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Dissertation Wenjie Sun 2008 FV Microbial Oxidation of Arsenite in Anoxic Environments: Impacts on Arsenic Mobility Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Sun, Wenjie Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 19:57:24 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194899 MICROBIAL OXIDATION OF ARSENITE IN ANOXIC ENVIRONMENTS: IMPACTS ON ARSENIC MOBILITY by Wenjie Sun _____________________ Copyright © Wenjie Sun 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2008 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Wenjie Sun entitled “Microbial Oxidation of Arsenite in Anoxic Environments: Impacts on Arsenic Mobility”, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/08 Maria R. Sierra Alvarez _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/08 James A. Field _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/08 Wendell P. Ela _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/08 Raina M. Maier Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/08 Dissertation Chair: Maria R. Sierra Alvarez ________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/08 Dissertation Chair: James A. Field 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Wenjie Sun 4 DEDICATION Dedicated to my beloved wife, Ling Pan, my son, Kevin Y. Sun, and to my proud parents, Tianzhen Sun and Aiqin Cao. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and fore more I am especially grateful to my advisors Dr. Reyes Sierra Alvarez and Dr. Jim A. Field, not only for the invaluable opportunity to conduct this research but also for their constant encouragement and unconditional friendship. I would like to thank my wife Ling Pan and my parents Tianzhen Sun and Aiqin Cao for all their love and support during my graduate studies and whole life, and my son for the fun he brings to me and my family. I am thankful to the faculty members of the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department for providing me with the tools and guidance for my professional career, especially to my committee members, Dr. Ela and Dr. Maier for their helpful discussion and advice on this research work. To all staff of the CHEE department, particularly Rosemary Myers, Arla Allen, Jo Leeming, Judee Atten, Eric Case and Tommy Maynard. Their administrative and technical support has made this dissertation possible. I also want to acknowledge Mike Kopplin from the Pharmacology and Toxicology Department for performing arsenic analysis. I am especially grateful to the USGS-National Institute for Water Resources, the National Science Foundation, the UA Water Sustainability Program, and the NIEHS-supported Superfund Basic Research Program for the funding provided and for the financial support to complete my PhD degree. Also arsenic analyses were performed by the Analytical Section of the Hazard Identification Core (Superfund Basic Research Program grant NIEHS-04940). 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………....................................17 LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………......19 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………. 25 DISSERTATION OVERVIEW ………………………………………………………...28 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..33 1.1 Environmental significance of arsenic in the environment……………………...33 1.2 Sources of arsenic……………………………………...…………….………......34 1.2.1 Natural sources of arsenic...…………..……………………………….....35 1.2.2 Anthropogenic sources of arsenic .…….…………………………….......35 1.3 Arsenic speciation and toxicity…………………….…………………………….36 1.3.1 Inorganic arsenic species ………………………………………………..36 1.3.2 Organic arsenic species ………………………………............................37 1.3.3 Toxicity of arsenic ……………………………………………………....38 1.4 Arsenic and microorganisms ……………………………………………………40 1.4.1 Resistance to arsenic toxicity……………………………………………41 1.4.2 Microbial reduction of As (V) to As (III) ………………………………44 1.4.3 Microbial oxidation of As (III) to As (V)……………………………….47 1.4.3.1 Mechanism of microbial oxidation of As (III) to As (V)……………….47 1.4.3.2 Oxidation of As (III) to As (V) by hetertrophic arsenite oxdizers……....47 1.4.3.3 Oxidation of As (III) to As (V) by chemolithotrophic arsenite oxidizers ……………………………………………………………………………………49 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued 1.5 Environmental significances of biogeochemical cycles of As associated with Fe ……………………………………………………………………….....52 1.6 Objectives .……………………………………………..………………………..57 1.7 References………………………………………………………….…………....59 CHAPTER 2 ANOXIC OXIDATION OF ARSENITE LINKED TO DENITRIFICATION IN SLUDGES AND SEDIMENTS ...…………………………....66 2.1 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….66 2.2 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...67 2.3 Material and Methods …………………………………………………………...70 2.3.1 Microorganisms …………………………………………………………70 2.3.2 Basal medium …………………………………………………………....71 2.3.3 Batch bioassays ………………………………………………………….72 2.3.4 Batch assays to determine the terminal product of denitrification ……...73 2.3.5 Analytical methods ……………………………………………………...74 2.4 Results …………………………………………………………………………..76 2.4.1 Screening ………………………………………………………………..76 2.4.2 Kinetics ………………………………………………………………….79 2.4.3 Toxicity ………………………………………………………………….80 - 2.4.4 Consumption of NO 3 and formation of N 2 linked to As(III) oxidation ...81 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS-- Continued 2.5 Discussions ……………………………………………………………...............86 2.5.1 Evidence of bioconversion ………………………………………………86 2.5.2 The occurrence of anoxic As(III) oxidizing bacteria ……………………87 2.5.3 As(III) substrate inhibition ………………………………………………89 2.5.4 Sorbed As(III) as a substrate for denitrification ………………………...90 2.5.5 Environmental significance ……………………………………………..91 2.6 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………...91 2.7 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………...…93 2.8 References ……………………………..………………………………………...94 CHAPTER 3 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND IN SITU QUANTIFICATION OF ANOXIC ARSENITE OXIDIZING DENITRIFYING ENRICHMENT CULTURES …………………….……………………………………100 3.1 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...100 3.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….102 3.3 Material and Methods ………………………………………………………….105 3.3.1 Enrichment cultures ……………………………………………………105 3.3.2 Medium composition …………………………………………………..107 3.3.3 Experimental incubations ………………………………………………107 3.3.4 Most Probable Number (MPN) ………………………………………...108 3.3.5 Batch assays to determine the terminal product of denitrification …….109 3.3.6 Analytical methods …………………………………………………….110 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS-- Continued 3.3.7 16S rRNA gene clone libraries ………………………………………...111 3.3.8 FISH analysis …………………………………………………………..114 3.4 Results ………………………………………………………………………….115 3.4.1 Anoxic As(III) conversion by enrichment cultures ……………………115 3.4.2 Community composition of enrichment cultures ………………………120 3.5 Discussions …………………………………………………..………...............126 3.5.1 Evidence of As(III) oxidation linked to dentirification ………………..126 3.5.2 The As(III) oxidizing bacteria community – Azoarcus and Comamonadaceae ……………………………………………………...127 3.5.3 The As(III) oxidizing bacteria community – less dominant members ...130 3.6 Conclusions …………………………………………..………….……………..133 3.7 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………….....133 3.8 References……………………………………………………………..………..135 CHAPTER 4 ANOXIC OXIDATION OF ARSENITE LINKED TO CHEMOLITHOTROPHIC DENITRIFICATION IN CONTINUOUS BIOREACTORS ………………………………….……………………………………………………….142 4.1 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...142 4.2 Introduction …………………….……………….……………………………...143 4.3 Material and Methods …………………………………………...……………..146 4.3.1 Microorganisms ………………………………………………………..146 4.3.2 Basal medium ………………………………………………………......147 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS-- Continued 4.3.3 Continuous columns …………………………………………………...147 4.3.4 Batch bioassay …………………………………………………………152 4.3.5 Batch assays to determine the terminal product of denitrification …….153 4.3.6 Analytical methods …………………………………………………….154 4.4 Results ……………………………………………………...…………………..155 4.4.1 Nitrate-dependent oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in continuous bioreactor under anoxic conditions
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