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Hacilar-Kayseri THE TALE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN A SMALL TOWN IN TURKEY: HACILAR-KAYSERİ A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY KURTULUŞ CENGİZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2012 i Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Saktanber Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Recep Varçın (AU, SBF) Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Burak Özçetin (AU, COM) ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Kurtuluş Cengiz Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE TALE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN A SMALL TOWN IN TURKEY: HACILAR-KAYSERİ Cengiz, Kurtuluş Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen September 2012, 357 pages This dissertation analyses the industrial transformation of Turkey by focusing on the history of Kayseri’s small town Hacılar which has been showed an extraordinary performance in industry and economic development in the last 40 years. However, it is not a general history of industrialization; but a local development story from a traditional rural/ village community to an industrial production zone in relation with the local, national and universal dynamics. In line with the historical materialist conceptual and epistemological frame and against the “Calvinist Islam” kind theological arguments, this study explains the historical, regional, geographical, economic, social, and cultural reasons and factors of the industrial development of Hacılar in the context of the general industrial history of Turkey. Keywords: Turkey, Anatolian Tigers, Islamic Capital, Islamic Calvinism, Kayseri, Hacılar. iv ÖZ KÜÇÜK BİR TÜRK KASABASININ SANAYİLEŞME HİKÂYESİ: HACILAR- KAYSERİ Cengiz, Kurtuluş Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Mustafa Şen Eylül 2012, 357 sayfa Bu tez son 40 yılda olağanüstü bir sanayileşme ve ekonomik gelişme performansı gösteren Kayseri’nin Hacılar kasabasındaki endüstriyel dönüşümü, Türkiye’nin sanayileşme süreci bağlamında analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, genel bir sanayileşme tarihinden ziyade Hacılar’ın endüstri öncesi küçük bir köy cemaatinden başlayıp bir sanayi odağı olmaya uzanan hikâyesini; yerel, ulusal ve uluslar arası dinamikler çerçevesinde açıklamaya çalışan bir yerel kalkınma incelemesidir. “İslami Kalvinizm” türü teolojik argümanlara karşı Hacılar’daki endüstriyel gelişmeyi; Türkiye’nin sanayileşme süreci bağlamında tarihsel, bölgesel, coğrafi, ekonomik, toplumsal ve kültürel nedenler ve faktörler çerçevesinde ve tarihsel materyalist bir kuramsal yaklaşım içinde açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anadolu Kaplanları, İslami Sermaye, İslami Kalvinizm, Kayseri, Hacılar. v Babam Ahmet Cengiz’e vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Actually, I was very lucky throughout the study since I had two supervisors. I started the research under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata. However, with the retirement of Sencer Hoca, I completed the dissertation under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen. Therefore, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to both of them for their guidance, critical advices and contributions. I would also thank to the examining committee members for their vital criticisms and suggestions for the final version of the dissertation. I would also like to thank to my friends Özgür Emrah Gürel, Önder Küçükural, Cevahir Özgüler, Demet Dinler, Ali Babahan and Aybüke Pabuçcu for their invaluable friendship and assistance throughout the writing of this thesis. I am particularly grateful to the mayor of Hacılar, Ahmet Herdem, and the chairperson of Hacılar Association of Industrialists and Businessmen (HASİAD), Tahir Nursaçan, as the representatives of these institutions. I could honestly say that without their helpful and supportive approaches, this research would not be possible. Due to some principles regarding research ethics, I could not mention all the names of the industrialists and other fellows I interviewed in Hacılar and Kayseri. However, this research was made thanks to their contributions. Besides all my other fellows of Hacılar, Karamavuş Family deserves a vey special praise. Since my childhood, they were in some way much closer to me from my relatives and became my real guides in the field throughout the study. So I wish to express my hearty thanks to Gülnur, Mecit, Mehmet and Gültekin Karamavuş. vii This thesis study was a part of a big research project called: “Social Structure and Religion in Turkey” which, was coordinated by Prof. Dr. Bahattin Akşit and financially supported by TÜBİTAK between 2008 and 2011. Therefore, I want to thank all the research team who shared with me the desire to know as the real social scientists. Finally I also would like to thank TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) which financially supported this research project. I dedicate this thesis to a real man of Hacılar to my father, Ahmet Cengiz, who is the most modernist, communist and bull-headed man I ever know. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM. ...................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................ v DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY............................... 1 2. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 16 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON PROTESTANT ETHIC THESIS AND ISLAMIC PROTESTANTISM DEBATES IN TURKEY ................. 25 3.1 Theological Argument (Weber’s Thesis) .............................................. 25 3.1.1 Criticisms of Weber ........................................................................... 31 3.1.1.1 Empirical and Factual Criticism ...................................................... 32 3.1.1.2 The Epistemological Critique ......................................................... 37 3.1.2 The Discussion on "Islamic Protestantism" in Turkey....................... 47 3.2 Sociological Argument .......................................................................... 55 4. INDUSTRIALIZATION OF HACILAR AND ITS ARTICULATION INTO THE CAPITALISM ............................................................................ 59 4.1 The Metropolis of Deep Anatolia: Kayseri ............................................ 59 4.2 Hacılar: An Indifferent and Bull-headed Turkish Village on the Skirts of Mount Erciyes ........................................................................ 65 4.3 The Years of Banditry ........................................................................ 70 ix 4.4 From Banditry to Peddler .................................................................. 77 4.5 The Meeting of Hacılar with Primitive Textile Production and its Trade between 1930 and 1950 ............................................................... 80 4.6 Carpet Weaving in Hacılar ...................................................................... 94 4.7 Hacılar’s Meeting with the Capital City, Its Facilities and Service Sector ............................................................................................. 105 4.8 Towards the Industry (1950-1974) ..................................................... 109 4.9 The Start of Industrialization: The Establishment of HES Cable Factory ............................................................................................. 131 4.10 The Industrialization Process of Hacılar from 1980s to 2000 ............. 143 5. FORMS and RELATIONS of PRODUCTION ........................................... 160 5.1 Industrial Production in Kayseri in 2000s ............................................ 166 5.2 The Structure of Hacılar Industry with its Different Sectors in 2000s 174 5.3 The Form and Structure of Production ............................................ 180 5.3.1 The Organization of Production ...................................................... 185 5.3.2 Subcontracting in Hacılar Industry .................................................... 189 5.3.3 Technology and R&D (Research and Development) ......................... 194 5.3.4 Solidarity and Competition
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