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Proterozoic Assembly of North America: Insight from the Interactions of Deformation, Metamorphism and Magmatism in the Southwestern United States

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Proterozoic Assembly of North America: Insight from the Interactions of Deformation, Metamorphism and Magmatism in the Southwestern United States PROTEROZOIC ASSEMBLY OF NORTH AMERICA: INSIGHT FROM THE INTERACTIONS OF DEFORMATION, METAMORPHISM AND MAGMATISM IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Alexander Hunter August 2013 © 2013 Robert Alexander Hunter PROTEROZOIC ASSEMBLY OF NORTH AMERICA: INSIGHT FROM THE INTERACTIONS OF DEFORMATION, METAMORPHISM AND MAGMATISM IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES Robert Alexander Hunter, Ph. D. Cornell University One of the major goals of the geoscience community is to develop an accurate tectonic history of North America. Understanding how our continent evolved through time has numerous implications for our ability to develop accurate models of the tectonic evolution of continents – how they form, deform, and break. The interactions of deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism, three fundamental geological processes at work throughout the evolution of continents, record information that can be used to better understand the mechanisms and events that have shaped our continent. This dissertation employs metamorphic petrology, structural geology, geochemistry and geothermobarometry to interrogate the interactions of deformation, metamorphism and plutonism on multiple scales across the southwest United States. On a microscope scale, this dissertation shows that deformation and metamorphism can work in a positive feedback loop, facilitated by solution mass transfer, to localize both deformation and metamorphism, producing areas of high strain that have more closely approached metamorphic equilibrium. This result informs our understanding of crustal behavior at mid-crustal depths during orogenesis. On the mountain range scale, this dissertation combines petrographic analysis, structural geology, geochemistry and geothermobarometry to show that metamorphism in the Tusas and Picuris Mountains of northern New Mexico is consistent with one metamorphic event following a pressure-temperature-time trajectory consistent with progressive loading during the formation of a fold and thrust belt. This result informs our understanding of the tectonic history of North America, and has implications for the petrogenesis of aluminosilicate triple-point rocks in the region. Finally, on a continental scale, this dissertation uses previously published geochronologic data to identify spatial patterns in the age of igneous bodies across the southwest United States. These results were used to characterize mesoproterozoic tectonism and develop a model for melt production of these plutons. This result informs not only our understanding of crustal growth and rejuvenation during orogeny, but also provides a comprehensive dataset and novel approach that may both be employed in future research. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Robert Alexander (“Sander”) Hunter, born in Alexandria VA, was raised in Madison WI by his parents, Robert McKinley Hunter and Karen Fonda Stowe. He has one older sister, Lorien Rachel Hunter, who currently lives in Long Beach CA while she pursues her PhD in sociology. Robert completed his B.S. in geology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. During his time there, he worked with Professor Basil Tikoff to determine the structural significance of magma conduits between plutonic intrusions in the Henry Mountains of Utah. After completing his B.S., Sander began working towards a PhD at Cornell University under professor Chris Andronicos. During his time at Cornell, Sander participated in the graduate student community by taking multiple roles, including president and faculty liaison in the department’s graduate organization, while also acting as treasurer of AAPG for a short period. He also helped to found a chapter of the Society for the Advancement of Native Americans and Chicanos in the Sciences at Cornell, where he again acted as treasurer. Outside the academic realm, Sander spent his time at Cornell exploring the nature surrounding the University. Through this outlet, he developed an interest in photography, entering several local contests, selling his prints and working as an event photographer. Sander has accepted position as a research scientist with Royal Dutch Shell in Houston, Texas, where he hopes to continue both academic research and amateur photography. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The list of people I wish to thank for helping me achieve my goals is quite long and extends back to a time long before my arrival at Cornell. However, first and foremost, I would like to thank my committee, Professors Christopher Andronicos, Robert Kay, and Karim-Aly Kassam. Professor Kassam, thank you for your willingness to teach me about human ecology. Each discussion with you pushed me to think in completely new ways and challenged me to see things from a different perspective. Professor Kay, thank you for always finding the time to meet with me. Your support throughout my time here, and particularly recently with Chris at another university, has been instrumental in getting me to where I am today. And finally, Chris, thank you. For everything. You took me in, quite literally, out of the cold, and helped me feel at home. And for that, I am endlessly grateful. My experience with you led me to Cornell, and since that time, you have worked hard to leave your boot print on my geological soul – in the best possible way. Chris, you have shared with me your passion for geology, as well as your endless knowledge on the subject. But my learning did not stop with geology. Over my time at Cornell, I’m pretty sure you taught me something about just about everything: from tarp science, to how to hang a bear bag and how to survive a thundersnow storm at 12,000 feet; from how to tell sillimanite from wollastonite to how to identify graded beds in an amphibolite facies grade pelitic schist. You have had my back every step of the way. Thank you. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students and friends. I never dreamt I would have such a great group of diverse, caring and fun friends. I would like to thank ii you all for the late night G-chat consultations, programming help, pizza Fridays and innumerable other fond memories. I would be remiss if I did not specifically thank a few of you specifically. First, I would like to thank my officemate Ruth Aronoff. From late night office dance party breaks and G-chatted words of support to a long list of inside jokes…I don’t know I would have done without you. Second, I would like to thank Greg Kirkpatrick and Scott Henderson. When the chips were down and I was in dire need of help, you guys never let me down. Finally, I would like to thank Kyle Trostle and Gregg McElwee. You two made sure I got out of the office to see the sun, at least for as long as it takes to walk to the Souvlaki House. You two are amazing friends. Thank you. The importance of my family to my success at Cornell cannot be overstated. Mom and Dad, I would like thank you for always believing in me, encouraging me, and giving me places to call home. To my sister Lorien, thank you. No matter what you were doing, or when I called, you have always been there for me, and have always cheered me on. And no, the “you’re a rock star” joke never gets old. Reaching back to my time before graduate school, I would like to think my undergraduate advisor, Professor Basil Tikoff, and my boss at the University of Wisconsin Madison Geology Museum, both of whom were instrumental in my success as an undergraduate, and both of whom helped me reach Cornell. Also from my time as an undergraduate, I would like thank Mercile Lee, whose grace, wisdom and belief in me saw me through some of my most difficult times. Finally, I would also like to thank the National Science Foundation and the Diversity Programs in Engineering here at Cornell, both of whom funded me during my quest for knowledge in the form of fellowships. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................1 Research Question .......................................................................................................... 1 Why the southwest United States ................................................................................... 2 Dissertation Outline ........................................................................................................ 6 Dissertation Conclusions .............................................................................................. 14 References:.................................................................................................................... 17 2. Deformation assisted phase transformation: an example from the sillimanite-in isograd, Eolus batholith, Needle Mountains, Colorado, USA ............................................ 1 Abstract..........................................................................................................................
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