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1768-1774 Osmanli-Rus Harbi'nde Navarin Kalesi

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1768-1774 Osmanli-Rus Harbi'nde Navarin Kalesi Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı 1768-1774 OSMANLI-RUS HARBİ’NDE NAVARİN KALESİ Göktürk ALTINDİŞ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2021 1768-1774 OSMANLI-RUS HARBİ’NDE NAVARİN KALESİ Göktürk ALTINDİŞ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2021 iv TEŞEKKÜR Elinizdeki tez, uzun ve meşakkatli bir sürecin sonunda vücut buldu. Ne var ki bu yorucu lâkin oldukça keyifli yazım aşamasında bana eşsiz yardımları dokunan kişilerin yardımları olmasaydı, bu işin altından kalkabilmem mümkün olmazdı. Öncelikle tüm bu süreçte bana rehberlik ederek metnin meydana gelmesinde önemli katkıları bulunan tez danışmanım değerli hocam Dr. Ömer GEZER’e, bir an olsun yardımını esirgemediği için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bununla birlikte askerî tarihe olan ilgi ve alakamın artmasında doğrudan etkisi bulunan Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tarih Bölümü’nün değerli hocalarından Prof. Dr. Fatih YEŞİL başta olmak üzere, burada tek tek ismini sayamayacağım bölümümün kıymetli diğer tüm hocalarına, lisans dönemimden bu yana şahsıma katmış oldukları her şey için müteşekkirim. Kuşkusuz onların tedrisatından geçmiş olmak sayesinde, bugün bu çalışmayı ortaya koyabildim. Yine tüm bu süreçte, gerek içerisinden çıkamadığım Osmanlı arşiv metinleri bahsinde olsun gerek tez metnindeki gerekli düzeltmeler hususunda olsun, göstermiş olduğu destek için Doç. Dr. Cengiz FEDAKAR’a da teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Diğer yandan burada sevgili ailemden, değerli babam Mehmet ALTINDİŞ ve annem Sevgi ALTINDİŞ’ten bahsetmeden bu satırları sonlandırmak gibi bir yanlışı tabii ki yapmayacağım. Onlara, her zaman yanımda oldukları ve bunu bana daima hissettirdikleri için tüm kalbimle teşekkür ediyorum. Zira göstermiş oldukları maddi ve manevi destek olmasaydı, bu çalışmanın altından kalkabilmem imkânsız olurdu. Bunun için onlara her zaman şükran duyacağım. Maddi destek demişken, bu tezin ortaya çıkmasında Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun tarafıma sağladığı bursun katkısı yadsınamaz. Bu bağlamda değerli kurumumuza vermiş oldukları maddi destek için ayrıca teşekkür ediyorum. Son olarak, literatüre küçük de olsa katkı sağlamak amacıyla çıktığım bu yolda umarım hedefimi gerçekleştirebilmiş ve ortaya nitelikli bir çalışma koyabilmişimdir. Takdir, siz değerli okuyucularındır. Göktürk ALTINDİŞ Ankara / Yaşamkent - 2021 v ÖZET ALTINDİŞ, Göktürk. 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi’nde Navarin Kalesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2021. Osmanlılar tarafından kesin olarak 1501’de fethedilen Navarin, Mora Yarımadası’nın ve hatta tüm Doğu Akdeniz’in stratejik önemi haiz yerlerinden biri idi. Osmanlı idaresinde ve askerî organizasyonu içinde sürekli bir gelişme gösterecek olan bölgeye, sahip olduğu limanın da güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla modern tarzda (trace italienne) yeni bir kale (Anavarin-i cedid) inşa edildi. Söz konusu kale, II. Viyana Kuşatması sonrası başlayan Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları sürecinde 1684’te Venedikliler tarafından ele geçirilmişse de 1715’te Mora üzerine düzenlenen sefer neticesinde tekrar fethedilmiş ve onarımı için çalışma başlatılmıştır. İlerleyen yıllarda özellikle XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı itibarıyla artan Rus tehdidi, 1768 yılında yerini savaşa bırakmış ve Osmanlı ile Rusya arasındaki harp hali aralıklı bir şekilde Temmuz 1774’te imzalanan Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’na değin yaklaşık altı yıl devam etmiştir. Bununla birlikte Osmanlıların ağır yenilgisiyle sonuçlanan bu savaşın cephelerinden birisi de Mora Yarımadası olmuştu. 1770 yılında Rusların tahrikiyle yarımadada bir Rum isyanı patlak vermiş ve kısa sürede büyümüştü. Bu esnada kuşatılan Navarin, bir müddet Rus işgali altında kalmışsa da kale yeniden ele geçirilmiş ve isyanın dönüm noktasını teşkil eden bu olaydan kısa bir süre sonra da ayaklanma tamamen bastırılmıştır. Ancak yine de teyakkuz hali savaş boyunca devam etmiş ve zapt edilmesi sonrası kalenin onarımı için harekete geçildiği gibi garnizonun mevcudu arttırılarak iaşesine gayret edilmiştir. Nihayetinde çalışmamızın ana konusu, 1768-1774 yılları arasında gerçekleşen Osmanlı-Rus savaşında Navarin Kalesi’nin ne şekilde tahkim ve teçhiz edildiğini irdelemek olmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler Navarin Kalesi, Osmanlı, Rus, Mora, Tamir, Nefer vi ABSTRACT ALTINDIS, Gokturk. The Navarino Fortress in the 1768-1774 Ottoman-Russian War, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2021. Conquered definitively by the Ottomans in 1501, Navarino was one of the strategically important places of the Peloponnese and even the entire Eastern Mediterranean. A new fortress (Anavarin-i cedid) was built in a modern style (trace italienne) in order to ensure the security of the port it owned in the region, which would show a continuous development in the Ottoman administration and military organization. The fortress in question, although it was captured by the Venetians in 1684 during the Ottoman-Holy Alliance Wars that started after the Siege of Vienna II, it was conquered again as a result of the expedition over the Morea in 1715 and work was started for its repair. In the following years increasing Russian threat, especially as of the second half of the XVIII. century, turned into a war in 1768 and the state of war between Ottoman-Russia continued intermittently for about six years until the Küçük Kaynarca Treaty was signed in July 1774. In addition to this, one of the fronts of this war, which resulted in the heavy defeat of the Ottomans, was the Peloponnese Peninsula. In 1770, a Greek revolt broke out in the peninsula with the provocation of the Russians and it grew in a short time. Meanwhile, Navarino, which was besieged and occupied by the Russsians, but the fortress was recaptured and the uprising was completely suppressed shortly after this event, which constituted the turning point of the rebellion. However, the readiness continued in the war and after the seizure, action was taken for the repair of the fortress, as well as the size of the garrison was increased and efforts were made to supply it. Ultimately, the main subject of our study was to examine how the Navarino Fortress was fortified and equipped during the Ottoman-Russian war between 1768-1774. Keywords Navarino Fortress, Ottoman, Russian, Morea, Repair, Troops vii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY…………………………………………………………………….i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI……………………ii ETİK BEYAN………………………………………………………………………...iii TEŞEKKÜR…………………………………………………………………………..iv ÖZET………………………………………………………………….…………….....v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….………………….vi İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………….……………………...vii KISALTMALAR……………………………………………………………………..ix TABLOLAR………………………………………………………..……………….....x HARİTALAR……………………………….……………………...............................xi KRONOLOJİ……………………………………………………...…………………xii GİRİŞ………………………………………………….……………..………………...1 1. BÖLÜM……………………………………………….……...……………………..5 1.1. MORA COĞRAFYASINDA NAVARİN……………………………………..5 1.2. OSMANLI FETHİNDEN ÖNCE MORA’NIN TARİHÇESİ……………….9 1.3. MORA’DA OSMANLI DÜZENİNİN TESİSİ VE NAVARİN KALESİ…………………………………………………………………………….12 2. BÖLÜM……………………………………………………………………………18 2.1. NAVARİN KALESİ…………………………………………………………..18 2.1.1. Anavarin-i Atik (Eski Navarin) Kalesi’ne Dair………………………..18 2.1.2. Anavarin-i Cedid (Yeni Navarin) Kalesi’nin İnşası…………………...23 2.2. VENEDİK HÜKMÜ ALTINDA NAVARİN (1686-1715)………………….29 2.3. MORA’NIN İKİNCİ FETHİ VE NAVARİN (1715-1768)…………………35 3. BÖLÜM……………………………………………………………………………48 viii 3.1. 1768-1774 OSMANLI-RUS HARBİ’NDE NAVARİN KALESİ…………..48 3.1.1. Osmanlı-Rus Harbi’nde Akdeniz Cephesi……………………………..48 3.1.2. Mora İsyanı ve Navarin’de Rus İşgali………………………………….72 3.2. MORA’DA OSMANLI HÂKİMİYETİ: NAVARİN KALESİ’NİN TAHKİM VE TEÇHİZİ……………………………………………………..........91 3.2.1. Navarin’de Osmanlı Askerî Düzeninin Yeniden Tesisi……..………...91 3.2.2. Garnizonun İaşesi ve Donatımı………………………………………..107 3.2.3. Navarin Kalesi’nin Onarımı…………………………………………...114 4. BÖLÜM…………………………………………………………………………..125 4.1. SAVAŞ SONRASI NAVARİN’İN VAZİYETİ (1774-1828)………………125 4.1.1. Navarin’de Osmanlı Hâkimiyetinin Son Yılları……………………...125 4.1.2. 1821 Rum İsyanı ve Navarin Kalesi’nin Kesin Olarak Elden Çıkışı……………………………………………………………………129 SONUÇ……………………………………………………………………………....132 KAYNAKÇA………………………………………………………………………..135 EKLER……………………………………………………………………………....150 ix KISALTMALAR Bkz. : Bakınız BOA. : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi c. : cilt Çev.: Çeviren DİA. : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi DTCF. : Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi Ed. : Editör h. : hicri Haz. : Hazırlayan hkm. : hüküm. İA. : Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İslam Ansiklopedisi MEB. : Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı OTAM. : Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi s. : sayfa ss.: sayfalar sy. : sayı TTK. : Türk Tarih Kurumu vb. : ve benzeri vd.: ve diğerleri vs. : ve sair x TABLOLAR Tablo 1. Navarin Kalesi’nde Müstahdem Yerli Kulu Neferlerin Sayıları (1717-1762)...44 Tablo 2. Navarin Kalesi’ndeki Yeniçerilerin Mevcudu (1715-1764)………..…………46 Tablo 3. Navarin Kalesi’nde Görevli Cebeci ve Topçu Neferlerinin Mevcudu (1728-1763)…………………………………………………………………..47 Tablo 4. Bazı Mora Kalelerindeki Yerli Kulları ile Yeniçerilerin Mevcudu (1771-1772)…………………………………………………………………..95 Tablo 5. Navarin Kalesi Yerli Kulu Askerlerinin Ocaklıkları……………………….....96 Tablo 6. Navarin’in Savunmasından Sorumlu Muhafızlar (1771-1772)………………..98 Tablo 7. Navarin Kalesi Garnizonunun Terkibi (1771-1772)…………………………100 Tablo 8. Mora Yarımadası ve Civarındaki Bazı Kalelerde Bulunan Yeniçeri Neferleri (1771-1772)……………………………………………………….105 Tablo 9. Navarin
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