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Desalination DECEMBER 2019 Application Solutions Guide DESALINATION Experience In Motion © 2017 Flowserve Corporation – November 2016 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE GLOBAL DESALINATION LANDSCAPE COMMUNICATING OUR VALUE Market Overview . 4 Flowserve Valve Proposition in Desalination . 38 A Closer Look at Desalination Technologies . 6 Innovative Ways Flowserve Addresses Customer – Membrane Desalination . 6 Challenges . 39 – Thermal Desalination . 8 Desalination Project Models . 10 APPENDIX A: Flowserve DWEER Operating Principles and Other Useful Information . 41 THE DESALINATION-FLOWSERVE INTERFACE Business Impact and Focus Areas . 12 B: Flowserve Energy Recovery Turbine Principles and Other Useful Information . 44 Products for Desalination — At-a-Glance . 14 – Pumps . 14 – Energy Recovery Devices . 14 Installations and Experience . 15 FLOWSERVE OPPORTUNITIES IN DESALINATION — PRODUCTS AND CAPABILITIES Overview . 17 Flowserve Products in Thermal Desalination — MSF and MED . 17 Flowserve Products and Capabilities in SWRO . 19 – RO Process Applications Overview . 19 – Pumps for SWRO . 22 – Energy Recovery Devices for SWRO . 28 – Mechanical Seals for SWRO . 32 – Valves for SWRO . 34 – Materials of Construction in SWRO . 35 – Aftermarket Opportunities . 36 2 Application Solutions Guide — Desalination THE GLOBAL DESALINATION LANDSCAPE © 2019© Flowserve2017 Flowserve Corporation Corporation – December – May 20192017 3 THE GLOBAL DESALINATION LANDSCAPE MARKET OVERVIEW The global demand for fresh water is continuously While there is plenty of optimism for growth in growing, but fresh water sources are limited and desalination, it does not come without a few not always available where population and industry significant cautions: need them. Only 2.5 percent of the world’s water • Political unrest is a risk. is fresh, and 70 percent of this remains frozen • Anticipated restructuring and/or privatization of in polar ice caps and snow. The remaining 97.5 state-owned concerns in Saudi Arabia and other percent of the world’s water is in the oceans and Gulf States in response to low oil prices and seas. Desalination allows this large water resource revenues has the potential to slow the pace of to be tapped for human consumption and many investment. manufacturing processes. • Environmental approvals and activism in the U.S. Desalination plants operate in more than 120 and Europe can delay investments. Projects are countries, but they only provide 1.5 percent of the generally subject to intensive scrutiny, especially world’s water supply. Some countries, such as Saudi where seawater intake and brine disposal may Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, count on harm the environment. desalination plants for over 70 percent of their water. However, the need for new desalination capacity is The climate for capital expenditures (CAPEX) real and will likely remain a priority in many areas of in desalination is a good one. Global Water the world, even with many state budgets under strain. Intelligence forecasted a 14.8 percent CAGR. Advances in membrane technology and energy Sixty-five percent of this growth will take place in recovery are making desalination more economical. the Middle East and North Africa, where investment Ground water conservation, a major driver for has not kept pace with demand and ground water future demand, will likely remain a priority in growth conservation is a priority. More than 70 percent areas. Finally, CAPEX forecasts for Asia-Pacific and of these investments will be on large Seawater Americas are strong, even though these regions Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) plants with a capacity represent a small percentage of the total sum. greater than 50 000 m3/d. 4 Application Solutions Guide — Desalination IMPORTANT DESALINATION TERMINOLOGY AND ACRONYMS Seawater and Brackish Water Concentrations The mineral or salt content of water is defined in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS) using units of mg/l or parts per million (ppm). The maximum concentration for potable water is 500 mg/l. Water with TDS from 500 to 15 000 mg/l is generally classified as brackish, while water with higher concentrations is classified as seawater. The salt concentrations in seawater can vary quite significantly. In the Pacific Ocean along the U.S. coast, concentrations vary from 33 000 to 36 000 mg/l, while the Persian Gulf sees concentrations as high as 45 000 mg/l. Technologies • Membrane Desalination – Seawater Reverse Osmosis – SWRO – Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis – BWRO • Thermal Desalination – Multistage Flash – MSF – Multi-Effect Distillation – MED – Thermal Vapor Compression – TVC (not covered in this document) – Mechanical Vapor Compression – MVC (not covered in this document) Market Segmentation by Technology and/or Plant Size • SWRO <10 000 m3/d >> small and medium • SWRO <50 000 m3/d >> large • SWRO >50 000 m3/d >> extra-large • Thermal >> MSF, MED, TVC, MVC • BWRO and Nanofiltration © 2019 Flowserve Corporation – December 2019 5 THE GLOBAL DESALINATION LANDSCAPE A CLOSER LOOK AT DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Membrane Desalination In membrane desalination systems, dissolved OSMOSIS REVERSE OSMOSIS minerals are separated from the intake or source APPLIED water with a semipermeable membrane . PRESSURE The dominant membrane technology used today OSMOTIC is Reverse Osmosis (RO) . If high and low salinity PRESSURE water sources are separated by a semipermeable SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE membrane, water will move from the low salinity side to the high salinity side by a natural process WATER FLOW DIRECTION WATER FLOW DIRECTION called osmosis . The water being transferred exerts a pressure on the membrane known as osmotic WATER MOVES TO HIGHER WITH EXTERNAL PRESSURE ONLY pressure, which is proportional to the difference in FRESH WATER SALT CONTENT SIDE SALT WATER FRESH WATER WATER FILTERS THROUGH SALT WATER WITH IMPURITIES total dissolved solids concentrations on each side of the membrane, and is also dependent on the source the RO process requires a pretreatment to ensure all water temperature and the nature of the dissolved larger particles and suspended solids are removed solids . The osmotic pressure does not depend on from the feedwater to protect the membranes . the type of membrane used . Pressurized feedwater is fed to the membranes where the water stream is split into a high-quality product This process can be reversed by applying pressure water stream at lower pressure and a high salinity to the salt water side of the membrane . This is the discharge (reject) stream, which remains at high operating principle behind all RO desalination plants . pressure . Hydraulic energy is recovered from the With its inherently simple design, significantly reject stream with different energy recovery devices lower energy consumption and smaller footprint (ERDs) to lower the overall energy consumption of than thermal technologies, the RO process is often the plant . To improve the operational flexibility and the choice for municipal and commercial water minimize downtime, chemical additives are required supply . This applies to both SWRO and BWRO to prevent scaling and fouling of the membranes . applications . With its semipermeable membranes, Recirculation Dual Media Filtered Cartridge Energy Filter Seawater Filter Recovery Device Tank Bypass nd Intake 2 Permeate Pump Pass Tank Low- Pump Pressure ERD Surge Filtered Feed Booster Tank Seawater Pump Pump 1st Pass Membrane 2nd Pass Membrane Backwash Pump High-Pressure High-Pressure Feed Pump Pump Seawater Transfer Transfer Flush Pump Pump Brine Reject Flushing Pump Reject Produced Water Brine (1st pass) Product Water nd (2 pass) Schematic diagram of SWRO desalination plant employing DWEER ERD technology 6 Application Solutions Guide — Desalination In electrodialysis (ED) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) systems, a direct electric current is used to transport the mineral ions across the membrane. ED/EDR systems represent a very small part of the market and are not discussed further in this guide. OSMOSISMembrane Principles REVERSE OSMOSIS APPLIED The RO section is one of the most vital steps in the PRESSURE desalination process, as more than 80 percent of the total energy requiredOSMOTIC by the plant is used in this PRESSURE section . RO membranes are considered the most SEMI-PERMEABLEimportant MEMBRANE equipment in the process . SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE WATER TheFLOW membranesDIRECTION used in RO systems are designed WATER FLOW DIRECTION to separate dissolved solids and cannot remove or store large amounts of suspended solids . WATER MOVES TO HIGHER WITH EXTERNAL PRESSURE ONLY FRESH WATER SALTIf suspendedCONTENT SIDE solidsSALT are WATER allowed to enter, the FRESH WATER WATER FILTERS THROUGH SALT WATER WITH IMPURITIES membranes will foul quickly . As a result, RO plants The most common RO elements currently in use include sophisticated pre-treatment systems to are 20 cm (8 in) diameter and 100 cm (40 in) remove suspended solids before the source water long . These are enclosed in a pressure vessel that is introduced to the membranes . typically holds about seven elements . In such a configuration, each element produces about 13 to PERMEATE OUT 25 m3/d of permeate, and the whole vessel therefore FEED OUT FEED OUT produces 91 to 175 m3/d . Larger 16-, 18- and even 19-inch elements are commercially available but have not gained popularity, partly because they are Typical RO membrane too heavy to be easily handled by one person . element structure In large RO plants, anywhere from 100 to 200 pressure vessels
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