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Printed Circuit Board Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol. 10 No. 1 P-ISSN 1411 - 0059 Januari - Juni 2018 E-ISSN 2549 - 1571 Analisis Karakteristik Elektrik Bentuk Geometri Jalur Printed Circuit Board Menggunakan Pendekatan Finite Element Putut Son Maria1 dan Elva Susianti2 1Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau 2Jurusan Teknik Elektronika, Politeknik Caltex Riau [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— Some Electronics Computer Aided Design (ECAD) softwares have provided several track shapes to design a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), such as right angle, rounded and trapezoidal. However, it is quite difficult to find scientific literature that can be used as a guide which explains and compiles directly about each character of the geometry. This study aims to analyze and to observe the electrical characteristics of the geometry shape on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) path by using the finite element method. Each PCB path shape is modeled according to its geometry and physical properties, then calculated for its electrical quantity and be observed for its performance at given current. Simulation and numerical calculations showed that the shape of trapezoidal and rounded geometry have lower resistance and planar inductance of 6.8% and 7.39% respectively than the right angle shape. Keywords— ECAD, PCB, geometric shape, Finite Element Analysis Abstrak— Beberapa perangkat lunak yang termasuk kategori Electronics Computer Aided Design (ECAD) telah menyediakan beberapa pilihan bentuk jalur Printed Circuit Board (PCB) seperti right angle, rounded dan trapezoidal. Tidak banyak ditemukan literatur ilmiah yang dapat dijadikan pedoman yang menjelaskan dan mengkomparasikan secara langsung tentang masing-masing karakter dari bentuk geometri tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui karakter elektrikal bentuk geometri pada jalur PCB dengan menggunakan metode finite element. Masing-masing bentuk jalur PCB dibuat modelnya sesuai dengan geometri dan properti fisiknya, kemudian dihitung besaran elektrikalnya, setelah itu diamati kinerjanya pada saat diberikan arus. Hasil simulasi dan kalkulasi numerik memperlihatkan bahwa bentuk jalur trapezoidal dan rounded memiliki resistansi dan induktansi planar yang lebih kecil sebesar 6,8% dan 7,39% dibandingkan bentuk jalur right angle. Kata kunci— ECAD, PCB, bentuk geometri, Finite Element Analysis PCB menurut gaya, selera, dan fungsi yang dikehendakinya, I. PENDAHULUAN misalnya dalam hal membentuk sudut dan memilih bentuk Papan rangkaian tercetak atau printed circuit board (PCB) geometri jalur yang digunakan pada PCB. Semakin banyak adalah piranti yang esensial dan penting bagi kalangan komponen maka konsekuensinya semakin banyak titik (kaki akademik, hobbyist, profesional, dan industri besar. Proses komponen) yang harus disambungkan, sehingga sering terjadi manufakturisasi rangkaian elektronika hingga menjadi bentuk bahwa jalur PCB terpaksa harus berkelok-kelok atau bahkan PCB diawali dari gambar skema atau diagram rangkaian, menggunakan via (sambungan tembus papan/layer) agar demi kemudian menetapkan kemasan komponen (packaging) dari dapat terhubung dengan titik target [3]. setiap komponen yang ada di skema tersebut, dan kemudian Hasil dari kuesioner yang direspon oleh mahasiswa di melakukan penyambungan jalur (routing track). Pekerjaan salah satu perguruan tinggi penulis menunjukkan bahwa untuk mewujudkan skema rangkaian menjadi sebuah sebesar 77,4 % dari 106 responden menyatakan bahwa rangkaian riil yang disusun rapi pada sebuah PCB dapat mahasiswa tidak tahu pengaruh dari bentuk geometri jalur dengan mudah dikerjakan menggunakan aplikasi electronic PCB. Selain itu juga sangat sedikit literatur atau artikel yang computer aided design (ECAD) yang banyak dirilis baik menjelaskan tentang bagaimana efek bentuk geometri jalur secara komersil (berbayar) ataupun tanpa bayar, seperti PCB terhadap rangkaian atau potensi apa saja yang DesignSpark PCB, Protel, AutoTRAX EDA, EDAClient, ditimbulkan oleh bentuk geometri tersebut dan bagaimana Orcad, Smartwork dan lain sebagainya [1], [2]. karakteristik kelistrikannya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk Program-program ECAD tersebut menawarkan banyak memberikan penjelasan secara parametrik tentang bentuk fitur dan kemudahan bagi user dan memberikan peluang bagi geometri jalur PCB dengan cara memodelkan bentuk geometri setiap desainer untuk kreatif menentukan model jalur pada dan membandingkan hasilnya. Pemodelan yang digunakan menggunakan kaidah dan pendekatan finite element analysis. 11 12 Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol. 10 No. 1 Januari - Juni 2018 II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Dimana E kuat medan listrik, B kerapatan fluk magnet, 휀0 permitivitas ruang hampa dan 휇0 permeabilitas ruang A. Literature Review hampa dan J kerapatan arus. Kerapatan arus dan medan listrik Secara umum terdapat empat jenis bentuk kelokan jalur akan mempengaruhi besaran fluk magnet. Konduktor yang PCB yang mungkin digunakan para desainer, yaitu sudut siku dialiri arus, memiliki sifat induktif dan kapasitif yang sifatnya kombinasi (chamfer), sudut miring (trapezoidal), siku tegak imajiner. Referensi [5] dan [6] menyatakan bahwa pada suatu lurus (right angle) dan lengkung (rounded) [4] seperti rangkaian, arus yang mengalir pada suatu jalur akan ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1. menghasilkan besaran yang sama pada jalur umpan balik (loop) atau jalur menuju ground. Jalur loop ini bertindak seolah seperti antena yang dapat menghasilkan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang besarannya ditentukan oleh amplitudo arus, frekuensi sinyal dan luasan geometri dari loop arus, prinsip ini diimplementasikan pada perangkat telepon genggam nirkabel. Referensi [6] didukung oleh [8] dalam tulisannya tentang a b c d formulasi untuk menghitung besaran riil dan imajiner dari Gambar 1. Kelokan jalur PCB a. lengkung(rounded), b. sudut siku(right sebuah konduktor. Gambar 2 dan Gambar 3 adalah ilustrasi angle), c. sudut miring 45o(trapezoidal), d. siku kombinasi(chamfer) untuk menghitung resistansi dan induktansi dari sebuah Bentuk paling optimal adalah bentuk sudut miring 45o konduktor. Besaran induktansi dari sebuah konduktor secara karena mudah untuk difabrikasi dan mudah digambar. Sudut umum berbanding lurus dengan panjang dari konduktor siku adalah bentuk yang berisiko tinggi pada saat proses tersebut [8], formulasinya dituliskan seperti pada persamaan etching (jalur tembaga mengalami over-etching atau less- (5) hingga persamaan (7). etched) dan sudut membusur dinyatakan sebagai bentuk yang tidak di-support oleh sebagian besar aplikasi ECAD. Referensi [4] tidak menjelaskan alasan secara analitis ataupun numerik terkait empat bentuk geometri yang diulasnya, penilaian terhadap karakteristik jalur tersebut hanya didasarkan pada pengalamannya. Pendapat yang berbeda dinyatakan dalam [1] yang menuliskan bahwa bentuk membusur merupakan gaya routing Gambar 2. Resistansi pada konduktor rectangular PCB pada era sebelum ECAD dan tidak memberikan Jalur pada PCB dapat dianggap sebagai konduktor planar, keunggulan apapun (non advantegous), sedangkan sudut siku tetapi memiliki bentuk yang non-uniform. Setiap konduktor tidak ada pengaruhnya terhadap rangkaian dan tidak ada memiliki sifat resistif dan induktif, tetapi pada jalur PCB potensi apapun yang diakibatkannya selain karena bentuknya karena lebih banyak variasinya, maka perhitungannya secara yang kurang estetik. Agak disayangkan karena [1] dan [4] manual akan membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama. Sejauh tidak menampilkan data eksperimen, analisis, simulasi ini belum ada software khusus atau fitur pada software ECAD ataupun kalkulasi numerik dalam menyampaikan yang mampu menghitung besaran elektrik atau karakteristik argumentasinya terkait dengan efek bentuk geometri jalur jalur PCB berdasarkan bentuknya yang universal. PCB, hal ini terkesan kontra produktif dengan teori kelistrikan L elektromagnetika dan persamaan yang dipostulatkan oleh Maxwell. 2R B. Elektromagnetika a Maxwell melakukan penyempurnaan terhadap teori L kelistrikan yang sebelumnya dinyatakan oleh Gauss, Faraday, H dan Ampere menjadi persamaan yang disebut sebagai W persamaan Maxwell berikut : b 휌 . 퐸 = 휖0 Gambar 3. Konduktor a. silindris, b. planar 푍 ∇. 퐵 = 0 푅 = 휌 휕퐵 푋 푥 푌 ∇푥퐸 = − 휕푡 2퐿 퐿푤푖푟푒 = 0,0002퐿 [푙푛 ( ) − 0,75] 휇퐻 휕퐸 푅 ∇푥퐵 = 휇0퐽 + 휇0휖0 2퐿 푊+퐻 휕푡 퐿 = 0,0002퐿 [푙푛 ( ) + 0,2235 ( ) + 0,5] 휇퐻 푠푡푟푖푝 (푊+퐻) 퐿 Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol. 10 No. 1 13 Januari - Juni 2018 C. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) III. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Sedikitnya ada tiga cara untuk menganalisis sebuah sistem A. Parameter Penelitian fisik yaitu analisa matematik, pendekatan eksperimental, dan Parameter pada penelitian ini meliputi nilai resistansi dan kalkulasi numerik. Pengukuran besaran resistansi, induktansi, induktansi planar, distribusi medan magnet, dan profil dan kapasitansi pada sebuah papan PCB tidak selalu mudah kerapatan arus dari setiap bentuk geometri. Komputasi untuk dilakukan, diperlukan peralatan khusus karena sifat numerik yang dilaksanakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan besarannya yang imajiner (kecuali resistansi) dan magnitude- program komputer COMSOL Multiphysics® versi 4.2.150. nya sangat mungkin berorde mili atau mikron dan variabel Domain sistem fisik untuk studi dalam program adalah fisik yang vektornya cukup komplek. Secara praktis hal ini magnetic and electric fields. Properti subyek penelitian yang juga sulit untuk dilakukan menggunakan instrumen kelas B dihitung dalam program berdasarkan pada data dan literatur dimana spesifikasinya terbatas.
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