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Case of Pastures in Izmir

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Case of Pastures in Izmir RURAL - ECOLOGICAL COMMONS: CASE OF PASTURES IN İZMİR A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in City Planning by Dalya HAZAR June 2018 İZMİR We approve the thesis of Dalya HAZAR Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Koray VELİBEYOĞLU Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir Institute of Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semahat ÖZDEMİR Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir Institute of Technology Prof. Dr. Yusuf KURUCU Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Ege University Prof. Dr. Hakan GEREN Department of Field Crops, Ege University Assist. Prof. Dr. Nicel SAYGIN Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir Institute of Technology 27 June 2018 _______________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Koray VELİBEYOĞLU Supervisor, Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir Institute of Technology _______________________________ _____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma ŞENOL Prof. Dr. Aysun SOFUOĞLU Head of the Department of City and Dean of the Graduate School of Regional Planning Engineering and Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitudes and respects to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Koray VELİBEYOĞLU and the members of my thesis examining committee, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semahat ÖZDEMİR, Prof. Dr. Yusuf KURUCU, Prof. Dr. Hakan GEREN and Assist. Prof. Dr. Nicel SAYGIN for their precious supports and advices. I would like to thank the village headmen of Bornova, Torbalı and Aliağa districts, who provided information during my case studies. I would like to thank the members of İzmir Provincial Directorate of Food Agriculture and Livestock, Provincial Pasture Commission, and İzmir Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastrate. I thank the academic members of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, and the members of İzmir Chamber of Agriculture, İzmir Chamber of Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Economics Association. I thank Tire Milk Cooperative, Anadolu Meraları, 2016İYTE11 numbered BAP project, MTM media center and the expert survey attenders. I could not complete this thesis without their participation and advisory. I would like to express my sincere gratitudes to Füsun ŞENOCAK and Melda ŞENOCAK for their supports during my graduate study. I would like to thank the administrative boards of İzmir Chamber of City Planners and İYTE Alumni Association for their understanding in the process. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues, Assist. Prof. Dr. Emel KARAKAYA AYALP, Assist. Prof. Dr. Feral GEÇER SARGIN, Assist. Prof. Dr. Sinem PARTİGÖÇ, Zeynep ÖZÇAM, Pelin ÖZKAN, Zeynep BIYIK, Dr. Işın CAN TRAUNMUELLER, Seda ALPAYKUT BAYRAK, İrem İNCE, Tuğba CANAN, Nazlı TARAZ, Sezgi MAMAKLI, Mina YAVUZ, Özlem ARSLAN, Can OKMAN, Dr. Gökhan ERKAN, Dilek KARABULUT, Yusuf EKİCİ, Melike DURMAZ EKENLER, Assist. Prof. Dr. Burcu GÜRBÜZ and Alya ESAT for their joyful presence. I would like to thank my family, primarily my mother Fulya HAZAR, Ayşegül YEŞİLNİL, Nezih YEŞİLNİL and Güven HAZAR for their presence and understanding. I thank Orkun KALONYA for his patience and genuine helps during my case studies. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitudes to my grandmother Sermin ALBAYRAK for everything she had done for me. She will always be my inspiration. ABSTRACT RURAL - ECOLOGICAL COMMONS: CASE OF PASTURES IN İZMİR The main research interest of this study is to determine the conflicts on the pastures, which are defined as the rural-ecological commons that are important for biodiversity and ecological sustainability. The study focuses on the transformative impacts of enclosure and commodification processes on the pastures. Pastures are crucial entities especially within the four dimensions, rich biodiversity of flora and fauna, rural development, erosion prevention, and rural traditions. Case study areas are located at three districts of İzmir are examined within the context of the conflicts on the pastures in relation with the recent legal regulations, determination, delimitation and allocation processes, malpractices, climate change and the civil responses. The data gathered from the snowball interviews, in-depth interviews with professionals and village headmen, personal observations, commission reports and media analysis are evaluated by the content analysis to determine the main conflicts to generate the pasture dimensions for the eDPSIR causal network model. DPSIR is a facilitative organization tool, which aims to understand the cause and effect relationships in the environmental and social issues to eliminate the socio-environmental conflicts and to simplify the data transmission for better communication with the decision-makers, which also has a potential to be used during the EIA and SIA report processes. In this study, a pasture dimension set within an eDPSIR causal analysis model is constituted for re-positioning and re-evaluating pastures in the planning and design literatures, and the verification of the data enhanced by the methodological triangulation. The exploratory case study method is the research design strategy of the study. Outcomes of the study reveals the main land use conflicts on the pastures and the triggering drivers, pressures, states, impacts and the recommended responses. The study confirms that the ecological-sensitive planning can be a crucial tool in terms of protecting and improving the pastures. Keywords: Pastures, Commons, Enclosure Movements, DPSIR, Planning iii ÖZET KIRSAL-EKOLOJİK MÜŞTEREKLER: İZMİR MERA ALANLARI VAKASI Biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olan kırsal-ekolojik müşterekler olarak tariflenen mera alanları üzerindeki temel çatışmaları belirlemek bu çalışmanın başlıca araştırma alanıdır. Çalışma, mera alanları üzerindeki çitlenme (çevreleme) hareketlerinin dönüştürücü etkilerine ve metalaştırma süreçlerine odaklanmaktadır. Mera alanları özellikle dört açıdan önemli varlıklardır, flora ve faunada zengin biyoçeşitlilik, kırsal kalkınma, erozyonu önleme ve kırsal gelenekler. Yasal düzenlemeler, tespit, tahdit ve tahsis süreçleri, yanlış uygulamalar, iklim değişikliği ve kullanıcı tepkileriyle ilişkili olarak mera alanlarında meydana gelen çatışmalar, İzmir’in üç ilçesinde bulunan vaka alanları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Kartopu mülakatlarından, profesyonellerle ve muhtarlarla yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlardan, kişisel gözlemler, ilgili komisyon raporları ve medya analizinden edinilen veriler, bu alanlar üzerindeki başlıca çatışmaları tespit etmek amacıyla eDPSIR nedensel süreç modeline eklenen mera boyutlarını üretmek için içerik analiziyle değerlendirilmiştir. DPSIR çevresel ve sosyal konulardaki neden sonuç ilişkilerini anlamayı, veri analizini basitleştirmeyi, karar vericilerle daha iyi iletişim kurmayı ve sosyo-mekansal sorunları önlemeyi amaçlayan, aynı zamanda ÇED ve SED raporlama süreçlerinde kullanılma potansiyeline sahip basitleştirici bir düzenleme aracıdır. Çalışmada, mera alanlarının planlama ve tasarım literatüründe yeniden konumlandırılması ve değerlendirilmesi amacıyla, model içerisinde bir mera boyut seti oluşturulmuş ve bulguların geçerliliği yöntem üçgenlemesi ile iyileştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın araştırma tasarımı yöntemi keşifçi saha çalışmasıdır. Çalışma sonucunda, mera alanlarının karşılaştıkları başlıca arazi kullanım çatışmaları ve bu çatışmalara sebep olan faktörler, baskılar, durum ve etkiler belirlenmiş ve yanıtlar önerilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, ekolojik duyarlı planlamanın, mera alanlarının korunması ve iyileştirilmesi açılarından önemli bir araç olabileceği tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mera Alanları, Müşterekler, Çitleme (Çevreleme) Hareketleri, DPSIR, Planlama iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problem Statement ................................................................................ 4 1.2. Research Methodology ......................................................................... 5 1.3. Outline of Chapters ............................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2. COMMONS............................................................................................. 10 2.1. Types of Commons ............................................................................. 11 2.2. Enclosure Movements on Commons .................................................. 13 2.3. Hardin’s Tragedy of Commons .......................................................... 19 2.4. Use Value of Commons ...................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. RURAL SYSTEMS IN TRANSITION .................................................. 24 3.1. Changing Rural-Urban Dimensions ................................................... 25 3.2. Rural-Urban Fringe ............................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 4. PASTURES ............................................................................................. 36 4.1. Previous Studies on Pastures .............................................................
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