state of Wyoming[46]

Rank County Population Rank County Population 1 Laramie 92,680 13 Converse 13,755 open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 2 Natrona 76,366 14 Goshen 13,536 3 Campbell 46,618 15 Big Horn 11,759 4 Sweetwater 44,175 16 Sublette 10,146 5 Fremont 40,579 17 Platte 8,796 6 Albany 36,889 18 Johnson 8,642 7 Sheridan 29,239 19 Washakie 8,487 8 Park 28,592 20 Crook 7,111 9 Teton 21,548 21 Weston 7,108 10 Uinta 20,985 22 Hot Springs 4,799 11 Lincoln 18,071 23 Niobrara 2,491 12 Carbon 15,786 Wyoming Total 568,158

Wyoming license plates contain a number on the left that indicates the county where the vehicle is registered, ranked by an earlier census.[20] The county license plate numbers are as follows:

License License License Plate County Plate County Plate County Prefix Prefix Prefix 1 Natrona 9 Big Horn 17 Campbell 2 Laramie 10 Fremont 18 Crook 3 Sheridan 11 Park 19 Uinta 4 Sweetwater 12 Lincoln 20 Washakie 5 Albany 13 Converse 21 Weston 6 Carbon 14 Niobrara 22 Teton 7 Goshen 15 Hot Springs 23 Sublette 8 Platte 16 Johnson

open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Cities and towns [edit]

The State of Wyoming has 98 incorporated municipalities.

The 20 Most Populous Wyoming Cities and Towns[47] Rank City County Population 1 City of Cheyenne Laramie 59,466 2 City of Casper Natrona 55,316 3 City of Laramie Albany 30,816 4 City of Gillette Campbell 29,087 5 City of Rock Springs Sweetwater 20,905 6 City of Sheridan Sheridan 17,461 7 City of Green River Sweetwater 12,149 8 City of Evanston Uinta 11,781 9 City of Riverton Fremont 10,032 10 Town of Jackson Teton 9,806

11 City of Cody Park 9,309 City of Casper, Wyoming 12 City of Rawlins Carbon 8,740 13 City of Lander Fremont 7,264 14 City of Douglas Converse 5,971 15 City of Powell Park 5,524 16 City of Torrington Goshen 5,514 17 City of Worland Washakie 4,958 18 City of Buffalo Johnson 4,832 19 Town of Newcastle Weston 3,390 20 Town of Wheatland Platte 3,298 open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com In 2005, 50.6% of Wyomingites lived in one of the 13 most populous Wyoming municipalities.

Metropolitan areas [edit]

The United States Census Bureau has defined two Metropolitan Statistical Areas and seven Micropolitan Statistical Areas for the State of Wyoming.

U.S. Census Bureau Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas of Wyoming[48] Census Area County Population Cheyenne, WY, Metropolitan Statistical Area Laramie County, Wyoming 91,738 Casper, WY, Metropolitan Statistical Area Natrona County, Wyoming 75,450 Gillette, WY, Micropolitan Statistical Area Campbell County, Wyoming 46,133 Rock Springs, WY, Micropolitan Statistical Area Sweetwater County, Wyoming 43,806 Riverton, WY, Micropolitan Statistical Area Fremont County, Wyoming 40,123 Laramie, WY, Micropolitan Statistical Area Albany County, Wyoming 36,299 Teton County, Wyoming 21,294 Jackson, WY-ID, Micropolitan Statistical Area Teton County, Idaho 8,833 Total 30,127 Sheridan, WY, Micropolitan Statistical Area Sheridan County, Wyoming 29,116 Evanston, WY, Micropolitan Statistical Area Uinta County, Wyoming 21,118

In 2008, 30.4% of Wyomingites lived in either of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and 73% lived in either a Metropolitan Statistical Area or a Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Education [edit]

Main article: List of high schools in Wyoming Public education is directed by the state superintendent of public instruction, an elected state official. Educational policies are set by the State Board of Education, a nine-member board appointed by the governor. The constitution open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com prohibits the state from establishing curriculum and text book selections; these are the prerogatives of local school boards. The Wyoming School for the Deaf was the only in-state school dedicated to supporting deaf students in Wyoming, but it closed in summer of 2000.

Higher education [edit] Main article: List of colleges and universities in Wyoming Wyoming has one public four-year institution, the in Laramie. In addition, there are seven two- year community colleges spread through the state. Before the passing of a new law in 2006, Wyoming had hosted unaccredited institutions, many of them suspected diploma mills.[49] The 2006 law is forcing unaccredited institutions to make one of three choices: move out of Wyoming, close down, or apply for accreditation. The Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization predicts that in a few years the problem of diploma mills in Wyoming might be resolved.[50]

Sports [edit]

Wyoming Cavalry, American Indoor Football Association University of Wyoming, football, basketball, Swimming , diving, soccer, golf, wrestling, tennis, volleyball, track and field Miscellaneous information [edit]

USS Wyoming was named in honor of this state. Wyoming was chosen as the official state for the Free State Wyoming project; a splinter of the Free State Project. The purpose of the project is to relocate Libertarians to a single state, making it possible to live a "free life". In 2008, The first American State Litter Scorecard rated Wyoming a nationally "Best" state for statewide litter/debris eradication from public properties/spaces. The book and film Brokeback Mountain is set in the State of Wyoming, but filming largely occurred in Alberta, Canada. State flow er of Wyoming: Indian Rooster Teeth's web series Red Vs Blue created a freelancer character Paintbrush open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com bearing the state name.

State symbols [edit] State bird: Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) State coin: Sacagawea dollar State dinosaur: Triceratops State emblem: Bucking Horse and Rider State fish: Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) State flag: Flag of the State of Wyoming State flower: Wyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia) State fossil: Knightia An advertisement promoting Wyoming State gemstone: Wyoming nephrite jade tourism in during the January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American w inter State grass: Western Wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) storm State mammal: American Bison (Bison bison) State motto: Equal Rights State nicknames: Equality State; Cowboy State; Big Wonderful Wyoming State reptile: Horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre) State seal: Great Seal of the State of Wyoming State soil: Forkwood (unofficial) State song: Wyoming (song) by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp State sport: Rodeo State tree: Plains Cottonwood (Populus sargentii) Wyomingites [edit] The Bear River flow ing through the southw est part of the state. John Perry Barlow John Barrasso Charles Belden Tom Bell James Bridger open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Harriet Elizabeth Byrd Cale Case Dick Cheney Though the horned lizard is the Wyoming Lynne Cheney state reptile, a sign northw est of Thermopolis acknow ledges the presence of William F. "" Cody prairie rattlesnakes, "feared by many and Barbara Cubin respected by most". Lance Deal Mike Enzi Matthew Fox John Frullo Rulon Gardner Curt Gowdy Charles G. Hall William Henry Harrison Stanley K. Hathaway Harold Hellbaum Edgar Herschler Tom Horn Ray Hunkins Craig Johnson Ralph S. Johnson Richard R. "Dick" Jones Mike Leach Chris LeDoux Cynthia Lummis open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Nate Marquardt Max Maxfield Leonard McEwan Gale W. McGee Matt Mead Joseph B. Meyer Lori Millin Esther Hobart Morris Warren A. Morton Bob Nicholas Phil Nicholas John C. Ostlund Gordon L. Park Bryan Pedersen James Cash Penney Jackson Pollock Wayde Preston Annie Proulx Charles E. Richardson Nellie Tayloe Ross William B. Ross George R. Salisbury, Jr. Robert Schliske Joseph Selby Bryan Sharratt Matthew Shepard Larry D. Shippy Alan K. Simpson open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Colin M. Simpson Craig Thomas Richard V. Thomas Elton Trowbridge Thomas E. Trowbridge Tom Walsh Alvin Wiederspahn Larry Wilcox[51] See also [edit]

Outline of Wyoming Wyoming portal Index of Wyoming-related articles Yellowstone Park bison herd References [edit]

1. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011. 2. ^ "Gannett Peak Cairn" . NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 3. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States" . United States Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 4. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988. 5. ^ Willam J. Gribb; Lawrence M. Ostrech. Databases and Algorithms to Determine the Boundary of Wyoming . University of Wyoming, Department of Geography. Retrieved December 14, 2008. 6. ^ Ivars Peterson. "Rectangular States and Kinky Borders" . Retrieved December 14, 2008. 7. ^ http://www.javascripter.net/math/calculators/distancecalculator.htm 8. ^ a b MainEnvironment.org Public Land Ownership by State, 1995 Main Environment.org open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 9. ^ "CountryStudies.us" . CountryStudies.us. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 10. ^ "Countrystudies.us" . Countrystudies.us. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 11. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Press, pg. 576 12. ^ State of Wyoming – Narrative [dead link] 13. ^ State of Wyoming – General Facts About Wyoming [dead link] 14. ^ "South Pass City Historic Site." . Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails 15. ^ Mines Register: Successor to the Mines Handbook and the Copper Handbook, Describing the Non-ferrous Metal Mining Companies in the Western Hemisphere . 1911. Mines Publication, 1911. Original from the University of Michigan. 16. ^ Larson, T. A. (1990). History of Wyoming. University of Nebraska Press. 17. ^ a b "General Facts about Wyoming" , wyoming.gov, Retrieved on July 2, 2008. 18. ^ Sodaro, Craig; Adams, Randy (1996). Frontier Spirit: The Story of Wyoming. Johnson Books. pp. 136–139. ISBN 1- 55566-163-7. 19. ^ http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 20. ^ a b "Historical decennial census population for Wyoming counties, cities, and towns" . U.S. Census, State of Wyoming. Retrieved September 24, 2012. 21. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" . U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 22. ^ http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/56000.html 23. ^ "Hispanics fastest growing ethnic group in Wyoming" . Billings Gazette via AP. May 21, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 24. ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot" . The Plain Dealer. 25. ^ "TheArda.com" . TheArda.com. Retrieved November 5, 2010. 26. ^ Bls.gov ; Local Area Unemployment Statistics 27. ^ "EIA State Energy Profiles: Wyoming" . June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008. 28. ^ a b c "Petroleum Association of Wyoming" . 29. ^ a b Gearino, Jeff (February 16, 2009). "Soda ash companies enjoy record year" . Casper Star Tribune.[dead link] 30. ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/fas-10.pdf 31. ^ Votes back repeal of food tax , Billings Gazette, March 3, 2006 32. ^ "Getting the Story Right; Mineral Taxation in Wyoming and West Virginia" . West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy Blog. Retrieved November 10, 2012. 33. ^ Wyoming Statutes Section 39-13-103 34. ^ "The Tax Foundation – Tax Research Areas – Wyoming" . Taxfoundation.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 35. ^ "Terminal Expansion" . open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 36. ^ "Wind River Country: Wind River Indian Reservation." . 37. ^ a b Background of Wind River Reservation [dead link] 38. ^ a b "Chiefe: The Rez" . PBS. Independent Lens 39. ^ "Background: Northern Arapaho Tribe." . 40. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New York" . US Election Atlas. Retrieved January 10, 2010. 41. ^ "Today in History" . The Library of Congress. Retrieved July 20, 2012. 42. ^ "Today in History" . The Library of Congress. Retrieved July 20, 2012. 43. ^ "Today in History" . The Library of Congress. Retrieved July 27, 2012. 44. ^ "Today in History" . The Library of Congress. Retrieved July 27, 2012. 45. ^ Teva J. Scheer (2005). Governor lady: the life and times of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-8262-1626-9. 46. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties of Wyoming: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012. 47. ^ "Table 4: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Wyoming, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (CSV). 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 20, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2007. 48. ^ "Census.gov: Population Estimates and Estimated Components of Change for Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Their Geographic Components: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (CSV). 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. August 18, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2007.[dead link] 49. ^ Alleged "diploma mills" flocking to Wyoming , by Mead Gruver, Seattle Times, February 9, 2005 50. ^ Unaccredited Colleges , Potential problems with degree suppliers located in these states – Wyoming, Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization 51. ^ World Almanac & Book of Facts, Reader's Digest Publishing, 2008

External links [edit]

State of Wyoming government official website Find more about Wyoming at Wikipedia's Official Wyoming State Travel Website – Forever West sister projects Wyoming at the Open Directory Project Definitions and translations from Geographic data related to Wyoming at OpenStreetMap Wiktionary

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