~he Journal of

RECORDING · THE · ELECTRICAL· E2A \ ,vOL. XXXIV WASHINGTON, D. c .. AUGUST, 1935 NO.8

li R Policyholders' Month • •

August is Policyholders' Month for Union Cooperative, and if you are one of our policyholders we would like to take care of any changes which should be made to bring your insurance up to date. August is a good month to check over your life insurance, even if it is not in Union Cooperative, and we suggest the following points for a check-up.

Address. Has my address or the address of my beneficiary changed, so that I should notify the company?

Beneficiary. Is the name of my beneficiary properly given, so that there can be no mistake?

If the beneficiary named has died, shouldn't I change the beneficiary to some one else or to my estate? Should I name a second beneficiary now, in case anything should happen to the present one?

Loans. If I have a loan on my policy, this is really borrowing from my bene­ ficiary. Shouldn't I begin to repay the loan, so that the policy will stand again at the full amount? '

Method of Payment to Beneficiary. Should I ask the insurance company to pay the money monthly to my beneficiary instead of in one lump sum; or should I have a small amount paid at my death and the balance in instalments?

Amount I Carry. Do I have enough life insurance for real protection? If not, how much more premium money can I save, and what is the best kind for me to take out?

AUGUST IS A GOOD TIME TO BRING YOUR INSURANCE UP TO DATE. Union Cooperative Insurance Association (A legal reserve life insurance company)

1200 Fifteenth Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. iiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilliliiiliflifliililliilii!i!5.i!lIiitltilllili!i!II' fIIiliilfillitilililiflitIIIIlm

N~======~~! ~ OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Magazine Chat Page Mae West or Joan INTERNATIONAL Crawford. Would you believe it, your official Journal, the ELECTRICAL WORKERS AND OPERATORS Electrical Workers Journal, is PUBLISHED MONTHLY getting fan mail? Because WCFL has courteously con­ G. M. BUGNIAZET, Editor, 1200 15th Street N. W., Washington, D. C. sidered your Journal of enough significance to make mention of its contents over the radio, This Journal will not be held responsible for views expressed by correspondents. fan mail is beginning to arrive. The first of each month is the closing date; all copy must be in our hands on or before. Charles D. Mason, contribu­ tor to this Journal, has won an acceptable place among radio EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Railroads ______C. J. MCGLOGAN announcers on the premier Bremer Arcade, St. Paul, Minn. International President, D. W. TRACY, labor microphone. Here is an 1200 15th St., N. W., Washington, excerpt from one of the letters: D. C. INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL "Will you kindly mail us a International Secretary, G. M. BUG­ copy of the Electrical Workers NIAZET, 1200 15th St., N. W., Wash­ CHAS. M. PAULSEN, Chairman ington, D. C. 4919 Cuyler Ave., Chicago, 111. Journal. We are very much First District______G. W. WHITFORD interested in the talk given last International Treasurer, W. A. HOGAN, night by Mr. Mason. We are 647 South Sixth Ave., Mt. Vernon, 1517 Third Ave., New York, N. Y. N. Y. Second DistricL______F. L. KELLEY constant listeners on WCFL 95 Beacon St., Hyde Park, Mass. and get a good deal of pleasure VICE PRESIDENTS Third District ______M. P. GORDAN and good out of it. Mr. Mason 607 Bigelow Blvd., Pittsburgh, Pa. First District______E. INGLES has a very pleasing voice." Fourth District _____ EDWARD NOTHNAGLE R. R. 3, London, Ont., Can. 1717 G St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Second District ______CHAS. KEAVENEY Fifth District ______JAMES F. CASEY In these days when the daily Box 648, Lynn, Mass. 5051 Maffitt Ave., St. Louis, Mo. press has grown more and more Third District ______EDW. F. KLOTER Sixth District______G. C. GADBOIS unprofessional in its handling 1200 15th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 1532 No. Boston St., Tulsa, Okla. of the news, it seems sensible Fourth District ___ARTHUR BENNETT Seventh District _____C. F. OLIVER for labor unionists to push their Box 241, Youngstown, Ohio 1045 King St., Denver, Colo. Fifth DistricL______G. X. BARKER own publications. If you will Eighth District ______J. L. McBRIDE scan the front pages of a num­ 1620 North 20th St., Birmingham, Ala. 165 James St., Labor Temple, Sixth DistricL______M. J. BOYLE Winnipeg, Can. ber of daily papers, you will 3530 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. discover that they are not writ­ Seventh DistricL______W. L. INGRAM TELEPHONE OPERATORS' ing news at all but propaganda. 3641 Laughton St., Fort Worth, Texas DEPARTMENT It is this or that person's opin­ Eighth DistricL______H. W. BELL President ______JULIA O'CONNOR ion and not what has happened. Box 471, Denver, Colo. 5 Boylston Place, Boston, Mass. Dangerous this is to the human Ninth DistricL______H. P. BRIGAERTS Secretary ______..MARY BRADY Pacific Bldg., San Francisco, Calif. 5 Boylston Place, Boston, Mass. mind. We have laws forbidding adulteration of food, but the adulteration of public opinion Contents Pag_ goes unchallenged. Frontispiece • • • 318 Survival-By Whom? . • • • • • 319 For our cover this month we Demand for Constitutional Reform Grows • 320 are indebted to the PWA artist, Are Business Men Avowed Anarchists? 321 Lora F. Wilford, for a painting Tracy Asks Study of Social Control • 322 A. F. of L. Will Hear Report of I. L. C.. • 323 entitled "Pioneers." Farmers Interested in Rural Electrification 324 Will Rural Wiring Develop Yardstick • 325 How Morgan "Aided" President Cleveland 326 H. E. Owen, a member of the Garibaldi vs. Mussolini: A Contrast • 327 Fraternity of the Air, writes: Technicians Make or Break Great Stars 328 "I have noticed in the I. B. Arbitration is Tried by Toledo. • • 329 Earth's Hot Interior Can Make Electricity • 330 E. W. magazine that the Fra­ Engineer's Technical Notes on Coaxial Cable 331 ternity of the Air is steadily Poverty of Ill-Distributed Abundance • 332 States Rapidly Set Up Housing Agencies 333 growing. I have listened on Tabulated Vote Upon Referendum • 334 160 meters for some of the calls Public Works Wages Subject to Order 335 listed but as yet I have not Editorial • • 336 Woman's Work 338 contacted any. Correspondence • 340 "I sincerely hope this feature Fraternity of the Air 343 In Memoriam • • • • 350 will continue to be printed in Local Union Official Receipts 359 the magazine." ~~~======~~ ""'"" '"'"'"'11" "iiI'"""""'""®@i&iiI"'"""""III'""""'IllllIlIl=

Prlnt..s by Natlonal Publ1shing Co. ,,~. 7 1222 H Bt. N. w .. Wa8hlngton. D. C. 318 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Ope1-ators August, 1935

eourt.os;y Theodoro lU1111

PHOTOGRAPHY PORTRAYS POVERTY AND DESPAIR The above vital portrayal is the work of a nonprofessional photographer in the Federal Employment Relief Administra­ tion. He has done more than catch the dejection of the out-or-work man; he has adroitly sketched in a background, natural and appropriate, but positively suggestive of an orderly world, mathematically shaped to more humane ends than today's present chaos. THE JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS &OPfRATORS Official Publication of the International Brotherhood of Eledrical Workers

VOL. XXXIV WASHINGTON, D. C., AUGUST, 1935 NO. 8 Survival-By Whom? UTILITY magnate, in speaking of the Rayburn­ and steel prices have not fallen off at all during the depression. Wheeler bill, said : "We are fighting for self- The government has tried vainly to get a lower price for itself. A preservatlOn.. " I t has been only recently that the Public Works Administra­ Unfortunately, due to the kind of industrial statesmanship tion has made an effort to get foreign steel in the United offered by many: utility magnates and other business leaders­ States at a figure that would compete with the monopolistic the entire population is also locked in a struggle for self-pres­ price set by the steel corporation. ervation. Literally a struggle for life, it has come to be. Re­ By these policies big business has built up its empire. fusal of big business to submit to any needed social changes There has been no obedience to or respect for law and order whatsoever has arrayed this nation into two camps: on one and there has been an utter disregard for workers, consumers side about 200 billionaires who own and control the great cor­ and stockholders. They have attached technicians to porations, and on the other side the people, as farmers, work­ them by systems of bonuses for they readily see that with­ ers and consumers. out the technicians they would be helpless. During this The following is a telescoped, but accurate picture of what tremendous push against the community by these billionaires, constitutes the performance of these corporation leaders. it has never occurred to them that they should fit themselves for the function of real industrial statesmen. They have On initial low investments-sometimes as low as a few despised history as Henry Ford openly said. They are cul­ thousand dollars-they have organized holding companies. tureless. They know little economics and less engineering. Then by means of stock dividends, over-issues of common Their philosophy is summed up under the slogan "Buy low, stock, corporation write-ups, false bookkeeping entries, they sell high." They have subsidized the press which chants ~ have capitalized, on inflated values, these original low-cost high-sounding litanies to the god of private initiative and corporations. profits. By means of the press they have hopelessly muddied the They have divorced ownership from management. They waters and confused values. While millions of workers have have issued much non-voting stock. They have gathered virtually reached the point of serfdom, they speak of liberty complete control of these huge aggregates of inflated capital and pose as defenders of liberty. While millions of workers into their own hands. Upon this watered stock they have un­ are regimented into bread lines, they sing the praises of pri- dertaken to pay huge dividends, pretending that they have had vate initiative. While the gap between the rich and poor is regulation from state commissions which are largely rate­ greater in America than in any other nation, these potentates making bodies and hardly that. By means of stock dividends of profits speak of democracy and pose as the true defenders and huge dividends on common stock they have paid unbeliev­ of democracy. While their high powered corporation lawyers able sums to holding companies. sit up nights devising ways and means of circumventing the A scanning of the reports of the Federal Trade Commis­ law, they cry for constitutionality. The principal point in sion indicate that one company paid 490 per cent on the all this is that the economic system does not run itself. That average for six years on common stock. This has been true fallacy has been duly exploded. It is operated by the decisions for public service corporations but it has also been true for of those in power who set its policies. These billionaires, ig- the steel trust and the automobile trust. Incredible as it seems norant and unscrupulous, have proved that they can not oper- one man invested $100,000 in an automobile concern and took ate this system for the good of the people, yet they refuse to out $14,000,000. This Cinderella story has been repeated yield at any point, guarding their ill-gotten gains with subter- in nearly every industry in the United States. While carrying fuge and fallacy and when necessary with machine guns. on this legalistic brigandage, these corporation heads have Now one of their number declares that "We are fighting for voted a policy of bitter opposition to workers' organizations. self-preservation." Unfortunately, this is also true for the They have spent huge sums on what they have called educa­ underlying population. The stage has been reached where mil­ tion of workers. They have organized anti-union associations lions of unemployed have lost patience and where the partially to harass labor unions in courts and on the industrial field. employed are losing patience. Respectable and conservative They have spent huge sums on industrial relations. At the workmen looking into the dark and sinister future are begin­ same time they have fought in Congress any effort to regulate ning to mutter words of force rather than of persuasion. And business. Shouting state rights, they have opposed every en­ all along the line these potentates of profits refuse to yield; deavor to strengthen the central state. They have built up refuse to change their methods, and defend their profiteering and paid for gigantic lobbies in Washington. They have system as though it were a secret trust from God. There is treated the consumer cavalierly. In the public utility field, danger ahead. The red lights are flashing and yet these drivers rates have been kept up to an unconscionable level. Electricity of the economic machine careen down the public highway like can be delivered on the bus-bar for 5 mills per kilowatt hour drunken sailors. and yet before the entrance of the government into the power There are enough raw materials, adequate plant, supreme business the average rate for the nation was 70 cents. organization, workmanly skill, technical plans in the United This policy of gyping the Consumer has not been the policy States to create a civilization capable of giving health and merely of public service corporations but has also been the comfort to all, but it cannot be done by a guarantee of the policy of other powerful companies like steel. The $40 Pitts­ unequal distribution of income. Indeed it is a struggle for burgh plus price per ton for steel has been in effect many years self-preservation-a bitter struggle! Who will win? 320 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1995 Demand for Constitutional Reform Grows

T is likely that the unconstitutional TRICAL WORKERS JOURNAL, he expects right of the Supreme Court to declare Though stifled by the hostile support to develop in the administration. I social legislation unconstitutional will The Supreme Court is by no means be challenged in the coming presidential press, the contention that Su­ through handing down adverse decisions campaign. preme Court usurpation of legis­ on New Deal legislation, he believes. In A number of adverse decisions by lation shall not bar progress, the meantime, his measure is gathering courts, including the Supreme Court, support from a growing group of labor have crippled or nullified important parts grows. organizations. Such important bodies of Roosevelt's recovery program. At as the A. F. of L. executive council and the same time organized labor has seen the Chicago Federation of Labor have laws into the passage of which it had been considering it; and others, includ­ put years of study and effort, thrown of the courts it sets out to define and ing international unions, city labor out on the grounds of unconstitution­ expand the powers of Congress in regard bodies, and other labor groups, have ality. The results of the outlawing of to social legislation. He has used the so­ already given it their endorsement. hard-fought social legislation have been called Workers' Rights Amendment, Because of President Roosevelt's out­ so keenly felt that it is believed that drafted several years ago by the late spoken displeasure after the NRA de­ change in the Constitution itself must Morris Hillquist, chairman of the So­ cision, Washington political writers fore­ be made. The proponents of such cialist party until his death. The amend­ cast that the powers of the Supreme change are united on the result they wish ment reads as follows: Court would form one of the major to achieve: that Congress should have "Section 1: The Congress shall have issues in the next presidential campaign power to legislate for the whole nation power to establish uniform laws through­ with the Republican party defending on important social questions. out the United States to regulate, limit Court and Constitution as interpreted Shortly following the NRA decision, and prohibit the labor of persons under by the Court: indeed, one Republican several writers in the labor press pointed 18 years of age; to limit the work time Congressman asserted that the Presi­ out that the power to interpret the Con­ and establish minimum compensation of dent's remarks constituted ground for stitution was never delegated to · the wage earners and employees in the form impeachment. Supreme Court by the Constitution it­ of periodical grants, pensions, benefits, self; and that the court's action was an compensation or indemnities from the Big Business Backs Court usurpation of power never entrusted to public treasury, from contributions of In the meantime, a weary and difficult it by any authority save its own. One employers, wage earners and employees, course is indicated for social legislation of the keenest writers in the labor move­ or from one or more such sources; to designed to benefit the wage earner and ment made the assertion that Congress establish and take over natural re­ farmer, with "business leaders" prepar­ ought immediately to impeach every sources, properties and enterprises ing to bring into court at the first oppor­ Supreme Court judge for being in pos­ in manufacturing, mining, commerce, session of stolen property. Others de­ transportation, banking, public utilities tunity the constitutionality of such and other business to be owned and oper­ measures as the Wagner labor disputes manded that the legislation which had act. been t-ossed on the scrap heap be immedi­ ated by the government of the United ately redrawn and passed by Congress, States or agencies thereof for the bene­ • • • • • daring the court to take another crack fit of the people, and generally for the What is the Constitution, what powers at it. A third faction went into action social and economic welfare of the does it convey to Congress, to the Chief favoring a constitutional amendment. workers, farmers and consumers. Executive, to the courts; and why is it Two prospective amendments to the "Section 2. The power of the several that the national law-making body is Constitution were introduced in June, states to enact social welfare legislation denied the power to make laws to benefit one in the Senate by Senator Norris of is unimpaired by this article but no such the mass of citizenry it was elected to Nebraska; another quite different one legislation shall abridge or conflict with represent? in the House by Representative Marcan­ any act of Congress under this article." A large volume, entitled "Documents tonio, of New York. Like Senator Norris' proposed amend­ Illustrative of the Formation of the Senator Norris' proposed amendment Il1ent, this is in the hands of the judiciary Union of the American States" was would provide that, unless challenged committee during the present session, published by the Government Printing within six months from their enactment, but Representative Marcantonio expects Office in 1927. This contains many all acts of Congress must be considered action at the next. records, official and unofficial, of the as conforming to the Constitution, and By that time, he assured the ELEC- (Continued on page 356) that, when suits challenging the consti­ tutionality of legislative acts are com­ menced within the prescribed time, such acts cannot be declared unconstitutional except by more than two-thirds vote of the justices; and finally, that the lower federal courts should be stripped of all power to declare a law unconstitutional under any circumstances, exclusive and original jurisdiction being reserved for the Supreme Court. This is now in the hands of the Senate judiciary committee, without much hope of its being brought out of committee during the present session, but it will remain to be disposed of during the next session.

Would Expand Social Legislation Representative Marcantonio's pro­ posed amendment has a similar aim but instead of seeking to limit the powers NEW U. S. SUPREME COURT BUILDING August, 1995 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 321 Are Business Men Avowed Anarchists?

HILE many spokesmen for busi­ Congress do not become law until they ness interests adopt for their They openly flout the law of the have the Supreme Court's stamp of Wpropaganda the slogan "Stand by approval.' the Constitution," business agencies are land on the grounds it is not con­ "We neither said nor implied anything counseling disobedience to law. "Busi­ stitutional. Government by indi­ of the sort. Acts of Congress become ness Week," a publication serving execu­ vidual opinion. law as soon as they are signed by the tives, in its issue for July 6 uses the sen­ President-if they are constitutional. sational head "No Obedience!" and "Business Week" counsels dis­ But if they are not constitutional they declares: obedience to the Wagner Labor never become law. All the Supreme Law. Court does is to decide whether they "NO OBEDIENCE! were ever law. If an Act of Congress is "Although the Wagner Labor Rela­ obviously unconstitutional, no citizen is tions Act has been passed by Congress obliged to obey it." and signed by the President, it is not yet "Business will not obey this edict. It Two years ago the National Manufac­ law. For nothing is law that is not will not submit to a one-sided Act of turers' Association used the same meth­ Constitutional. Congress that fofbids employers to inter­ ods in undermining Section 7 (a) of the "The Supreme Court, contrary to gen­ fere with regular labor unions but does National Industrial Recovery Act. These eral belief, does not invalidate laws; it not forbid the American Federation of tactics were exposed by the ELECTRICAL merely decides that certain Acts of Con­ Labor to interfere with company unions. WORKERS JOURNAL: gress are not authorized in the list of It is manifestly the intent of Congress congressional powers enumerated in the to unionize American business. Unjust "Your attention is directed to the fol­ Constitution, and that therefore these as this compulsion is, business would lowing telegram received from Washing­ Acts of Congress are not law. And this yield to it if it were lawful. But it is ton on July 23rd. is what the Supreme Court will ulti­ not. It is injustice aggravated by usur­ " 'Associated Industries of Florida mately decide about the Wagner Act, pation. It is tyranny. It is a piece of " 'Graham Building Jacksonville unless the court's past decisions are despotism which business will unitedly " 'Florida wholly misleading. resist. It will be fought to the finish; " 'Aggressive effort on part of organ­ "Convinced that the act is an unlawful and unless all the signs are deceptive, it ized labor to unionize industry through­ meddling with production, and with com­ will finish on its back." out nation warrants attention of all op­ posed to this insidious propaganda stop merce within the States, employers will And again in the July 20, 1935, issue, not obey it. The question may finally you are requested to contact membership "Business Week" says: your organization urging them wire or reach the Supreme Court in a case di­ write administration strons ly protesting rectly involving a large steel corporation "NOTHING IS LAW IF NOT or a local dealer in poultry or pencils; CONSTiTUTIONAL methods as dangerous and creative of serious disturbance employer and em­ but whether Weir or United States Steel "An editorial in the July 6 issue of ployee relationship stop appreciate or Schechter is the defendant in the test 'Business Week,' dealing with the Wag­ copies of material this effort case prosecuted by the Department of ner Labor Disputes Act, has been mis­ "'NATIONAL ASSOCIATION.' Justice, thousands of business firms will represented by various pro-labor news­ meanwhile have joined in a spontaneous papers and in speeches and articles by "Members of the Associated Industries resistance. labor leaders, ranging from President and executives of the various Florida "Business believes that there is no Green of the American Federation of trade groups are requested to consider logic in the cumbersome and limping Labor to President Broun of the Amer­ taking immediate action as suggested in declaration of policy with which Senator ican Newspaper Guild. Mr. Green de­ the above telegraLl. Wagner and his associates have prefaced nounced the editorial in a speech in New "We suggest a communication to the act, in the hope of getting around the York, and his utterances find an echo in President Roosevelt petitioning him to Supreme Court's repeated definitions of the American Federation of Labor's issue 'A Public Proclamation' appealing what constitutes intrastate commerce 'Monthly Survey of Business,' which im­ to all concerned to discontinue the use of and nothing else. The declaration as­ putes to us 'the view that Congress is no the National Industrial Recovery Act as serts that the refusal of employers to longer the nation's lawmaker. Acts of an instrument of disturbing existing accept collective bargaining leads to relations between employers and 'strikes and other forms of industrial employees. strife and unrest, which have the intent "It is entirely obvious that unless the or the necessary effect of burdening or efforts of organized labor to utilize the obstructing commerce' between the National Industrial Recovery Act as a states. means for unionizing American industry "Intent or necessary effect of produc­ are promptly discontinued that wide­ ing such a burden-that's what the court spread dislocation and disturbance may has said must be proved before an other­ result which will largely, if not entirely, wise local act can come within federal defeat the benefits that may be expected jurisdiction. But what is it that has this to result from the commercial features intent or this necessary effect? Is it the of the National Industrial Recovery Act. refusal of employers to accept collective "Weare advised that several organiza­ bargaining? Why, no- not according to tions have already appealed to the the Wagner Act. It's the 'strikes and President to issue such a proclamation. other forms of industrial strife or un­ "Our members are requested to keep rest.' Therefore some sort of logical us informed of the activities of organized case might be made out for congressional labor agents in their locality." prohibition of strikes. But in going be­ yond the strikes to the conditions that One of the eternal conflicts out of which life is made up is that between the efforts precede them, Congress would deal with of every man to get the most he can for his remote actions that have neither the in­ services and that of society disguised under tent nor the necessary effect which must the name of capital to get his services be proved to the satisfaction of the for the least possible return.-Justice Supreme Court. Business Meo Don't Throw Bombs BUT-- Holmes. 322 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1995 Tracy Asks Study of Social Control

AN W. TRACY, president of the In­ depends for its success to a great extent ternational Brotherhood of Elec­ American labor delegate to upon international stipulation. I, there­ D trical Workers, has set in motion a fore, ask that this conference consider study of economic planning in its rela­ International Labour Conference. the following draft resolution: tion to international problem. During wina applause for hia analyais of "Whereas the report of the director to the closing sessions of the International current problema. the nineteenth session of the Interna­ Labour Conference, Geneva, Switzer­ tional Labour Conference has drawn at­ land, late in June, he introduced a tention to the widespread effort to shape declaration that later was remarked the structure and course of economic life upon by the secretary-general in his competition and priority of profit taking, in order to achieve higher living stan­ closing address. The secretary-general for ordered distribution, co-operation dards for the mass of the people; described Mr. Tracy's resolution as con­ and fairer and more just distribution of "Whereas such efforts of conscious taining the substance of all other income. Labor has discovered that these collective control tend to have a special resolutions. latter goals are impossible without the influence upon the general conditions of intervention of the state. This interven­ the workers' life, such as employment, MR. TRACY, Workers' delegate, tion, please bear in mind, is not the re­ earnings, purchasing power and the dis­ United States of America: The workers sult of whim or depravity on the part of tribution of income; of the United States have expressed to workers, but of necessity dictated by cir­ "Whereas the same report indicates you, through their representatives, their cumstances. It is simply impossible for that national economic measures may be profound interest in the question of the employers representing only one section framed without regard to their inter­ shortening of working hours. The sub­ of the community and of industry, to national repercussions and thus may ject of the 40-hour week appeared to us plan, direct and manage the state on tend to affect the effort towards interna­ to be the most vital on the agenda. The behalf of the whole people. Labor sup­ tional agreement in setting labor interest of the workers of the United ports a policy of progressively increas­ standards; States in the subject is traditional. Mr. ing the standard of living through a pro­ "The conference requests the govern­ Samuel Gompers once said: "So long as gressively increasing income and realizes ing body to instruct the International one man is unemployed, the hours are too this goal can be achieved only through Labour Office to direct its attention to long." We considered the curtailment the administration of socially-minded measures intended to give social guid­ of the working day and the working week statesmen. ance to industrial development and par­ to be the most sensible and practical way Labor has also learned that this new ticularly their international aspects; to combat the inroads of machinery, era of planned economy within a nation "To study those industries serving the mechanization and scientific or­ vital needs of the people, which by ganization upon man power. Now, reason of under-consumption of however, we do not consider cur­ their products are especially ex­ tailment of hours as a complete posed to the stress of world solution of the problem of unem­ competition; ployment, and therefore we have "In the light of the experience read with deep interest and real of the various countries, to exam­ gratification the report of the di­ ine measures tending to reinforce rector, and in particular the open­ effective demand, thereby increas­ ing chapter in which, from a su­ ing economic activity and employ­ preme eminence, he measures the ment throughout the world, and changes which appear to be taking to report to the governing body and place in political economy. He the International Labour Confer­ points out that recovery is still on ence on such measures and findings the surface, and that international in these fields as may seem to be trade is little, if at all, better since of outstanding importance from 1933, and that one country after the point of view of social another has abandoned the policy progress." of drift for the policy of inlerven­ THE SECRETARY-GEN ­ tion, and that not governments but ERAL: I do not think there can society is exhibiting these inter­ be any doubt that the work of the ventionist tendencies; finally, that hours committee and the endorse­ the fundamental duty of the state ment of it by the conference, al­ is to insure the standard of life though it may have disappointed for all its people. some, and inevitably so, neverthe­ We believe that this is a sound less marks a new turning point in analysis and a true report; we be­ the history of the organization. In lieve that the director is describing effect, it replaces one of the para­ the emergence of the labor tradi­ graphs in Article 41 of the consti­ tion and the labor philosophy. tution, that which lays down the When men chose to give up indi­ 48-hour week and t he eight-hour vidualistic tactics for group action day as an objective by suggesting and co-operation, and formed another figure--40 hours instead of themselves into labor unions, they 48. That, as I see it, is the gr eat drove, so to speak, the first nail substantial result achieved by this into the coffin of "laissez faire." conference, and I have no doubt Before a standard of life can that at future conferences we shall be guaranteed to the workers of proceed to translate that change anyone nation, it is necessary to into effective action. surrender the principles of the old Apart from that, there is a great systems and old policies, namely, Cornellie Mertens, Belgium, ChaIrman, Workers Group, deal of other work which is apt to unlimited production, wasteful International Labour Con!erence. (Continued on paa-e 3:12) August, 1935 The -Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 323 A . F. L. Will Hear Report of I. L. C.

HEN the American Federation of with the rank of ambassadors to attend Labor holds its 55th annual con­ American labor delegate re­ the conference as official delegates. The W vention at Atlantic City in Octo­ conference this year was regarded gen­ ber, it will hear for the first time a report turns to U. S. from I. L. C. and pre­ erally as a liberal conference and like of its delegate to the International La­ pares report for the American any deliberative conference expresses bour Conference held at Geneva in June Federation of Labor convention. public opinion-in this instance world this year. The delegate, Dan W. Tracy, public opinion. The principal question International President, International Conference considered a success. before the conference was the universal Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, has 40-hour week. This question had been prepared an elaborate report to present before the conference years previous to the convention. It is believed that the and had been repeatedly voted down. character of this report and its reception year carried 0u. his work with distinction This year the draft convention was ac­ by the convention will determine the and succer3 is -believed to have estab­ cepted by a large majority, and it is course of American labor for a number lished precedence for future confer­ considered to have been a victory for of years in relationship to international ences. A strong American delegation labor in general for the effectiveness of affairs. European unions, including the accompanied Mr. Tracy to Geneva. The the American delegation in its strategy British, have taken a keen interest in the other delegates were Miss Grace Abbott, and forceful presentation of the question International Labour Conference since and Mr. Walton Hamilton for the gov­ of shorter hours and for liberalism in its inception at Washington in 1919 fol­ ernment, and Mr. Sam A. Lewisohn for general. lowing the war. This group welcomed the employers. In addition, 16 technical The conference also voted a draft with more than formal demonstration advisers accompanied the delegation. A convention for the glass bottle manufac­ the entrance of American labor into the delegate who attends the International turing industry which also recorded a conference. Labour Conference represents not only gain for labor's cause of shorter hours. The conference is not, as some labor his economic group but also has official A draft convention is a technical phrase unionists think, a convention merely, or status as representative of the United describing the major action of the con­ a conference merely. It is indeed an States as a whole. ference. It has official status because industrial parliament dealing with prob­ Dignitarie s Attend every member of the conference is obli­ lems of social justice and labor eco­ gated to submit the draft convention to nomics. Delegates are members with a The importance of the International the competent authority within that na­ given status and a definite function and Labour Conference in the diplomatic tion. If the competent authority accepts with heavy responsibilities, and the fact field is indicated by the fact that a num­ it and ratifies it, it then becomes the law that the American labor delegate this ber of countries send plenipotentiaries (Continued on page 352)

Worker Delel:'ates From 50 Nations at the 1935 Internntional Labour Conference. Geneva. 324 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 • Farmers Interested In Rural Electrification

BULLETIN published by the Na­ type of wlrmg and fixtures chosen, the tional Popular Government League Order bulletin giving the public size of the house and barn, the number A in Washington on Rural Electrifica­ of outlets required, local labor rates and tion has made a remarkable appeal to the side of Rural Electrification in the amount of work done by the farmer farmers of the country. This bulletin, wholesale lots. himself. Sufficient outlets should be in­ published early in May, has gone into an stalled so that appliances may readily be edition of 10,000 and most of the sub­ connected where most convenient. Your scribers for this particular bulletin have local electrical contractor will be glad to been farmers. This bulletin made a defi­ might lie between $3 and $3.50 per give you an estimate. nite appeal to farmers to get accurate in­ month. This minimum amount to cover formation about rural electrification. It interest and sinking fund charges will 8. How can the cost of wiring be warned the farmers that utilities wish to pay for the use of sufficient energy on financed? do the direction of power lines and op­ the average farm for lighting and water If you cannot make an outright pay­ pose the construction work by any other pumping. ment, a loan may be obtained through a agency. government agency providing for repay­ The bulletin went on to say: 6. What is a fair rate to be paid for the added current used? ment over a period of years. FOOT RULES FOR FARMERS Additional energy should be purchased 9. What appliances are available and As to costs and the steps to be taken in at a progressively decreasing cost. A at what cost? applying for a loan, it will contribute to fair rate for either private company or a There are over 250 different appli­ clarity if the subject is dealt with in the co-operative at the start would give a ances now in use. The more· useful of form of definite questions and answers, total monthly charge of $5 for 100 kilo­ them, together with their cost and ap­ as follows: watt-hours (k.w.h.), $7 for 200 k.w.h., proximate consumption are as follows: $8.50 for 300 k.w.h., and all over this 1. Where will the electricity be amount at one cent per k.w.h. * (For the Household Appliances obtained? number of kilowatt-hours used by vari­ Approximate Approximate It will be supplied €ither from an ex­ ous appliances see the answer to Ques­ annual first cost of isting "high" line owned by a utility com­ tion 9.) consumption appliance pany or a municipality or from a newly It should be stated however, that it is Automatic water ~ constructed generating station, using not likely that at the present time one pump for water power, coal, or a Diesel engine. rate will apply to the country at large, shallow well ______150 k.w.h. $75 upwards although the time may come when uni­ Washing machine.___ 25 k.w.h. 45 upwards 2~ How may electricity be procured form rates will be universal. The type Vacuum cleaner____ 25 k.w.h. 15 upwards for the farm? Refrigerator ..._____ 600 k.w_h. 75 upwards and characteristics of the electric line, Range . ___ .... _. ____ ... ___ . 1,800 k.w.h. 65 upwards The usual procedure in the past has the number of customers per mile and, Radio __ ...... ____ ...... _.. _. 80 k_w.h. 10 upwards been to apply to the local utility service. more important, the amount used per .Iron ______60 k.w.h. 4 upwards With the government embarking upon a customer, are all important factors in ar­ Fan _. ______. 20 k.w.h. 3 upwards rural electrification program the most riving at a fair rate. With the C{)llstruc­ Water heater ... _.... 3,000 k.w.h. 65 upwards tion of the electric line certain annual effective procedure would now seem to Barn and Farm Appliances be to direct inquiries to the government charges must be paid by the owner of the agency in charge of this work. line, such as interest on the money in­ Motor, one horsepower, single phase, uses vested, depreciation and operation and about 0.9 k.w.h. per hour of operation, 3. What government agency will di­ maintenance. Manifestly, the more cus­ $40 upwards. rect rural electrification? tomers per mile the lower the cost for Motor, five horsepower, single phase, uses about 3.75 k.w.h. per hour of operation, President Roosevelt will probably soon each customer. These charges accrue whether or not any electricity is used $150 upwards_ designate the agency which will admin­ Cream separators, use about 0.33 k.w.h. per ister the $100,000,000 program. from the line. hour of operation, $30 upwards. Estimates indicate that on a rural line Milking machines, use about 0.25 k.w_h. per 4. What immediate procedure should in average territory, with three custom­ hour of operation, $85 upwards_ the farmer follow? ers pel' mile, there must be a total annual Five horsepower motor with pump, uses Discuss the matter with your county usage by these three customers of about about· 3_75 k.w.h. per hour of operation, 3,600 k.w.h., if a low rate is to be had. $380 upwards. (This pump will deliver agricultural agent, county deputy mas­ 350 gallons of water per minute with 40- ter of the Grange, county farm bureau The cost of such a line ready to serve the three customers will be about $1,000 pel' foot head.) adviser, or corresponding official in your Incubator, 300-egg size, uses about 0_25 k.w.h. county. With him sketch a map showing mile. With more customers per mile per hour of operation, costs from $70 up­ the proposed line, the prospective cus­ the cost and required use would increase ward. tomers, and approximate distance be­ slightly. tween customers. This map together The use of a water pump makes pos­ 7. What will it cost to wire the house sible the installation of an inside bath­ with any other pertinent information and barn? such as the number of various appli­ room, the fixtures of which (bath tub, ances which it is expected will be con­ The cost will vary from about $40 up­ toilet and wash basin) will cost from $50 nected to the line should be forwarded wards, depending upon such things as the upward. to the agency in Washington which will 10. Under what plans may appliances handle the work. The government will • "A 'kilowatt hour'-l,OOO-watt hours-is be purchased? probably send representatives who will the unit used in measuring untl selliug elec­ be able to advise the farmers as to how tricity as the hushel is used in meusuring when t There is an existing government to proceed further. .01' potatoes, the gallon for gasoline, the dozen agency, The TVA Electric Home and for eggs or the pound for butter. A 25-watt Farm Authority, through which ap­ 5. What charge should be made for iucandescent bulb gh'ing light equh·alent to 20 pliances may be purchased and paid for electric service? or 25 candles uses one·fortieth of a kilowatt hour if kept turned on for one hour. A kilo­ in monthly payments extending over In the ordinary farm community with watt hour of electric energy will keep such a longer periods than those now in effect IUnl}) ;,!oing for 40 hours.n-Report Of the at least three customers per mile of line, G-iant Po leer Survey Bom'a (Harris!mrg, 1925), with private companies. The length of a minimum charge to cover line costs page 17. (Continued on page 358) August, 1985 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 325 Will. Rural Wiring Develop Yardstick?

HE United States Government has ley Authority and elsewhere, preference set aside $100,000,000 for rural What is fa ir profit? What is in the building of lines will be given to Telectrification. Hitherto this field applications from municipalities and has been neglected largely because it labor's share? What are good other agencies of the state and to non­ has not been profitable for private elec­ standards? profit associations such as co-operatives. tric utilities who control 95 per cent of "The congressional intent in this mat­ the production to build the lines neces­ ter is so clear that irrespective of the sary to take the power to the farm allotments made to private companies homes. It is thought that four cut-offs ship, technical efficiency and economy. adequate funds will be kept in reserve per mile r epresent about the average It is believed that the administration has to meet any demands from public market for this type of wiring. Though the yardstick goal in mind. A fair profit, sources. the private electric utilities have not de­ a fair deal to labor, and good service "We have been gratified by the ex­ veloped this field it is expected that they are expected. Rural electrification is tremely wide geographical distribution will lay claim to the largest share of the also expected to stimulate all kinds of of the applications for power and light $100,000,000 on loans so that they may power machinery, domestic appliances projects and of the inquiries concerning dominate the rural electrical field as they and other equipment hitherto not avail­ proposed projects. Inquiries have come have residence custom in the cities. able to many farm homes. The follow­ in rapidly and in large volume from However, in a release recently put out by ing release was given to the press by the every state in the union. Forty-six of the Rural Electrification Administration, Rural Electrification Administration: the states already are represented by it is revealed that a great many public Forty-six states are represented in the projects pending. Authorizations of and farm co-operative organizations have applications for rural power and light loans for the first of these projects will made application for loans in order to projects to be built out of loans from the be made soon. build these lines for themselves. The Rural Electrification Administration, Ad­ "Although the private power com­ National Electrical Contractors Associa­ ministrator Morris L. Cooke announced panies have been fully co-operative and tion has also sent a communication to the today. have quite a number of projects pending Rural Electrification Administration of­ Co-operat ives Apply with us, the public bodies and the farm fering co-operation in the problems of the co-operative organizations have acted de­ administration. Costs of rural electrifi­ The greater number of applications cidedly more promptly and have sub­ cation vary greatly, depending upon the has come from public bodies and farm co­ mitted many more applications in point territory in which the lines are built. operative organizations, although some of numbers." In some sections of the country hand of those made by private utility com­ Well over half of the applications labor can successfully erect lines more panies involve much longer lines and have come from states, municipalities, cheaply than by the machine process. larger loans. While REA will make public power or utility districts and other What is a fair cost per mile is expected loans to all groups, public and private, public agencies. About 40 per cent have to be determined by the Rural Electrifi­ on the same terms, it was announced that been filed by rural co-operatives. The cation Administration. preference will be given to applications private power companies have furnished It was reported in Washington that from public bodies. only about 6 per cent of the total num­ the administration expects to influence Mr. Cooke said: "Following the poli­ ber of projects pending. contractors who accept loans to make cies outlined in the Federal Water Power On the other hand, the contribution their projects models of good workman- Act, the bill creating the Tennessee Val- (Continued on page 352)

Courtesy PWA Diorama of tbe Unelectrlfied Farm Home Used by tbe Department of Interior t o P oint to Needs of Electrification. 326 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Ope1'ators August, 1995 How Morgan "Aided " President Cleveland

ow the first J. P. Morgan put the tion, who told a congressional investigat­ President of the United States on A chapter from the past which ing committee some years later that he H the spot in 1895 and forced the did not believe that the affairs of a government to accept his terms in a makes good reading for the private banking house should be open deal that netted the financier millions, is present. even to its clients, stepped into the pic­ history, but you will not find an account ture. The Treasury had tried to sell of that grim incident in the school books. a bond issue abroad and had been re­ It has been permitted to be forgotten, fused-unless the bonds were payable for the most part, for it reflected no of prominent bankers that the Secretary in gold the House of Roth child would glory either on Grover Cleveland, who of the Treasury was able to sell them. not touch them. unsuccessfully opposed his will against The gold from this first sale of bonds But on the same day that Morgan re­ the power of organized wealth, or upon brought the reserve to a little more than ceived a request to attend a conference J. P. Morgan, who held out for his profit $107,000,000, but this healthy condition at the Sub-Treasury, he received a com­ when the U. S. Treasury was munication from the Roths­ at the point of suspending childs suggesting joint action payment. to avert a calamity. When The United States was hav­ August Belmont, their Ameri­ ing a difficult time staying on can agent, walked into his the gold standarji because of office that morning, Morgan a constant draining away of already had drawn up a draft the gold reserve in the Treas­ of a syndicate proposal. This ury. According to law, green­ the two delivered at the Sub­ back notes might be exchanged Treasury. for gold. In addition, agita­ "I don't know whether we tion of coinage of silver was can get hold of enough gold, rampant in Congress and the either here or abroad," Mor­ country. In 1890 a silver pur­ gan said, according: to his biog­ chase act was passed, directing rapher, John K. Winkler, "but the Secretary of the Treasury we are willing to try. In our to purchase 4,000,000 ounces opinion, no popular loan is of silver each month, paying possible. Here is a memoran­ for it in Treasury notes which dum of our terms. You can were redeemable in either sil­ take it to Washington and let ver or gold coin. us bow what the President When Cleveland's adminis­ and Mr. Carlisle think of it." tration took office, the gold The terms were brief and reserve had fallen to the merciless. A 30-year 4 per cent $100,000,000 mark and was bond at a price equivalent to still diminishing. Efforts to 10H~, when existing U. S. 4 build it up were unsuccessful. per cents were bringing 111 on In 1893, the year of panic, a the open market. special session of Congress On the following -Saturday was called. After three fran­ morning Morgan and Belmont tic months the silver purchase received word that their pro­ act was repealed, but too late posal was favol'ably received, to restore a confidence. As and the word went around in the banking crisis of 1932- Wall Street that Morgan had 33, frightened citizens felt rescued the Treasury. The safer with a hidden hoard of New York World, under the gold. Others were obtaining crusading Joseph Pulitzer, it to ship abroad, selling at a sprang into a campaign warn­ profit. "The most dangerous ing Cleveland and Carlisle and irritating feature of the against delivering the country situation • • • is found to the money interests-the in the means by which the President was urged to stand Treasury is despoiled of the Throughout the Nation. out for a 3 per cent loan-"If gold thus obtained without the banks won't take it, the cancelling a single government obliga­ did not last. The withdrawals continued people will." And then on Monday Mor­ tion," said Cleveland in a message to and in November another $50,000,000 gan heard from Carlisle that the deal was Congress. "The same notes may do bond issue was announced. A number off-the administration would try a popu­ duty many times in drawing gold from of bids were received, but the bid for lar loan. The financier took the next train the Treasury; nor can the process "all or none" by 33 banking firms acting for Washington, Belmont with him. be arrested as long as private parties together was accepted. The gold was "President Cleveland received Mor­ • • • see an advantage in repeating scarcely in the Treasury before it was gan and Belmont on Tuesday morning, the operation." The Secretary of the drawn out again. In December, 1894, February 5," says Winkler. "Morgan Treasury tried to meet the situation by while $58,538,500 in gold was added to and Cleveland were old acquaintances, the reserve by this second sale of bonds an issue of $50,000,000 in 5 per cent having met frequently, during the period bonds, to be sold for gold. . $32,000,000 was withdrawn; and in We quote from Frank P. Weberg's January, 1895, $45,000,000 more was between his first. and second terms, when study, "The Background of the Panic taken out." Cleveland practiced law in New York. of 1893:" It was at this time that Morgan, the Both men were wedded to tobacco. It "The bids for these bonds came in financial pirate, who named his yacht had been Morgan's habit, when in Wash- slowly and it was only through the aid "The Corsair" in a sort of self-glorifica- (Continued on page 3(3) August, 1985 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 327 Garibaldi vs. Mussolini : A Contrast

"Ga1'ibaldi! Who is Garibaldi? A man, sprang to their feet as one to join his and nothing more. But a man in the The great patriot and leader troops. Resort to the conscript was sublimest sense of that word. A man who unthinkable to Garibaldi. stands fOl' liberty and humanity . ... compared to the present egoist "Has he an army? No. Just a handful of the Fa scist emp ire. Great Tactician of volunteel·S. Has he munitions of war? Dictator Garibaldi did not safely sit in None. Any powder? A few barrels at a palace to direct his army from afar. most. Any cannon? What he captures Where the fighting was the thickest, there from the enemy. ing back the land of our birth on the day in the center of action, his red shirt was "What, then, is the secret of his when 'the rights of nations' shall no sure to be found. When his forces seemed strength? How does he contrive to win? longer be mere empty words." most hopelessly outnumbered, by cleverly 1 will tell you: it is the soul of the people. How different this foreign policy-so misrepresenting his own strength, he Wheresoever he goes or rushes, his prog­ similar to the Monroe Doctrine followed would trick and outwit the enemy. With ress is like a tmil of fire. His handful by our own nation for many years-- one or two thousand followers he would of men pet1-ifies whole regiments. attack forces of five or six thou­ Weak though he be in arms, yet sand and wrest from them import­ those that he has are enchanted: ant vantage points. the bullets front his rifles are more Always quick to the defense of than a match for cannon balls. the weak and oppressed against With him goes the Revolution." the strong and aggressive, Gari­ -Victor Hugo. baldi won the honest admiration, respect and trust of the people. NDEPENDE CE, liberty, na­ The popular acclaim which greeted tional honor, these are the things him from all sides was not the ac­ I for which Garibaldi stood. Born claim accorded by dictatorial cen­ in Nice in 1807, he grew up in a sorship and intimidation. It was disjointed Italy, an Italy having no that rare fove of the masses for a political unity. For 14 centuries genuine benefactor. following the fall of the ancient Nor did he ever swerve from his Roman empire Italy had been com­ purpose to free his people from posed of hostile, jealous states, despotism and to insure to them dominated by petty Bourbon the unhampered exercise of their princes and foreign despots. But rights under a constitutional mon­ Giuseppe Garibaldi, while yet a archy. Parliamentary government, youngster, dreamed of are-united as we know it in this country and kingdom of Italy, a dream which as Italy knew it until the advent he pursued all his life and finally of Fascism, has little reality there in 1870 brought into being, though today. Actually, the plebiscite is it cost him three wars and many a farce. At a general election a wounds to do so. His chief con­ single list of names for the offices cern was to drive intruders out of to be filled is presented to the peo­ the land. He reminded his soldiers ple, to be accepted or rejected as frequently that it was "better to a whole. The Italian people have die than to live as slaves to the no power to select their own rep­ foreigner." resentatives by nomination and It was during Italy's second war vote. The opposition is allowed no for independence that, in the name opportunity to publicly express its of King Victor Emmanuel, Gari­ IL DUCE views during a campaign. Neither He who loves to fnncy himself the mod~rn successor of baldi proclaimed himself dictator. Romnn emperor~ now plnys with tbe fire of wnr, without the is it permitted even to refrain from Unlike that dictator of more recent disciplining force of d emocratic ·r eference. voting. date, Premier Benito Mussolini, What use to resist when Mus­ born in 1883, only a year after the from the aggressive policy adopted by solini openly declares, as he did before his death of Garibaldi, the latter confined Mussolini. Chamber of Deputies on December 8, his dictatorship to strictly military af­ Garibaldi had no well-trained army, 1928: "We are mathematically certain fairs. His uncompromising nature had no scientifically equipped artillery, no of continuance of power. * • • This no use for politics or diplomacy. "I have highly skilled engineering staff. He did plebiscite will take place under absolute nothing to do," he said, "with men or not have the wealth of a nation at his tranquillity. We will exercise neither political parties. My country and nothing back. His rough and ready volunteers trickery nor pressure. The people will else but my country, is my object." , had no shining boots and uniforms. They vote perfectly freely. I hardly need to Upon learning that his native province had to supply their own guns. Fre­ remind you, however, that a revolution of Nice along with another northern quently they did not have even one meal may consent to be endorsed by a plebis­ Italian province had been ceded to in a day. cite, but never to be overthrown by it." France as the price of Napoleon's aid in Yet wherever Garibaldi went, he had In many cases voters in that election Italy's fight to cast off the yoke of only to speak and great numbers flocked were informed, through circulars ema­ foreign control, Garibaldi burst into to follow him. His zeal inspired all nating from the national public employ­ rage. "I have no wish to cease to be a audiences with confidence in his leader­ ment associations, that names of persons citizen of Nice," he declared. "I recog­ ship. At Naples he said, "Soldiers, what failing to indorse the list of deputies pre­ nize no power on earth as having the I have to offer you is this-hunger, thirst, sented to them "will be communicated right to take away from an independent cold, heat, no pay, no barracks, no ra­ to the local branch of the National Fas­ people its nationality, and I protest tions, frequent alarms, forced marches, cist party, and to the enterprise by which against the wrong done to Nice by cor­ charges at the point of the bayonet. Who­ each one of them is employed for event­ ruption and violence. I reServe to myself ever loves honor and the fatherland, fol­ ual further action." Furthermore, the and my fellow-citizens the right of e1aim- low me!" Three thousand lads and men (Continued on pnge 357) 328 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 Technicians Make or Break Great Stars By Hollywood Commentator

N a quaint Chinese city the theater during the course of the picture. Sev­ showing American motion pictures Active man on movie lot ex­ eral times she was singing with an I has just discharged its audience. A orchestra. A long shot would have shown young Chinese boy in his early twenties poses the technical "build-up" of the microphone required to pick up her emerges from the theater and shuffles imperfect human material into voice. To those on the inside, it is known down the street. He is exalted by the perfect productions. that while her voice is sweet and beauti­ picture just shown, transported to far off ful, it is so weak that she could hardly lands. Tomorrow, his a drab desk in one be heard more than a few feet away. of the semi-modern business houses of This, too, has been solved by the tech­ China, performing the menial tasks inci­ should be used and again the technicians nical men who have grown with sound dental to his employment. But tonight, are called upon to do the difficult or well­ since its inception in the making of mo­ love, romance and adventure spread be­ nigh impossible; to perfect sound where tion pictures. This young lady sang her fore his greedy eyes on the silver screen. it was imperfect. Again the genius, the song, weeks and sometimes months be­ He passes one of the small streets where technical ability, the ingenuity and fore her picture was taken. a pubUc letter writer holds forth. On knowledge of the technical departments the impulse of the moment, while still comes to the front. Tbe sound from Flaws Scrupulously Eliminated under the spell of the picture he has just previous "takes" that was acceptable can seen, he indites a letter, which is written not be used, because no two shots are At the time she was singing, a "play­ in painful English by the public letter identical. The timing and phrasing of a back" was reproducing the original re­ writer, to the star whose image is still word would throw lip action and sound cording on the set. The orchestra, the fresh in his memory, and thus is added out of synchronism. singer, and the dancers were playing, another letter to the torrent of fan mail In this instance, the desired "take" singing and dancing in time to the orig­ arriving at the studios every day coming was run on a screen and the actress re­ inal recording, with the cameras running from every quarter of the globe. hearsed until she was letter perfect with in ·synchronism. This all being shot . Pictures are shown today from the the lip movement, tempo and mood of silent. The original recording placed frozen wastes of the north to the smallest her image on the screen, and a new re­ with the picture, carried the illusion that village in every country in' the world, cording was made with the recording the picture and recording were made at and even ocean liners are equipped with devices in absolute synchronism and the the same time. theaters for the entertainment of passen­ best of the recordings made selected, It must be understood that when a gers. Audiences everywhere respond and placed with the original picture. motion picture is being exhibited, it largely the same. The fan mail imme­ This is expensive of course, but the tre­ consists of a series of still pictures on a diately following a successful picture in mendous box office value of the star war­ strip of film. On one edge of the pic­ which one of the players stars, reaches wants immense investments to preserve ture a small portion of the film is util­ a high tide. Indeed, the fortunes of our . and enhance her value. ized for what is termed "sound track." stars are determined by their box office This young lady sang several songs (Continued on page 3(5) value, which in turn is reflected by the amount of fan mail received. Inciden­ tally, in the case of the most famous stars, they rarely if ever, see any of their fan mail. It usually winds up in the "prop" department to be used in post office or similar scenes. What was it that moved our young Chinese friend to employ a letter writer to advise the star of the happiness she brought to him and of his admiration for her? The one scene that most im­ pressed him was a close up of the beauti­ ful star "emoting." This particular shot, while only a few feet long, occupying but a few seconds of time on the screen, carried such appeal that the emotions of this lad and of hundreds of others of every race and creed throughout the world, were so appealed to, that he was impelled to tell the star of it. This beautiful shot was chosen from among a dozen or more made, to pick the most appealing. When viewed from a projection room for the purpose of selecting the most desirable, each one was found to have some fault. This par­ ticular shot was the only one photo­ graphically perfect or rather the best photographically, but the sound was not the most desirable. At-one point, her voice broke, and were it permitted to be RECORDING MACHINES AND CONTROL PANEL-FOX FILM RECORDING AND exhibited as recorded, it would have de­ SCORING DEPARTMENT tracted from the tremendous appeal this This view 1s a portion of the Twentieth Century Fox re·recordlng department showing the young lady enjoys. re·recordlng machines at lett, motor control switchboard center, and several reproducing After conferences, it was decided that machines called "dummies", right. Elaborate motor patching boards (not shown) permit selec­ tion ot various combinations of machines with pilot indication on wall (rear). Photo by the shot most photographically beautiful courtesy of Twentieth Century·Fox. August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Opemtors 329 • Arbitration 1 S Tri e d by Toledo

Toledo. failure of NRA. Procedure is still in a Proceedings under board set realm of obscurantism. Company law­ OLEDO is a city of 300,000 inhabi­ yers used to delay and legalistic quib­ up by U. S. Department of Labor T tants situated on one of the finest bling sought to fasten upon the proceed­ harbors on the Great Lakes. Up to get under way. Public interest ings the aspect of a court of law. Labor 1929 it appeared to be moving toward shown. opposed this on the grounds that the permanent prosperity due to the steel, proceedings should be in the nature of automobile accessory and glass indus­ an arbitral inquiry, seeking to get facts tries. At one time there were 23,000 men other industries. The arbiter ruled that that bear upon the major principles of employed in the automobile business. where holding company earnings affect wage maintenance. What is done in To­ This large number has been reduced per­ the earnings of the operating company ledo subsequently, the success or failure haps to a thousand men and the differ­ this ev.idence could be admitted-a vic­ of the arbitration proceedings, is ex­ ence in these two figures vividly reveals tory for the union position. Following pected to have a wide bearing on future the extent of the depression in Toledo. two days of preparation of the rebuttal adoption of this method by labor. Labor Toledo has also been a city dominated of the respective briefs, the board again has often opposed arbitration on the considerably by the public utility com­ went into discussion on Friday, July 26, ground that it is slow, expensive and pany, namely, the Toledo Edison Power and continued through Saturday. Then what is of more consequence, that it is Company. A new vision seems to be a recess was taken until August 6. impossible to secure a neutral arbiter. animating Toledo. The power company Up to this point no criticism either from no longer has supreme authority in the Legalistic Method Opposed the company or labor was directed community. The labor unions have made The arbitration proceedings at Toledo against Dr. Stocking in his handling of great strides during the depression and are looked upon as pioneer ventures in the case. now are unusually strong and respected new industrial relations following the (Continued ou pnge 356) by the entire city. The newspapers ap­ pear to be willing to give at least a fair reporting of labor activities. There is a strong central labor union and individual unions have built up their membership in a large degree. The power company has had rocky sledding during the last few years because large industrialists are impatient at the high rates required of them and a certain group of citizens have become interested in municipal ownership. It is against this background of changing power that one must see the strike of Local Union 245, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, which resulted in a decision by Edward F. McGrady, Assistant Secretary of La­ bor, granting a 5 per cent increase to the local union and subjecting the other 15 per cent demanded by the local to arbitration. Proceedings Open These arbitration proceedings got un­ der way in Toledo courthouse beginning July 23. The arbiter appointed by the U. S. Department of Labor was Dr. George E. Stocking. George Wells, at­ torney of the Toledo Edison Company, and Edward D. Bieretz, acting president of the International Brotherhood of Elec­ trical Workers, are the other members of this board of arbitration. The company had a battery of lawyers numbering pos­ sibly five, three economists and many experts from New York to press its cause before the board of arbitration. The local union was represented by Marion H. Hedges, director of research. Briefs were presented. The union took the position that financial holding companies have fas­ tened upon the profitable operating com­ panies a system of speculation which bled the company of large sums of money and led the company to keep its rates to consumers high and its wages to labor . low. The comp!1ny· did not wish to dis­ cuss the matter of holding companies or this financial management but based its case upon the alleged cost of living fluc­ tuations and comparison of wages with LInemen Must Be Ready Day and Night to Keep Service Moving. 330 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 Earth's Hot Interior Can Make Electricity By L. W. E. KIMBALL, Clearwafer, Fla.

HE article by William Bigelow, in Geologists claim that these thermal the May number of the JOURNAL de­ Another suggestive article in activities have been going on in the Yel- T scribing the possibilities of a solar 10wstone National Park for something power plant brings to my remembrance a utilizing natural agencies as like 80,000 years. So, if they only con­ solar power plant that I helped to build power sources. tinued 1,000 or 2,000 years longer the and operate about 30 years ago in the development of this power would consti­ city of Everett, Mass. tute at this time a permanently produc­ It might be of interest to you and the tive enterprise for the employment of readers of the JOURNAL if I gave you a requirements for this simple system are our unemployed skilled and unskilled brief description of it and the possible an abundant supply of both hot and cold labor. application of the thermo-dynamic prin­ water near each other. In this gigantic laboratory nature has ciples involved to an enormous amplifica­ Nature has shown us in many places constructed an enormous irregular tion of our existing electrical power how to obtain such a supply of hot water shaped U-tube that for thousands of supply. from the interior heat of the earth. In years has been functioning as another This sunpower plant was located in an the Yellowstone National Park the ideal one of nature's original inventions. The old wooden building on the marshes and conditions exist and nature has there purpose of this invention is to serve as a consisted of an appropriate device for demonstrated a simple way of bringing crude sort of hydraulic escalator whose collecting the sun's rays and using them that heat to the surface in a form readily function it is to bring, night and day, the to heat the water in an insulated tank. usable. potential power from the interior of the In this tank was a coil of metal tubing There are three conditions that must earth to the surface. exist at a given spot to make possible the constituting the boiler, and this boiler The purpose of this article is to show thermal activities that show themselves contained a fluid that vaporized under how we can give Old Dame Nature a so spectacularly as they do in that unique the influence of the hot water and deliv­ boost by finishing an incompleted job ered at the turbine nozzles of a turbo­ wonderland. and converting this raw material into generator set a pressure varying from useful electric power. 100 to 125 pounds per square inch, de­ ,Earth's Hot Heart May Aid· Although nature has shown us here pending upon the temperature of the First. The hot interior of the earth how to make available something like water. must come within a mile or two of the 200,000 to 500,000 horsepower of the in­ As each pound of water stored up one surface. Second. There must be an terior heat of the earth, she has done British thermal unit of energy for every abundant supply of water at the surface. much more. She has made us here a degree of Fahrenheit that we raised the Third. All the strata between the sur­ model of the key by which we may un­ temperature of the water, enough energy face waters and the hot interior must be lock. another vast storehouse of electric was stored up in the tank to tide over the either porous in character or so frac­ power. nights and the days when it rained or was tured as to permit these surface waters cloudy. In fact, I remember one day to seep downwards until they come into An eminent statistician has estimated when we ran the lights in the place from contact with the hot rocks, when they are that the interior heat of the earth the stored up energy of the sun at the converted into boiling waters and steam. amounts to 25,000,000 times the amount end of a three-day rainstorm. By the force of gravity and the ex­ of heat latent in all the coal and oil still This little plant was operated off and pansive force of the steam this hot water ·remaining beneath the earth's surface. on for many months and two of the small is forced to the surface by another path If only one hundredth of 1 per cent company interested in building it were through the porous and fractured strata of this heat could be reached it would be experienced powerhouse electricians and and manifests itself in the shape of hot worth our serious consideration. I happened to be one of them. springs, geysers and steam jets. It is not at all impossible that there are The liquid that we used in the boiler Anyone seriously proposing to utilize other places in this country where there was perfectly safe to handle, non-cor­ this potential energy by converting it are pools of heat near the surface that rosive and appeared to be stable in spite into electric power would be met by the do not manifest their presence by reason of all the use it was put to. After pass­ objection that it would be an act of of the lack of other favorable conditions. ing through the turbine this vapor was vandalism to mar the scenic beauty of One of these may be lack of an adequate condensed in a surface condenser and this unique park by the erection of un­ supply of surface water at the particular pumped back into the boiler. So far as sightly powerhouses. spot where the heat pool is located. Or we could see, after many months of use it may be that the water is present but the liquid was unaffected in any way and Natural Beauty Preserved that not all the intervening' strata are the metal it came in contact with was If we were dealing with waterfalls this sufficiently porous or fractured to permit not in any way corroded. would be a valid objection as it would be the surface waters to come in contact The natural question is, why was noth­ necessary to destroy the fall in order to with the hot interior. ing done with it in a commercial way? convert the potential power into elec­ The mathematical chances are very trical power. much against all these favorable condi­ Sun Prodigal of Waste Not so however in the case of geysers tions existing at the same spot. The answer is that we soon discovered and hot springs. Only the run-off or Take the oil industry as a somewhat that by reason of the high latitude and waste waters would need to be used and striking analogy. We know that if we high humidity, a large proportion of the there would be no interference with the had always depended upon natural con­ sun's heat was absorbed before reaching spectacular effects of these hot springs ditions bringing the underground pools the earth. If we went to the dry and and geysers. These. waste waters could of oil to the surface that the oil industry sunny regions in the west then we were be stored in inconspicuous surface tanks would only be a small fraction of what it too far away from the industrial centers or underground tanks flush with the sur­ is now. to permit our transmitting our electric face. The powerhouses would need to Man was obliged to come to nature's power, as the art of long distance trans­ be only one-story or even half a story assistance by drilling the intervening mission was yet in its infancy. In other above ground, and need in no way mar strata and in many cases fracturing this words, we ,,,ere ahead of our times. the scenic beauty of the park. No smoke strata with high explosives and even However, there are other natural stacks, tall chimneys, tall powerhouses, after that pumps sometimes have to be power resources that can be developed coal piles or ash piles would need to spoil used. Much time has to be spent in by this simple system. The two essential or commercialize the landscape. (Continued on page 354) August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 331 Engineer's Technical Notes on Coaxial Cable

ATISFACTORY telephonic communi­ time, its use in communications circuits cation by means of modulated carrier A. T. & T. wins right to experi­ is quite new and possibly still somewhat Scurrents over open and cable wire cir­ in the experimental stage as far as com­ cuits has been used for some time. By ment with hook-up device for mercial applications are concerned. It is this method a single circuit may be em­ television. believed to hold much promise. ployed to carry several conversations at This particular cabl):! and use is cov­ the same time without interference, the ered by patents Nos. 1,835,031, 1,941,- fundamental carrier frequency for each 116, 1,818,027 and 1,795,204, issued to conversation covering a definite band. Successful transmission for television Espenschied, Affel and Green during the The number of bands is limited only by purposes requires a single frequency years 1931 and 1933. Also, there are the transmission constants of the circuits band of about one million cycles and the doubtless other patents. involved and the apparatus required. In cable just described in its entirety meets conventional types of circuits, interfer­ this requirement admirably. In addition The improved cable has been used in ence from outside sources increases as it is especially adapted as a circuit for laboratory experiments to transmit tele­ the over all frequency band broadens teletype machines, telegraphy and pic­ vision images which are clear and defi­ and where the attenuation (reduction in ture transmission. nite. Research has been carried to the signal strength as the distance from the From a mechanical standpoint such point where it is necessary to test its per­ source increases) is relatively great it is cable is relatively easy to handle. The formance under field conditions. necessary to install repeater stations at spacer for the central conductor may be It is a simple device seven-eighths of relatively frequent intervals to an inch in diameter and re­ prevent the signal strength Outer Cylindrical Conductor. sembling any other lead-cov­ from falling to a point where ered cable. The core, however, interference becomes objec­ is made up of two side-by-side tionable. One method of im­ Insulating Spacer. copper tube conductors, each proving the transmission char­ of which contains a copper acteristics of such systems lies wire supported by a series of in the use of a newly developed Inner Solid Conductor. rubber disc insulators which coaxial cable. In general this prevent contact with the tubes. cable consists of an outside The space between the tube cylindrical conductor having and its shielded wire is filled another solid conductor held in Figure 1. with air or nitrogen gas. The its geometric center by insu­ cable also contains eight ordi­ lating spaces as in figure 1. nary telephone wires. The width of frequency band permissible a spirally wound insulating tape with Each tube will carry the current only in such a cable varies approximately as large voids or insulating washers em­ one way. The new cable, officials said, is the square of the inside diameter of the ployed as separators. The conductors are capable of trasmitting a band of frequen­ cylinder. In one size proposed for com­ ordinarily covered with a lead sh"ath to cies about 1,000,000 cycles wide, which mercial purposes where this diameter is keep out moisture, and several such con­ will carry 200 telephone conversations about 0.3 inch, a band of 1,000,000 cycles ductor systems may be enclosed in a or the extremely rapid impUlses neces­ is feasible and with greater diameters single sheath if desired. Unlike conven­ sary for television. this would be increased as indicated. In tional circuits which rely on balance to the size mentioned, with repeater stations reduce interference, the outer conductor located at 10-mile intervals, 200 chan­ is usually grounded. Song of Comradeship nels are available for ordinary telephonic This type of cable is definitely out of conversation assuming another similar the laboratory stage although still ex­ Come, I will make the continent cable is available to complete two-way perimental and offers attractive possi­ indissoluble, operation. It would also be possible to bilities in telephone communications and I will make the most splendid race the allocate 100 bands with two-way trans­ television developments. sun ever shown upon. mission over a single cable. I will make divine magnetic lands, The principal advantage of the coaxial With the love of comrades, type over present conventional forms of Electrical workers are familiar with With the life-long love of comrades. cable lies in the fact that the outer cylin­ methods of transmission using carrier der acts as a shield with the undesirable currents. In brief, certain fundamental I will plant companionship thick as trees interfering currents concentrated on its frequencies constituting a band are as­ along all the rivers of America, and outer surface. The desirable currents, signed to each source. For example, in a along the shores of the great lakes, due to skin effect, are crowded along the circuit having a frequency range of and all over the prairies, inner surface of the cylinder and the out­ 1,000,000 cycles, 200 bands having I will make inseparable cities with their side of the central conductor. It is in­ fundamental carrier frequency range of arms about each other's necks, teresting to note that the shielding be­ 5,000 cycles each are possible. Now if By the love of comrades, comes more effective as the frequency each of the frequency bands is modulated By the manly love of comrades. increases. While the line losses are high, by signals from 200 separate sources, freedom from interference permits the 200 distinct communication channels are -"For You 0 Democracy;' by n'alt Wl1itman. useful signal strength to fall to lower available over one circuit simultaneously levels without injury to quality of trans­ and without interference with each other. There is but one straight road to suc­ mission. The attenuation of the coaxial Satisfactory television transmission cess, and that is merit. The man who is cable is lower than in the usual circuit. in its present state of development re­ successful is the man who is useful. quires the complete service of a circuit For instance, in a No. 16 cable pair the Capacity never lacks opportunity. It over a range of approximately 1,000,000 attenuation at 500 kilocycles is about can not remain undiscovered, because it 8.5 decibels per mile, while with the coax­ cycles, and again this cable fills this is sought by too many anxious to use requirement. ~/ ....- ial type having 0.3 inch inside diameter it.-BoU?·ke Cockran. it is about 4 decibels at the same fre­ While the coaxial cable (so-called be­ quency. In addition, attenuation due to cause the axes of the two conductors are temperature changes is minimized since coincident) in an elementary form has Blessed are the joymakers.-N. P. the dielectric is largely gaseous. been known for a comparatively long Willis. 332 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 Poverty of III.Distributed Abundance By p, J. KING, Machinists Union, Boston

"Human Exploitation," by Norman cludes the book with a chapter that Thomas. Frederick Stokes Com- Human beings not abstractions leaves the reader with thoughts that pany, N. Y. $2.75. linger and cannot be easily forgotten. exploited. Trade unionist likes For he is conscious that we are in the RTISTS in their efforts to portray Norman Thomas' new book, "Hu­ throes of conditions that require some­ A human life and work have too fre­ man Exploitation." thing more than drifting to correct. quently left an impression that to Before taking us into the main hall be poor was, after all, the simplest and where the leading exhibits of human ex­ happiest form of life. Their paintings women in industry and the exploitation ploitation are effectively displayed, Mr. may have had a vogue, but time eventu­ of children. He covers the labor strug­ Thomas has us pause for a few moments ally relegated them to the garret. Now gle as well as the plight of the consumer in his ante room, and with a brief intro­ and then would come a Rembrandt, or a and the small business man. The gov­ duction prepares us for the meaning of Millet, with a firm and direct brush, ernment is likewise called to account for the exhibition. wasting no color on sham. They have its share as an exploiter. He then con- left interpretations of the real meaning (Continued on 'page 351) of poverty that will live for ages as a perpetual challenge to human greed and misrule. The field of literature is being con­ stantly plowed in an effort to yield works that would interpret life and human re­ lations. Too often such efforts have been merely surface plowing and have met with a consequent short life. It re­ quires the feeling of a Dickens, or the understanding of a Tolstoy, to expose the wrongs to which a people are sub­ jected. The works of such writers have had a feeling of reality and have often been the moving force to create an aroused consciousness that abolished abuses long established. In recent years a number of books have been written by men who hurriedly traveled about this cOllntry, jotting im­ pressions on various forms of American life. Their interpretations have been ephemeral. They left a false impression that the years of the depression had no undermining effects on the rugged individualism of the sturdy American worker. The new book by Mr. Thomas is a book of knowledge on the real American life of today. It makes a direct and very effective attack on the causes that are so largely instrumental in bringing on our great and lingering depression. It is an important book. It has ease of style and a clear, direct and convincing exposure of existing wrongs within our social and industrial life. It is pleas­ ingly free of that heavy and ambiguous style that is too frequently affected bv writers when they enter the field of economics and social science and are over careful not to hurt anyone's feelings. Wide Scope of Volume

Mr. Thomas makes no hasty skimmin~ of surface disorders. He has made, as _ he states, test borings of the various strata of exploited America. He starts with men who live on the land, then follows into real estate and homes, and on to the men "who farm for exercise." He drills through the lumber and mining fieids and on to the new sources of power. He gives special attention to wages, working conditions and unem­ ployment; following with chapters on WORK WRITES VITAL NARRATIVES ON HUMAN FACES August, 1995 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 333 States Rapidly Set Up Housing Agencies By HELEN ALFRED, Secretary, Public Hou3ing Conference

HE movement for public housing in by the textile workers of the south for the United States is rapidly switching Wagner-Wood federal housing improving housing conditions, or in any Tinto a nationwide tide of approval. group of employees dependent upon New York and Ohio lead in housing ac­ bill would co-ordinate efforts of company housing for shelter." tivities, but 17 states now authorize local states. Public housing movement The Carl Mackley Houses of the Fed­ housing authorities. This report on state grows. eration of Full Fashioned Hosiery W ork­ activities in the important housing field ers, was represented at the hearings by was recently made to a Senate commit­ John Edelman, secretary of the federa­ tee by Ira S. Robbins, counsel to the New tion. He spoke for the inclusion of pro­ York State Board of Housing. This hear­ moters, the housing of people cannot be visions in the bill which would guarantee ing on the Wagner-Wood Bill revealed left," he said, approving the purposes of full payment of union wage scales on all strong support from many sources, in­ the bill. He further stated his belief government housing construction. The cluding building trades unions and the that the bill would improve conditions in same stipulation was made by Secretary United Mine Workers, for public housing the building industry, in which one-half of Labor Frances Perkins, who appeared under federal auspices. of all construction workers were unem­ to give her approval of the basic aims of ployed, while 50 per cent of those work­ the Wagner-Wood housing bill. A BILL ing were employed on a part-time basis. That section of the bill, providing for To prollwte the public health, safety, and To those conditions declared to exist the establishment of a permanent di­ welfare by providing for the elimina­ in section 1 of the bill, which "under­ vision of housing in the Department of tion of insanitary and dangerous hous­ mine the standards of living of the the Interior, brought official approval ing conditions, to relieve congested American people," Ellis Searles, speak­ from the Secretary of the Interior, areas, to aid in the construction and ing for John L. Lewis, president of the under whom as Administrator of Public supervision of low-rental dwelling ac­ United Mine Workers of America, bore Works, the emergency housing program commodations, and to further national telling witness. Declaring that much of has so far developed. Col. H. B. Hack­ industrial recovery through the em­ the housing of mine workers constituted ett, former head of the housing division ployment of labor and materials. rural or mountain slums, Mr. Searles and now Assistant Deputy Administrator said that the bill offered the opportunity of Public Works, also commended this Under this title testimony was heard for correction of these conditions. provision of the bill. on June 4, 5 and 6 by the Senate com­ Another correction possible under the mittee on education and labor on the bill was the end of the "company town," Mayor La G uard ia Acta W agner-Wood federal public housing which now placed miners at a disad­ Another section, dealing with the ad­ bill and a long range, continuous govern­ vantage in matters of collective bargain­ ment housing program such as has long ministration and execution of a long­ ing, Searles stated. Such company range national low-rental housing pro­ been in effect in England and many of towns were used by mine owners as a gram, won the approval of those munici­ the countries of continental Europe. weapon against strikes. Miners and pal officials who were either present at Introduced in the upper house of Con­ their families were evicted, forced to set the hearings or submitted memoranda gress by Senator Robert F. Wagner, up inadequate shelters, and subjected to supporting the measure. Mayor Fiorello Democrat, New York, as S. 2392, a dup­ great suffering because this prime neces­ La Guardia, of New York City, brought licate of the measure, H. R. 6998, was sity of life remained the property of the the approval of the U. S. conference of brought to the House of Representatives operator rather than the miner. mayors for a national housing program by Congressman Reuben T. Wood, of "Under the pending bill it would ap­ financially aided by the federal govern­ Missouri, and is now being considered by pear possible to rectify these condi­ ment, and executed by cities through the ways and means committee there. tions," he concluded. "In other words, their housing authorities. Langdon Post, The first section of the bill, the decla­ not only the housing standards of the chairman of the New York City Housing ration of policy, declares congested and mine worker may be improved, but his Authority, commended the provisions of insanitary housing conditions to exist, independent economic status assured. the bill that would delegate the initia­ the correction of which would be fos­ Similar opportunities where conditions tion, construction and management of tered if the provision of low-rental hous­ may be unsatisfactory may be utilized (Continued on page 354) ing for wage workers was made a public utility. J. W. Williams, president of the Build­ ing Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor, indicted the past performance of speculative building in providing homes for workers, during the concentration of the working class in the cities, that has gone on in the past decade. In countless cases, said Mr. Williams, these workers have been "vic­ timized by those in control of the proper­ ties with respect to one of the prime necessities of life-shelter. As the popu­ lation has become · more and more con­ centrated in these large centers, the op­ portunities for exploitation have steadily increased." Specula tors H it by Williams Mr. Williams estimated the profits of these exploiters as ranging from 40 to 200 per cent-and even higher in some Court.e.,. PWA cases. "To these unscrupulous pro- A Model of a Modern Apartment Furnishing Light and Air. 334 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 DETAILED AND TABULATED VOTE OF LOCAL UNIONS UPON REFERENDUM PROPOSITIONS I, II, III Following are the individual votes of the local unions of the Brotherhood, on the referendum recently submitted for consideration of the membership. Proposition No. I provides for amending Article XVI by eliminating therefrom the present sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 and substituting therefor new sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 and adding thereto sections 14, 15, 16, and 17. Proposition No. II amends Article XXIX, Section 2, by eliminating the word "shop" and substituting the designation Class "B", and by adding Class "B" chartered after the word "mixed" in the last sentence of Section 2. Proposition No. III amends Article XXIX, Section 8, by eliminating the entire section. PROPOSITION NO. I PROPOSITION NO II PROPOSITION NO. III In favor ______In favor ______20,913 30,803 In favor ___ .______30,799 Dpposed ------2,530 Opposed ------2,538 Opposed ------2,543

L.U. In Favor Opposed L.U. In Favor Oppose,tl L.U. In Favor Opposed No. Propositions Propositions :>io. l'roposltions PropoRitions :>io. Propositions Propositions I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III L __ 680 680 680 237 ___ 11 11 11 580 ___ 31 31 31 2 ___ 240 ___ 15 15 582 ___ 15 15 15 170 170 170 15 583 ___ 3 ___ 5600 5600 5600 241-__ 12 12 12 25 25 25 L __ 58L __ 88 88 88 8 8 8 243 ___ 5 5 5 585 ___ 6 ___ 245 ___ 124 124 124 380 380 380 254 254 254 58'8 ___ 15 15 15 2 2 2 1-__ 102 102 102 252 ___ 8 8 8 590 ___ 8 ___ 9 9 9 11 11 11 29 29 29 253 ___ 16 16 16 595 ___ 25 25 25 9 ___ 1333 1333 1333 25L __ 8 8 8 599 ___ 20 20 20 12 ___ 10 10 10 255 ___ 6 6 6 600 ___ 5 5 5 16 ___ 70 70 70 259 ___ 36 36 36 60L __ 25 25 25 17 ___ 720 720 720 263 ___ 18 18 18 611 ___ 30 30 30 18 ___ 574 574 574 271 ___ 8 8 8 613 ___ 134 134 134 25 ___ 119 119 119 275 ___ 14 14 14 1 1 1 614 ___ 8 8 8 20 ___ 359 359 359 276 ___ 44 44 44 611-__ 12 12 12 28 ___ 300 300 300 271-__ 45 45 45 622 ___ 6 6 6 31-__ 162 162 162 288 ___ 15 15 15 623 ___ 14 14 14 33 ___ 7 7 7 292 ___ 150 150 150 631-__ 17 17 17 1 1 1 3L __ 53 53 53 293 ___ 6 6 6 632 ___ 14 14 14 35 ___ 23 23 :!3 1 1 1 30L __ 10 10 10 636 ___ 40 40 40 36 ___ 42 42 42 302 ___ il6 36 36 642 ___ 17 17 17 38 ___ 715 715 715 30L __ 24 24 24 3 3 3 649 ___ 23 23 23 4 4 4 39 ___ 215 215 215 308 ___ 13 13 13 656 ___ 20 20 20 40 ___ 1413 1412 1411 2 4 4 309 ___ 288 288 288 660 ___ 22 22 22 41-__ 274 274 274 31L __ 89 89 89 663 ___ 54 54 54 4(L __ 236 236 236 317 ___ 7 7 7 66L __ 66 66 66 48 ___ 48 48 48 14 14 14 323 ___ 22 22 22 2 2 2 665 ___ 8 8 6 8 8 10 52 ___ 550 550 550 il25 ___ 50 50 50 1:1:1: !U ,,"- tJ3 ___ 11:l 11:l 78 326 ___ 146 ,146 146 669 __ = -8 """-8 -8 56 ___ 20 20 20 il28 ___ 11 11 11 1 1 1 67L __ 13 13 13 57 ___ 18 18 18 329 ___ 65 65 65 675 ___ 2'8 28 28 15 15 15 60 ___ 49 49 49 332 ___ 24 22 24 4 4 4 677 ___ 86 86 86 64 ___ 60 60 60 il40 ___ 40 40 40 678 ___ 30 30 30 65 ___ 53 54 53 14 13 14 343 ___ 9 9 9 69L __ 9 9 9 6r. ___ 282 282 282 344-__ 22 22 22 695 ___ 11 11 11 2 2 --2 68 ___ 141 147 147 345 ___ 8 8 8 691-__ 84 84 84 70 ___ 21 21 21 341-__ 84 84 84 707 ___ 19 19 19 73 ___ 90 90 90 348 ___ 126 126 126 710 ___ 10 10 10 76 ___ 80 80 80 349 ___ 138 138 138 71L __ 99 99 99 77 ___ 575 575 575 353 ___ 272 272 272 713 ___ 500 500 500 79 ___ 32 32 32 2 2 ., 354 ___ HJ In In 716 ___ 184 184 184 8:L __ 307 307 307 308 ___ 13 13 13 38 38 38 711-__ 36 36 36 84-__ 130 130 130 H60 ___ 14;') 145 145 723 ___ 132 132 132 8('-__ 160 160 160 363 ___ 23 23 23 727 ___ 2 2 2 90 ___ 78 78 ",,,, 371-__ 40 40 40 730 ___ 25 25 25 9L __ 13 13 13 379 ___ 19 19 19 73L __ 17 17 17 96 ___ '87 87 87 40L __ 14 14 14 1 1 1 736___ 6 6 6 1 1 1 98 ___ 232 232 232 405 ___ 23 23 23 757 ___ 14 14 14 100 ___ 45 45 45 406 ___ 22 22 22 760 ___ 107 107 107 103 ___ 1081 1081 1081 413 ___ 41 41 41 76L __ 22 22 22 10L __ 223 223 223 418 ___ 151 151 151 779 ___ 2 2 2 8 8 --8 106 ___ 36 36 36 424- __ 8 8 8 794 ___ 185 185 185 10, ___ 31 31 31 3 3 3 421-__ III 19 HI 798 ___ 16 16 16 108 ___ 12 12 12 435 ___ il" 35 35 '80L __ 90 90 90 110 ___ 120 120 120 44L __ 12 12 12 802 ___ 8 8 8 4 4 114-__ 8 8 8 443 ___ 11 11 11 801-__ 25 25 25 • 116 ___ 27 27 27 3 3 3 444-__ 12 12 12 838 ___ 26 26 26 121-__ 90 90 90 458 ___ 20 20 20 --- 842 ___ 7 7 7 12,, ___ 555 555 555 459 ___ 31 ill 31 2 2 :L 846___ 14 14 14 127 ___ 6 5 2 1 4 46L __ 26 26 26 854-__ 19 19 19 129 ___ 15 15 15 465 ___ 20 20 20 855 ___ 11 11 11 130___ 48 48 48 14 14 14 466 ___ Gij (ij 65 863 ___ 8 8 8 134-__ 4953 4953 4953 140 140 14U 470 ___ 8 8 8 864 ___ 54 54 54 136 ___ 23 23 23 1 1 1 48L __ IG5 Inn 108 :~ 2 870 ___ 9 9 9 138 ___ 22 22 22 483 ___ 78 H2 92 14 878 ___ 11 11 11 145 ___ 21 21 21 22 22 :n 497 ___ 15 15 15 886 ___ 43 43 43 15L __ 265 265 265 499 ___ ilO il6 36 902 ___ 39 39 39 152 ___ 39 "OL __ 295 2U:i 903 ___ 156 ___ 39 39 295 10 10 10 27 27 27 002 ___ 6 B 6 912_':_ 50 50 50 158 ___ 10 10 10 3 3 --3 004-__ 10 10 10 918 ___ 11 11 11 160 ___ 21 21 21 1 1 1 528 ___ 108 lOS 108 922 ___ 5 5 0 16L __ 10 10 10 106 106 lOt; 536 ___ 11 11 11 928 ___ 11 11 11 175 ___ 531-__ 949 ___ li7 ___ 22 22 22 16 Hi 16 8 8 8 41 41 41 540 ___ 24 24 24 956 ___ 6 6 6 178 ___ 9 9 9 ;;45 ___ 10 lfi 16 991-__ 5 5 5 180 ___ 17 17 17 1 1 1 549 ___ Hi 1fI 16 995 ___ 20 20 18L __ 20 51 51 51 1)5L __ ;; 5 5 1021-__ 9 9 9 19L __ 8 '8 8 558 ___ 20 20 20 11 11 11 1024-__ 57 57 193 ___ ;,oL __ 57 32 31 31 8 R 8 135 1:~5 13" 1029 ___ 9 9 9 19L __ 34 34 34 562 ___ 19 19 19 ' 1037 ___ lDfi ___ 140 140 140 170 170 170 565 ___ fi Ii fi :! 2 2 1047 ___ 26 26 196 ___ 567 ___ 26 --- 31 31 31 53 ;'3 53 1086 ___ 39 39 39 212 ___ 257 257 257 508 ___ 20 20 20 109L __ 222 ___ 9 9 9 6 6 6 569 ___ lfin 1(W 160 1095 ___ 31 31 31 223 ___ 17 17 17 3 3 3 574-__ 37 37 37 1118 ___ 17 233 ___ 577 ___ 17 17 92 92 92 3 4 3 9 8 9 114L __ 70 70 70 August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 335 Public Works Wages Subject of Order

CTING International President Ed­ "Be it further resolved, That in the ward D. Bieretz has communicated Acting International President event that the prevailing hourly rate pre­ A with local unions relative to orders scribed under collective agreements or of the Secretary of the Interior on wage communicates with local unions understandings between organized labor rates on public works as follows: concerning orders from Secretary and employers on March 1, 1935, shall be above the minimum set for any district "July 17, 1935. of the Interior. within that zone, that agreed wage rate "To Members of the International Staff: shall be the rate to be paid for employees "Dear Sirs and Brothers: on construction projects financed from "From time to time you have been if there were in effect on April 30, 1933, funds appropriated by the Administrator informed by this office about the Public rates established under collective agree­ of Public Works under the authority of Works Administration-its rules and ments or understandings between organ­ the National Industrial Recovery Act." regulations-and changes and interpre­ ized labor and employers higher than 3. That paragraph 3 of said resolution tations that have been made. . the PWA minimum rates, such agreed shall not be applicable to contracts to "For some time there has been con­ rates should apply; and which paragraph 2 of this order is siderable discussion about the provisions Whereas the effectiveness of the rates applicable. dealing with wage rates. When the thus established was limited, as to ~ach HAROLD L. ICKES, regulations were first established they construction contract, to one year from Administrator. provided for a zone rate of wages, except the date of the contract; and Presidential approval: when the union rate was higher, as of Whereas many projects financed in FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, April 30, 1933. There was also a 12 whole or in part by the Federal Emer­ The White House, July 1, 1935. months' provision limiting such wage gency Administration of Public W orks rate. have now been under contract at least a "As a result of numerous conferences full year; now, therefore, it is hereby New Appropriation and the recommendations of the PWA ordered labor advisory board, the P ublic Works 1. That in the case of contracts P . W. 37482. Administration has now changed the financed from funds appropriated by the Federal Emergency Administration rules and regulations to provide for the Administrator of Public Works under of P ublic Works union rate being as of 'March 1, 1935,' the authority of the National Industrial PWA Press Section and also to eliminate the 12 months pro­ Recovery Act, whether heretofore or For Release Monday, July 15, 1935. vision. hereafter executed, the rates specified in Release No. 1494 "Under date of July 9, Release P. W. paragraph 1 of said resolution shall con­ Announcement of regulations govern­ 37411 was sent out by the Public Works tinue in effect even after the expiration ing PWA's participation in the $4,000,- Administration. A copy of the release of the 12 months' period prescribed in 000,000 works program under the Emer­ and the administrative order, which has paragraph 3 of said resolution; gency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 received presidential approval, is here­ 2. That, as to contracts for which the was made today by Public Works Ad­ with enclosed and is sent you for your advertisement or invitation for bids shall ministrator, Harold L. Ickes. information and guidance. be approved by the contracting officer, or The new procedure governing PWA "Please understand that all of the in the case of non-federal projects, by projects provides for examination of above and Release P. W. 37411 deal only the state engineer, after the 15th day projects in the states, a more simple with what now may be called the old following presidential approval of this form of contract consisting of an offer PWA; that is from funds previously ap­ order, the following paragraph shall by the government and acceptance by propriated prior to this year. apply in lieu of paragraph 2 of said the applicant, advanced payments of a "You are all somewhat familiar with resolution: (Continued on page 351) the Works Progress Administration and the four billion dollar fund that is to be expended as a relief measure. Part of the fund will be handled through the Public Works Administration. In con­ nection with this Public Works Adminis­ trator Harold L. Ickes issued a release under date of July 15, known as P. W. 37482. This release deals with the wage rates and working conditions under which PWA projects will be carried on from funds allocated from the appro­ priation voted by Congress at this ses- sion. "Sincerely, "E. D. BIERETZ. "Acting International President." The administrative order follows: Old Appropriation P . W. 37411 Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works Washington, D. C., June 17, 1935. Administrative order re: Wage Rates Whereas the Administrator and the special board of public works adopted a resolution on August 14, 1933, estab­ CopyrIght Hurls & Ewing lishing zonal minimum wage rates for PRESAGES RENEWED PAN-AMERICAN HARMONY Louis Morones (right), noted Mexican labor leader , conters with President Green In Washington, public works projects and providing that while Santiago Iglesias, Secretary of the Pan-American Federation of Labor, approves. 336 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Opemtors August, 1935

shallow criticism will not be leveled at the International JOURNAL OF Labour Conference. Criticism is needed but it should rest ELECTRICAL WORKERS upon knowledge, and not upon snap judgments. Official Publica Hon International Brolhertiood of Electrical Workers 18 Copper For 18 copper cents a 19-year old boy became Cents the unwitting tool of the electric utilities trust. Devoted of For three cents a head he got six signers to to the Organized telegrams dictated in New York by utility magnates, and sent to Congressmen. Thus public opinion is manufactured and Cause Labor thus democracy is made the weapon of plutocracy. While phony statesmen rant and tear their hair about "standing by the Constitution," while they prate about American liberty Volume XXXIV \Vashington, D. C., August, 1!l3G :\'0.8 and American institutions, these institutions are being de­ bauched by the masters of these phony statesmen-big busi­ International American workers are little aware as to ness leaders. Even so, the manufactured public opinion only Industrial what degree and extent American business had weight with those Congressmen who had been spoken Parliament is operating on an international scale. to by the power lobbyists in Washington. As the obscene American automobiles, American movies, methods of these lobbyists and these utility magnates become American soap, American music, American rubber, American plainer to the people, the said magnates lose what little right telephon.es, American steel, American sporting goods, and they had to lead. As they undermine American institutions .American oil have penetrated to every section of the globe. and as their paid spokesmen shout more loudly for American American capital is operating in every nation in the world. institutions, the process of social change goes on, and in the Heads of American corporations, through their representatives end they will not only be defeated, but they will be toppled in other countries, are ·forming alliances with big business in from their thrones. these nations and are entering into agreements and cartels that affect the lives, not only of the workers of these countries but the lives of American workers at home. These are facts, facts with momentous meanings. If American workers are going Warni.ng! Before the 1936 political campaign opens enectiveiy to meet this situation they must have some instru­ Danger Ahead formally, and before we can be charged ment of expression or some instrument of co-operation as be­ with partisanship, we want to point out tween them and workers of other countries, and this instru­ to the readers of the ELECTRICAL WORKERS JOURNAL that a ment, is at hand in the form of the International Labour bitter contest-probably the most bitter in the history of the Conference. country-is in the making. Already the highly paid business There are opportunities for American workers to gather propagandists have begun an attack on the administration, an wrong impressions of the International Labour Conference. attack which when scanned coolly can not be described by any Some workers will no doubt view it as a pleasant convention other words but unfair and unwise. These propagandists are of workers, employers, and government representatives, which using every weapon known to publicity men, half-truths, has very little value to anyone. They may also view it as a innuenda, shaded insinuations and appeals to patriotic senti­ pleasant diversion for this or that fortunate delegate who ment, all these with but one point' in mind-to permit big attends, but of little real value to the American labor move­ business to escape ,regulation. It is plain to see that brother ment. Both of these views are erroneous. The International will be pitted against brother, family against family; and eco­ Labour Conference is an international industrial parliament nomic groups will be arrayed against each other . We are that not only records world public opinion but also advances passing into an era of conflict, dangerous in the extreme. Every good social and labor standards in backward countries. labor unionist has a duty not to be fooled, to see that he is Though the standards set up by the International Labour Con­ not gulled by gross and colored propaganda, that he gets the ference may fall short of the standards achieved and sought by facts, that he understands the trends, he sees the present American labor, still such standards form a background in against the background of history, and that above all he will which American labor will find it easier to attain its aims. not forget it is labor's duty to strive for a more social and It is to be hoped that American labor will not take a super­ just world. ficial view of the International Labour Conference. American labor had a delegate at the conference for the first ti,me this year. This delegate per'formed with ho~or' arul' c9~peten.cy l That Sales . It is to be regretted if the U. S. Treasury to himself and to the American labor movement. The con­ Tax! Department gives th~t' impetus to the sales' ference voted for a universal 40-hour week, and passed a tax which the press states it is considering­ convention for the glass bottle industry setting up a standard namely, the issuance of mill pieces and other midget coins. The of 40 hours. These are distinct gains which should make it only hope of defeating the sales tax is in making it the nuisance easier for American workers to attain the 30-hour week, their that it is in effect. In those states where it has been put into goal in this country. It is to be hoped that captious and effect, it is pressing down bitterly upon wage earners. Here August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 337 is a statement of a waitress making $18 per week. She said, upon other sections of the population. We have repeatedly "It seems unfair that a person making $18 per week must pay shown that racketeering has been but an imitation of the acts a tax and especially a tax on everything she eats and wears." of corporations and corporation heads with their galaxy of This, of course, is the sum total of the sales tax device. It is high-powered la,vyers. Ace racketeers imitated the policies a device to exempt the rich and force the poor to pay an of big business, surrounded themselves with expensive lawyers unjust proportion of taxes. As Mr. William Randolph Hearst and when these failed, took what they wanted at the point so adroitly phrases it, the "thrifty"-namely, the billionaries­ of a gun. There is no difference either in the kind or degree must not be taxed, but the $18 per week waitress and stenog­ of the acts of racketeers and big business. Fascism is founded rapher must be. upon this philosophy.

Why Arbitration A good deal is being said about the Another Step "\Vith the death of the NRA two points Repels arbitration of labor disputes these days Downward have been settled. First, did the NRA but before arbitration can be a success increase purchasing power? Second, can its friends should examine the following facts: business revive without increased purchasing power? 1. Corporation lawyers inject themselves into the proceed­ The NRA increased purchasing power largely on a nega­ ings. They are trained in the art of quibbling, retardation, tive basis by preventing business men from cutting wages. and obstruction. They are usually paid on a per diem basis With the death of the ~RA wages have been sharply cut all with large fees and do not care to end the proceedings quickly. along the line. Assistant Secretary of Labor Edward Mc­ Until actual representatives of management elect to appear Grady estimates that the total amount of the cut has run into" for the company in these proceedings, little real progress is billions of dollars. Second, while stocks are hiking on the stock likely to be made. exchange and while big dividends are being declared by opulent 2. Newspapers in a search for sensational news fail to get corporations, retail sales lag and hungry people increase. the social significance of arbitration proceedings and often There can be no business revival under these conditions. jockey both sides into an attitude of deferring to the press. 3. Arbitration procedure has not been worked out as yet to facilitate decision and fairness. It is an untried method "Calamity of vVe hope that many of our readers have read and until this procedure becomes fixed and non-legalistic, Recovery" closely "The Calamity of Recovery," by arbitration will not recommend itself to labor. John P. Frey, published in the American 4. Labor is required to pay an equal amount with the com­ Federationist for July. This is a careful study of the total pany in the costs of arbitration. The company is well able to economic situation as it exists in the United States today. The foot the bills and labor has very little funds. figures are unchallengable. 5. It is difficult to find a so-called neutral member of the l\1r. Frey carefully shows how machine processes are rapidly arbitration board technically capable of grasping the elements reducing the working force-how a smaller and smaller income that go to make up an industrial dispute, eminently fair and is going to workers and farmers. Mr. Frey's conclusions are forceful enough to discipline the disputants. also sound, namely, that the 'depression is not an act of nature With the demise of the NRA and with the rise in the number of strikes, it is expected that arbitration will be but "the result of policies, practices and standards applied by pushed as the way out, but arbitration will not be a success the captains of finance and industry." Mr. Frey also points as long as these factors remain unfaced and unsolved. out that the government must play a larger role in the regu­ lation of hours of labor and other such important matters. Emphatically Mr. Frey declares: Abolishing The direction American Fascism seems to be "While the government is spending billions of dollars in an Congress taking is toward abolishing Congress by nulli­ effort to put men back to work, industry, through the applica­ fying its acts. When a social law is passed tion of modern methods of production, is rapidly throwing designed to advance the welfare of the entire nation, if it large numbers of men out of employment. limits the powers of big business, then big business refuses to "It is evident that there must be a material reduction in the obey this law until it has been passed upon by the Supreme hours of labor. This would advantageously come through Court. This means a period of chaos of at least two years with the voluntary action of employers. If they fail to act, then consequent havoc wrought upon the general morale. Big the people of the nation, who must eventually repay the billions business appears confident always that the Supreme Court will of dollars now being spent to relieve unemployment, will act in behalf of its interests. The procedure is plain. When properly and justly demand national legislation which will a social act is introduced in Congress some vague or obscur­ effectively reduce the hours of labor." antist provision is put into the act. This becomes the basis for court cases and then the farcical procedure commences through lower courts, through middle courts, and finally to the Nature has but one judgment on wrong conduct-the judg­ highest court. ment of death. If you waste too much food you starve; too vVe have pointed out before in these columns that the law­ much fuel, you freeze; too much nerve, you collapse. lessness of big business has had marked effect as an example -Oliver Wendell Holmes. 338 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 WOMAN'S WORK

A VACATION FOR MOTHER? SHE'S EARNED IT!

By SALLY LL'C\C\

HOULD Mrs. Housewife take a week mer cottage where you will get plenty and follow it for all you're worth, his or two off from her job and have of recreation, that's fine. Or if they treatment, diet, exercises and all. A S her summer vacation trip just as live in a big interesting city you've chronic ailment usually is not cured in though she were a regular salaried longed to visit because there are so many a week or two but surprisingly often a worker? Well, I can just hear the objec­ things you want to see, you might profit­ start can be made, habits formed, and tions-from the family-and many from ably spend your vacation there. But if enough progress accomplished so that mother herself. She is so engrossed in you would visit someone who is swal­ you can carryon your cure when you providing for their comfort and conserv­ lowed up in the same household routine return home. ing the family finances and with her many you are trying to escape from, don't do Don't, if you can avoid it, go where it except as a last resort for it would responsibilities-it just doesn't seem you will be expected to assist with any mean only a partial escape. Plan to have that they can get along without her even housework. A camping trip where for a day. The other members of the as complete a change as you can manage. family are inclined to agree with her, In this matter of complete change, I mother struggles with the oil stove, car­ ries buckets of water, cooks, sweeps, for it would certainly mean a sacrifice might mention that it's psychologically washes dishes-is worse than home. of their convenience and ease if mother sound advice not to take the family with you. In a change of scene there should were not there. So maybe mother sticks Recreation and Rest by the Week to her job, and she is weary and nervous be a change of persons also. If members and they say she's getting old fashioned of your family are with you, you will Staying at a resort may not seem like -she's in a rut. depend on them for companionship, do an original thing to do, but millions of The truth is that the housewife needs what they want to do, instead of making people do it and enjoy it, or there a vacation trip sometimes a great deal new social contacts and doing what you wouldn't be so many resorts. Where more than any wage worker. In keeping want to do yourself. Doctors who have there is fine scenery and fine recreation house you have to supply your own igni­ studied nervous strain growing- out of YOu'll aIways find a resort handy, so you t.inll :po'.X.rer :!~ ~:cl1 as i"iiCitivt! power. A famiiy relationships advise that even have an excellent choice. This sort of car has a motor that drives the wheels husband and wife have an occasional vacation has much to recommend it for but it also has a starter to start the separate vacation. It helps to keep them the housewife. In the first place the motor. Or, if you like this simile bet­ interested in each other, and it is so management takes care of all the house­ ter, in the business world you have much easier to appreciate a person's keeping. In the second place she will executives who give orders and workers good qualities when he or she is not be among a group of people all with who carry out the orders. The house­ with you. If you feel that you cannot leisure time which they propose to use wife has to be both. While in many ways possibly go by yourself among strangers for enjoyment. It is quite easy to make keeping house is an ideal job it can be and make friends, it's a sign that that acquaintances. Almost every hotel, cot­ a very strenuous one, too. . is just exactly what you need to do. tage or camp now employs a "hostess" The American continent is so beauti­ A vacation should not be thought of who is there purposely to introduce peo­ fully supplied with vacation spots that as simply a period of selfish enjoyment. ple, plan amusements, and see that the main difficulty usually is in choosing It should be a means of toning yourself everybody has a good time. It's quite which one you'd prefer. Lakes, moun­ up, mentally and physically, for your worth while to explain yourself to her. tains, forests, rivers are scattered fetch: next year of work. Make a diagnosis Tell her what you would enjoy doing ingly hither and yon, and the ocean is of yourself-pick out the faults you and she'll do her best to provide you with available at practically all points on the would like to eradicate, whether of pleasant companionship. And if there is coast line. health or personality--':'the extra pounds something you would like to learn, from Of course you start by figuring out around the waist you want to get rid of, swimming to playing bridge, she can usu­ the practical ways and means. How or the bad habits you are conscious of ally find you instruction, sometimes at a much money can you appropriate for and don't seem able to break. Make fee, but quite often free. your trip? N ow if you are thrifty all up your mind that you will bring back a year round, and most of us are, I'd say, better looking, more interesting, pleas­ Remodel Your Personality be generous with yourself for a change. anter woman than the one you take away Too often mother comes out on the short with you. Make yourself tackle sports, amuse­ ments-in spite of embarrassment or end for clothes, entertainment, and other Chronic Ills Disappear items of personal spending money. The fear. Joggle up your muscles and your kids dress up and step out-now it's If you have some persistent, chronic personality. Be a good sport, be as at­ tractive, courteous and pleasant as you mother's turn. ailment that is slowing you up, keeping you miserable and irritable, then your can. It's a tremendous tonic to a mid­ Plan a Complete Change vacation frequently offers the means to dle-aged housewife to find that strangers begin your cure. Many jokes have been consider her an interesting, attractive What you decide about money helps to made about doctors advising their pa­ woman. Give yourself a chance. Don't determine where you shall go and how tients to take a trip for. whatever ailed try ~o look or act like a flapper, but put long you may stay. Well, you say, I them-but often it's sound advice. When your best self forward. could go over and visit my sister and take you are carrying on with your home Here's a hint. In buying clothes for the bus, it wouldn't cost much. Whoa! routine you do not have time or energy your trip, don't buy everything before Unless your sister is vacationing herself, to take care of yourself. Ask your doc­ you leave home, unless you are sure that don't do it. If you have friends or rela­ tor to recommend what kind of vacation where you are going shops are either tives living at a resort town, or a sum- will do you most good, take his advice (Continued on next page) August, 1985 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 339

Women'. Auxiliary I ~ ~i

WOMEN'S AUXILIARY L. U. NO. 444, ~ [q PONCA CITY, OKLA. ~ ~ Editor: ~ In reading the July JOURNAL I find only two letters from auxiliaries. I'm afraid the most of us fell down after the rally in June. Ri i Perhaps if we would have more letters in [q the JO URNAL it would induce more auxil­ ~ iaries to organize. I know that our auxiliary has accomplished a lot in the short time we have been organ­ ized, and we expect to go steadily forward. We are affiliated with the Joint Council of Women's Auxiliaries, of St. Louis, and feel that that organization is well worth be­ longing to. The oil field workers auxiliary invited our I auxiliary and families as special guests to their monthly entertainment last month. It was a "weenie" roast, and we enjoyed it very much. We were especially glad to get ac­ quainted with a number of their members, Courteav U. S. Bureau 01 Home Economic8. and we hope to work with them a lot in the future. THE SALAD MEAL Our entertainment for August is to be a picnic, with members of the losal union as BY SALLY LUNN guests. Let's have more letters in the JOURNAL Most families like salads in sum­ For the starchy portion of your from auxiliaries, and let us hope to hear from mer time particularly, and if you meal, in contrast to the salad it is some newly organized auxiliaries. If the will plan your menu scientifically nice to have something hot, such as Brothers only realized how much a women's you may make a salad the main dish hot bread or rolls. Little "pocket­ organization can do for the union cause and yet include all the necessary ele­ book" rolls of bread dough are mar­ every local union would want an auxiliary ments of diet. velous with salad. Corn bread or to their local. For vitamins and minerals-the corn sticks are nice, piping hot so ELLA BlNGHAM. fresh vegetables and greens in the salad. that the butter melts when you For carbohydrates, or starchy spread them. Cheese sticks of bread foods-the rolls, sandwiches, bis­ dough flavored with cheese, will be (Continued from preceding page) cuits or bread you will naturally eaten by the dozens. Feathery light inaccessible or prohibitively high priced. serve with salad. muffins are irresistible. The old re­ It's fun to shop around in resort shops. For proteins you may choose liable baking powder biscuits are among a variety of cheeses, cold particularly attractive when cut in Also, you'll be able to form a better idea small rounds. If you have a scrap of what clothes will be suitable after meats, including chicken or fish, and eggs. of dry cheese in the ice box, grate it you arrive. For the necessary fats, the butter and add to your biscuit dough. It Making a success of your vacation is with your rolls and the oil in the provides a pleasant flavor. up to you, and if you make a good job of mayonnaise, Russian or French dres­ To the old time southern cook it, when you go back home you'll not sing supplies all that is needed for a ''hot braid" that isn't hot is hor­ only feel different, you'll look different. normal diet. rifying. It should go from the Your walk is brisker, your figure more With a good refrigerator a jellied oven to the consumer in the short­ salad is easy to prepare and usually est possible time. A biscuit should erect. Some of those flabby muscles be hot enough to scorch your fingers have hardened up a bit. Your skin has charming in appearance. Use your imagination and you can think of as you pull it apart. As soon as the a healthy glow. You've had your hair many combinations that will be both plate of biscuits had cooled it would done differently and you have a new hat colorful and flavorsome. One of my be removed and a fresh, hot supply that takes years off yo.ur age. Your favorites is jellied canned fish, such brought in from the kitchen. Al­ eyes sparkle and your smile looks as as mackerel or salmon, with thin though we don't have the colored though you meant it. You've had a strips of green pepper or pimento servants to put in and pull out the swell time but you're eager to get back for contrast, made in a ring mold biscuits for us, we can easily form to your regular job. The meals were and served with the center filled with the rule of baking two or more cabbage salad. The cabbage, mixed small pans of our hot bread, instead fine and you picked up lots of ideas you with a creamy mayonnaise, holds of one large one; and putting them want to tryout, but you're hungry for enough dressing for the whole dish. into the oven at lO-minute intervals your own cooking. And your own home A similar jellied salad is illustrated instead of all at once, to insure a and family look mighty good to you. here, made in individual molds. This fresh, piping hot supply as it is Well, what of the family? While you is a meat and vegetable salad. No needed. And you will, of course, were gone they've had a start at making recipe is given, but when you go to time the serving of dinner with the new habits. You weren't there to pick your ice box and find bits of left­ time the biscuits are just ready. up for them and they found out they'd over chicken, a few slices of ham, If you just can't possibly mix up cold cooked carrots and green beans, and bake the hot bread, you can have to do it themselves. If you are a tomato, part of a head of lettuce take baker's bread or rolls and heat clever you can make some permanent that you can shred, and similar in­ them in a variety of ways. The sim­ improvements in their habits. What is gredients; we suggest you combine plest, of course, is to make toast at more important, they've learned that thein with discretion in a tartly the table on your electric toaster mother is not a general utility operated flavored gelatine. The ingredients or, for a change, make bread sticks for their benefit exclusively, she's a hu­ are usually cut into small cubes or in the oven. SandWich rolls are man being, and though she's so necessary strips for better appearan~e and ease excellent when split, buttered and for their happiness she's entitled to her in eating. toasted under the broiler. own good times. ~~~~~~~22222222~~~5555~~~~~~22222222~ I

340 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1985 CORRESPONDENCE

L. U. NO. 28, BALTIMORE, MD. the indifference of his men because it means money in his pocket. The whole thing is Editor: READ cold blooded business. Has been so long since I last wrote for the The maintenance men of the U. T. W. work JOURNAL I hardly know how, but first I want Planned scarcity, by L. U. No. 526. Good news from Montgomery, by for 86 cents per hour with three helpers to to explain to our members of Local No. 28 every mechanic, and the I. B. E. W. mechanic how your dues are taken care of. You must put L. U. No. 443. Dues pay plan proposed, by L. U. demands $1.50 per hour and a ratio of two a time card in the office weekly, stating the mechanics to everyone helper. My personal number of hours and amount of money earned No. 292. Municipal power prospects, by opinion is that the solution to the problem and where employed, and whether at the end lies in suggestion number three. of each quarter you have five cents on each L. U. No. 175. Unions get wages for non-union I trust that local unions faced with the dollar earned to pay toward your dues. Any same situation will communicate with me and journeyman earning $240 must pay the full men, by L. U. No. 353. Remarks on Toledo Plan, by L. U. offer their suggestions. More about this condi· amount of $12, any helper earning $220 must tion later. also pay the full amount, $11. Now get this No. 245. Industrial unionism, by L. U. No. S. J. CRISTIANO, straight, journeymen less than $240, your Business Manager. difference is made up, and $220 also made up 102. by Local Union No. 28. Also, there has been Bachie elected, by L. U. No. 211. a change made in your officers since the res­ Midsummer finds the scribes on the firing line delivering up-to-the­ L. U. NO. lSI, SAN FRANCISCO, ignation of Brother Lawson as president, CALIF. namely: minute news. Read and Brother A. Gettman from vice president to encourage 'em. Well, Brothers, the joint executive board president; Brother R. Forrest, chairman, ex­ of the San Francisco bay counties, compris­ ecutive board; Brother R. Melchoir, Brother ing Locals No.6, 50, 151, 332, 302, 537, 595 C. Sholtz, Brother L. Gauthrop, Brother H. and 617, held their third annual picnic on Brooks, Brother A. Hoffman, executive board. ing, repaIrIng, maintaining and relocating June 16, last, and it was a wonderful affair. Now you know who are your executive any equipment within the property lines of a It was the largest gathering that we have board members. Brother S. Duhan, business plant. Only when a new factory or addition had as yet, and everybody had a good, pleas­ representative,; Brother T. J. Fagen, financial thereto is being built does the I. B. E. W. 'ant outing. The board, through their dues, secretary; Brother A. C. Kries, treasurer. mechanic get the electrical work and then gives the picnic free to the members and Local No. 28 has, also reaffiliated with the only after considerable arguments and ston­ their friends, and in this wav manv of our 'Rni!ding T!72.dee :!!1d th~ l\1:~rylai'id Stat€: page of the entire operation by other build­ old members come in contact-with their old and District of Columbia Federations of ing mechanics. time pals that they have not seen for years. Labor, and it seems as though the business In carefully studying this situation I have We solicit prizes from our bosses, trades­ representatives of all locals are on the run come to the conclusion that we of the I. B. E. men, and whomever we can get a prize from, from special meetings to various jobs. I W. have one of three alternatives that could and believe me we have plenty. Plenty for wish them luck, and more power to electrical be used in attempting to solve this problem. all the races and many gate prizes. Some of workers, for surely we could stand a shock No. 1. Concede this work to U. T. W. the members did not leave the grounds until about now. No.2. Appeal to the A. F. of L. near 10 p. m. Some of them took home Although Joe Northrup don't care he's No.3. Direct competition. more than they took down. And for eats! cleaning up. Medicus still hangs around wait­ Let us take suggestion number one. If we Well, a single man does not need to bring ing for some of us to kick off. Yes, he's a would concede this work to the U. T. W. then any lunch. florist. Johnnie Garenty passes away time tne only work opportunities that would be Through the efforts of Brother Gene playing cards all alone. Bob Neuton gets a left for our members would be new construc­ Gaillac, of 595, we had a public address sys· laugh when I get a beer glass along side the tion. If we did this we would also be violat­ tern on the grounds, and occasionally it was skull. Dave Jones sports a nice, new bent ing our responsibility in upholding our inter­ necessary to use it out of the regular rou­ finger for life. Lark Davis sports a brand national charter grant from the A. F. of L. tine to call some member or committeeman new Buick, and off to California and Canada. I know that we will agree that suggestion that had strolled to some remote part of Well, such is life, and here is where the number one is not feasible. the grounds. We also used it to furnish writer- Now for number two, appeal to the A. F. of music for those who wanted to dance, and PARKS. L. This appeal has been made through I want to say that Brother Dan Kennedy de­ Brother Bugniazet and the 'decision, was that. serves every. bit of praise and thanks that the U. T. W. turn this work over to the can be 'given him' for supplying this public L. U. NO. 102, PATERSON, N. J. I. B. E. W. The U. T. W. ignored this and address system, gratis. The total expenses Editor: openly defied the A. F. of L. I, personally, of the picnic were about $90, and through Local No. 102 and a great number of other believe that the A F. of L. is not strong donations the net expense to the board was locals situated in industrial centers are faced enough to make President McMahon, of the around $40, and everyone went home with the problem of combating or adjusting U. T. W., live up to its decision. That leaves satisfied. themselves to the philosophy of industrial number two out. At the last meeting of the board the re­ unionism. Suggestion number three, direct competi­ ports from the various locals were very The United Textile Workers of America in tion. Let us see what we can do with this. encouraging as to prosperity coming back a recent dye strike in the city of Paterson We know from experience that a factory soon, yet we have to dig to place men on organized a local union composed of every owner would rather give his electrical work some jobs. While the NRA has helped a employee in the industry. All craft lines out on a contract or cost plus, so as to be lot by the clause in it which is good, that were disregarded, the main objective being to relieved of the necessity :>f supervision and people living in the section must be em­ enroll all workers in the U. T. W. In follow­ the other headaches that go with doing a job. ployed first, it handicaps us in placing our ing out this plan a number of electrical work­ He realizes also that not being familiar with members. We have a case where San Fran­ ers were taken into their union and given a the electrical business, the men he employs cisco is doing work outside of S. F., but textile worker's card. do not give him as much work as they would we cannot put S. F. men on the job until The building crafts mechanics taken into if working for a contractor. all others have been employed. We feel the U. T. W. have now formed a maintenance Then why, you ask, in the face of all this that S. F. men ought to be employed on unit within the mother local. They have does he hire his own men instead of giving S. F. work whether done in S. F. or outside their own representative in the field. Their his work out? The answer is obvious. The of S. F. agreement calls for a wage scale of 86 cents ordinary business man thinks in terms of Local No. 151 has lost two of our active per hour and each mechanic is entitled to dollars and cents. He is willing to undergo members through death, and one that had three helpers. Their work consists of alter- all the headaches of supervision and endure his card in the I. O. since our last writing. -~.7

August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 341

They were Homer Brown, Frank White, and Isaac Huden. Local 151 is waging a stubborn fight for public ownership, and we feel that in keep­ "OH! BILL" ing it up and coming before the public with "Oh, Bill!" He did not know that the "dead-end" of a pair of single 0 copper our appeals we will eventually get some­ wires, and silent, were more deadly than the poison of the rattler, or the cobra, and where. We have some members in our local quicker. His father was a "hot wire" lineman-the son was from a telephone gang that are live wires, and if you want to get anything or anywhere you have to be a live in eastern Washington, where, as elsewhere, a "dead-end" of No. 14 iron was safe. Above the roar of the steel tire, the clack-click of the horseshoe, and other noises wire and keep hammering. Well, I hope that by our next writing we of a busy cobblestoned street in Portland, Oreg., arose the above cry of my name. may be able to tell you that we have some "Oh, Bill," said the voice of my "groundhog," just out of high school and not promises, and that won't be so bad. yet a man, trying to make his way by the sweating brow. If you have ever heard the wild chirp, chirp of a bird that sees the body of its mate in the mouth of a cat­ FRED F. DUNNE. the anguished wail of a new made widow, the agonizing cry of a father who has just lost his only beloved child, then you will know what I heard when those two L. U. NO. 175, CHATTANOOGA, TENN. words reached me 75 feet up above the cobblestones. Looking whence the sound came I saw the up stretched arm and straight pointing finger to him who knew not Editor: the danger that lurked in a pair of No. 0 coppers, dead-ended, and after once Chattanooga, Tenn., heard from again. tested never would know. And five doctors received the body from the end of a There is not so much in the line of news or rope--it was too late-too early in the science of men-Charles Hicks was gone. work-once in a while a range, and that Only our horses champed at their bits, and the generators whirred out their means a new meter center and of course some cycles and volts. All linemen, clerks, carmen and street cars stopped their occupa­ repair work that just has to be done. tions for two minutes, when a few days before, the president of our company was The people of Chattanooga voted for mu­ buried. nicipal power to be supplied by T. V. A. There Two days after our Brother's passing we, one hundred strong, of No. 125, is hope that when that is started it will marched in solemn parade down Sixth Street. When half of us were across Washing­ create plenty of work here. ton Street a street car ran through our marching ranks. Nearly 30 years have The boys here have been saving their small passed and I can yet hear that cry, "Oh Bill!" change for a fish fry for a long spell and W. T. TRULLINGER. probably will invite the contractors along. 775 Broadway, It is to be a stag affair. That's all I will say. Seaside, Oreg. Now, something about the insurance policies. Just about every meeting night some one has something to say about the date on their policy. The way I understand it the policy starts from t'he time they are initiated and not with the date on the policy, so it horsecars were in bloom. See Bert Chambers mesotherium and phosphorus "or something." might save time in our local and others if it for details; it was before my time) has been We're wondering if Bucky is on Joan's pay­ were explained in the JOURNAL again. torn down for the erection of the new post­ roll as press agent. We have most of the electrical shops signed office. With a water level three feet under the The Convention Hall has been closed for up here. The union shops are three to one. surface and sand, it takes as long to put in June and July, due to stopping of dog racing Personally I was glad to see the fraternity the foundation footings as it does to do the in the state. They had our permission to "go" of the air listed, as I am a short wave listener. rest of the job. Pumps pulling on well points as it made several jobs and at the present When the weather gets better will be listen­ jetted into the sand keep the hole dry until time Brother Ernie Eger is getting by with ing for the 160 meter phone of the Brothers the foundations and concrete waterproofing just a skeleton maintenance crew. When and let them hear from me if I can make a are "set and ripe." that place is dark inside it's so quiet it is good guess on making the coils. Now I am The other job is a slum clearing project on creepy. Aimee Semple MacPherson has a only fixed for 75 meter phones. the north side. Rumor has it that the project proposal to conduct services in the auditorium Here are the officers who will look after us calls for an expenditure of approximately for the month of August, which has been pro­ for the next two years: W. L. Williams was $1,000,000 for material and labor. It is un­ tested in a letter to the mayor by the Funda­ elected president. He has been serving as derstood that the plans will call for an aver­ mental Ministers Fellowship. Give the little treasurer for a good many years and about age three-room apartment with all modern gal a break. Who knows, she may put on a 12 years ago was president, so the job won't conveniences and sanitary devices, to rent good act and these old psalm singers can't be new to him. John Kennedy is the new for approximately $19.50 a month, or $6.50 take it? At any rate, it would mean that vice president; Robert McKenzie is financial per room. some of the Brothers who have been laid off secretary; W. P. Howard, recording secre­ Recently a representative of the govern­ would get back in harness again. "That's tary, who formerly held this place some years ment housing commission (we are not sure of somethin'." ago; A. E. Butler, past president, is now his title) appeared before the local union with Now, gentle reader, if you are still with us, treasurer. a proposition that all the electrical work we know you're wondering what happened to E. E. CROSBY. would be installed by union men, provided "Bachie" writing this kind of tripe. Here's they would agree to invest $1 out of each the low down: We promised to write a letter day's pay for the purchase of stock in the for the June' issue' but fell down on the job­ L. U. NO. 211, ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. corporation building the structure. just couldn't get going. Then the news was Editor: He stated that a similar project in the vi­ broadcast that one of his favorite distilleries, Vacation time in the playground of the cinity of .Philadelphia had worked out satis­ in the old home town, Peoria, burned down. world-that is, for everybody else, judging by factorily. In answer to questions from the You wouldn't think that would bother him, the license tags on the cars rolling into town. floor, he admitted that his corporation had no with just that much temptation out of the To the Brothers in the electrical industry connection with the government other than way and making his seat on the water wagon here it gives the impression that everyone but to borrow money from them, which would more secure, but the old boy was all upset. us has the necessary finances to gather up have to be returned with interest, and was Along comes election night at the local and, the family for a change of scenery. candid enough to admit that the bond pur­ after the smoke had cleared away we found With the ocean hitting a temperature of 76, chased would not have much financial value. Brother Bachie elected as president in a the beach has been crammed to capacity, mak­ He was a good talker, magnetic, said he was walkover, with Brother Bert Chambers as ing it necessary to have every substitute as well known in labor circles in town-but business manager. Then, but don't say we well as the regular guards on duty. Besides nobody present at the meeting seemed to told you, "F. D. R." and the New Deal got the high temperatures' the surf is ideal for know him. The final decision was he didn't busy and he connected with Brother Eddy bathing, having just enough swell to make it get to first base. The boys want all or noth- Gray, looking after the election interests of interesting. ing-"no canoodling around I" : the Million Dollar Pier. They've got the boys After a tough winter we had hopes that at The day room debating forum bars no sub­ steppin' with a matinee and show every least there might be a spring spurt of repairs ject. Recently it was the United Press re­ evening, with rehearsals on the side. Manuel and alterations for the summer season, but port of an American nude dancer being fined King, the ll-year-old boy doing an animal act the work slips turned in to the committee 50 francs ($3.32) for offending F·rench with 10 lions in the cage, decided to change keeping the records on the board at headquar­ morals. To which our old friend, Brother the act to six lions and two tigers, but the ters proved otherwise. The uncomfortable "Buck" Taylor remarked they ought to come big cats said "no dice" and started in to act part of the situation is that there is not much up and see us sometime, and mentioned one like a bunch of old time stump-jumpers on in sight ahead to take the men off the streets. of the local night clubs where the dancer coats pay day. As soon as the excitement started, The old Craig Hall Hotel (popular when her body with a luminous paint containing the news-reel men began grinding away with- 342 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 out bothering to adjust their cameras. One tucky. Nevertheless, here is a true one: A ring for a public appearance and encounter, of the cameramen, in his hurry to get to the friend of mine, while casting one evening, with both sides claiming a foul. camera before it was all over, stumbled over struck a three-pound bass, that had just The plan has something to do with the an electric cable, disconnecting his camera, jumped out of the water, with the sinker on Chamber of Commerce and labor (the worst but he ground away, not realizing in his ex­ his line. Did he knock it cold 1 He had to of enemies), each pointing out the other's citement that he was not getting any pictures. swim out and bring it to shore, where it weak points and after the eleventeenth round With Hardeen, the magician, on the bill, if revived and made a lunge for the bated hook of shadow boxing each side throws in a towel you should see "Bachie" and his "Mrs." strut­ as he was casting the second time, only to and claims the victory on technicalities. ting the Boardwalk this winter, all dolled up catch on and fall off again, far away from Personally, I hope that the Toledo plan will in his iron hat (derby to the common herd), shore. Sounds like reverse fishing. I hope be a success, but cannot see these two old do not be surprised if he pulls a rabbit out of to sleep well tonight. I want to inform the veterans of hostilities making concessions to it. Don't blame it on me! many friends of Brother Chick Maly, of Local each other. It is like asking a rabbi to kiss G. M. S. No. 212, that he has again gone to the dogs. a pig. Or for all the Jews to send Hitler Literally speaking, of course. Chick is again a Christmas present. But success or not, operating the rabbit at the Harrison dog until Congress can decide on a three or four L. U. NO. 212, CINCINNATI, OHIO track, where for an extra added feature they jumbled letter word, like HOLC, CWA, TVA Editor: have monkeys ride the dogs as jockeys. Now, or CCC, it will have to be known as the Toledo The cartoon by H. S. Goodwin, in the July Chick, as man to man and friend to friend, plan. ELECTRICAL WORKER, which depicted a large whatever you do, be sure to shave close before Mr. McGrady is sincere in his efforts to number of building trades mechanics at work, going near the track, 'cause you know Y1U bring about peace in Toledo and end all labor i. e., shining shoes, cleaning streets, driving never could ride well, my pal. disputes and strikes and I hope he is success­ trucks, etc., is timely and illuminating, with ELMER J. SCHENK. ful. Frank Coates used to say that any dis­ the exception of the one depicting the poor pute can be satisfactorily ironed out if both fellow washing and wiping dishes. He may be sides get around the table and inject a little doing that for a living, but who among us L. U. NO. 213, VANCOUVER, B. C. honest sincerity into the argument. But Mr. can say they haven't learned that trade right McGrady, our first Assistant Secretary of at home 1 Of course, dear ladies, if you read Editor: Labor, will settle it if anyone will. I say The election of officers of Local No. 213 was this remember I am only joking. this with all the confidence possible. Had you held on June 17 and the following were But to get away from joking, what busi­ folks seen the way in which this man got be­ elected: President, John M. Bozer; vice presi­ ness has been injured as much as the building hind the Chevrolet and the power strike here dent, Harold J. Astbury; recording secretary, in Toledo, devoting his time and untiring trades? What a bitter dose it must be for William C. Daley; financial secretary and many a mechanic to come down to some of effort toward a settlement, and after days of business manager, E. H. Morrison. Execu­ continued conferences and meetings, did suc­ those menial labors 1 tive board-A. L. Bogart, George Morisette To begin with, a building trades mechanic is ceed in both organizations returning to their and M. Sander. Examining board-V. Usher, jobs without discrimination, and in both a creator of things, unlike a wet nurse to a S. Spencer, M. Sander and A. Campbell. machine, where the operations are the same cases satisfied, temporarily at least, you The light (daylight) evenings are with us would agree. And to this ambassador of la­ over and over without end. He must at all again, which I suppose means light atten­ times co-ordinate brain and muscle with an bor, Mr. McGrady, our hats are off. With him ability to dovetail his work with all other dance for the next three months. pushing the Toledo plan it will be a success. mechanics on the job for the greatest amount We are in the midst of a longshoremen's Our acting president of the International of harmony and perfection. This is where strike in British Columbia, with conditions Office of the I. B. E. W., Mr. Bieretz, is in the camaraderie and good fellowship originate not looking very rosy for the strikers on Toledo at the time of this writing, acting as among the building trades workers-and, of account of the fact that the Shipping Fed­ arbitrator in our dispute of June 1. Will be __ •• ______-1_1"1_- p.ration (p.mplnY4?-rs) i~ 'Wt)!"king the ships with ;;00 \..VYl.OC, QVUU; l::Iy'UUIJU~t:~. ia;;e to give the resuits of the findings of What one of us has not stepped back to scab labor protected by a large force of this arbitration in this issue. admire the graceful bends of a conduit job, police. Contrary to any newspaper reports Our wage committee, Brothers S. Schu­ or the exact evenness of row upon row of our members may have read in different maker, Buchanan, Lee, and Bollinger, along fixture outlets, or perhaps a difficult offset papers throughout the country, this strike is a with Brother Oliver Myers, have been and made over the hydraulic bender with four­ battle for recognition of the men's union. The still are working hard and long, tiresome inch pipe, that for some strange reason came employers have formed a company union to hours to bring about a peaceful understand­ out just right 1 All this, I say, because there try to fool the strike breakers that they are ing between you and your company with a is a romance in this work lacking in many not scabs. wonderful set of working conditions in our others. The authorities in Vancouver had consider­ agreement. So, let's all settle down to our There must be a longing in everyone thus able trouble with relief camp strikers before regular routine and forget that we were ever temporarily employed to get back into har­ they left for the east. These continual up­ mad at anybody. ness at the old trade. But, cheer up; all risings are nothing more nor less than the Brothers Hitzman and Steffis are sojourning things seem to point to an increase in con­ result of an economic system that is dead but at home these days due to sickness and in­ struction in the near future. refuses to lie down, and if drastic changes for juries, and Brother William N. Coy is still Quite often I run into one of the boys I the betterment of unemployed youth are not confined in our local hospital, where he has used to toil with. Just a few days ago it put into effect immediately I am sorely afraid been since April 25, but should be home when was big Harry Lukey, who runs a suds em­ the situation will get beyond the control of this magazine arrives. porium in Covington, Ky., and is doing right the present authorities. EDWARD E. DUKES HIRE. well. I understand "Red" Anthony is col­ V. USHER. lecting tolls on a bridge connecting Ohio and L. U. NO. 292, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Kentucky. "Bob" Anstead is working at an L. U. NO. 245, TOLEDO, OHIO oil station, and others have diversified ac­ Editor: complishments. This does not mean we are Editor: In the May issue of the JOURNAL we posed not holding our own, but as in many other Greetings, youse guys and youse gals! the question: "What is to become of the old cities, there's not enough to go around steady after being off the air for four months I will timer 1" and made a plea for some means to and very fortunate are those who can grab again open my winter series of broadcasts, save his membership. That the Brotherhood something else. sponsored by the entire membership of Local needs the old timer, with his experience and As is my custom, I usually read every No. 245. Subject is plans. We have had so ability as a union man and his proven loyalty article in the JOURNAL and coul!1n't help no­ many plans in the last three years that every and dependability, is an undeniable fact. It ticing the amount of correspondence from one had planned on changing their plans. is an equally undeniable fact that the .Broth­ Canadian locals. Our northern neighbors and Then they throw another plan at us. The erhood also needs the energetic activity, the Brother electrical workers have always shown Toledo plan. Question: What is the Toledo vigor, the progressiveness, the new blood of a progressive spirit and are to be commended plan? Answer: I don't know, either, but it the younger membership. In other words, we for it. has something to do with bringing together need all of our members and can ill' afford to On the last page of the July WORKER, en­ two old battle-scarred warhorses in an open lose any of them. Yet, we are losing~members titled, "On Every Job There's a Laugh or in nearly every local union all over the coun­ Two," I was especially amused at a story by try. How can we stop it? Walter H. Hendrick, a fish story, wherein a D1AMOND-SHAPED BUITONS Under conditions such as we have faced in 45-pound salmon, after being skinned and dis­ To wear in your coat lapel, the past few years, and are still facing; with commoded of her inner mechanism, made a carry the emblem and in­ such a large percentage of our membership break for liberty and was successful. All I signia of the I. B. E. W. unemployed or with such a small amount of have to say is, the stuff they get at Rock part-time employment that they can not keep Island Dam, on the Columbia, must be more Gold faced and hand- $2 .50 up their dues, the burden of carrying them potent than we get in the hills of Old Ken- + somely enamele~ becomes too great for the portion of the mem- August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 343 bership who are more fortunate in the con­ iods of unemployment is the wide range of For instance, the plan we are contemplating tinuity of their employment, and some have to difference in earnings of the various members putting in operation here is a $3 minimum, to be dropped. of the organization. It would appear from which is added 75 cents per week for each Now there have been-perhaps there still this that the problem of financing resolves week worked during the month, bringing the are--labor unions that were run on the prin­ itself into some kind of adjustment that would maximum dues to $6 per month for those ciple of recruiting members to get what apportion the burden of payment in propor­ working full time. This is the rate for money can be squeezed out of them in initia­ tion to the member's ability to pay. This journeymen; apprentices pay a lower rate. tion fees and dues, then drop them and get in might be accomplished by basing the dues on a We instituted the week-by-week plan in­ a fresh batch. A constant turnover for the percentage of the amount of wages earned by stead of the straight percentage basis in the purpose of milking the membership of their each member. interest of economy as requiring a much money to the tune of "all the traffic will bear." As to how practical it would be to apply the smaller amount of accounting. Of course, this is far from being in accord­ idea to the I. O. per capita is very doubtful, We believe that the plan will not only pay ance with the principles of the labor move­ and, of course, the insurance premium would for itself but in the long run will increase ment. In fact, any labor organization pursu­ have to be paid in full in all cases. Again, membership and it certainly injects a larger ing these tactics ceases be a bona fide part of according to the constitution there is a cer­ measure of justice into the dues problem. the labor movement and deteriorates into a tain minimum amount for dues, below which W. WAPLES. racket. It approaches the status of the busi­ a local union could not go. However, with ness of the old time lightning-rod agent, the this as a minimum which every member would green goods man, or the gold-brick salesman. have to pay, any local union, after calculating L. U. NO. 303, ST. CATHARINES, ONT. We should never make dues the objective, or its going expenses and allowing a margin for Editor: even the first consideration of our efforts for fluctuation in employment, could figure out There are a few happy experiences left for organizing. a percentage ratio of the wages earned by the the local union officers, even though so many However, we must not overlook the fact membership that would cover the required months of disappointments and disillusions that dues are a very important matter-no amount and the various members be charged have nearly knocked the former optimism out organization can be run without them. We dues on this percentage basis in accordance of them. One of these happy experiences was have to finance our own proposition. with the amount each might earn during the enjoyed by yours fraternally the other The big question is, How are we to hold our month. Of course, the local would have to evening, when the local trades council called membership through these periods of unem­ obtain the sanction of the I. O. before putting him with full credentials to represent L. U. ployment and still continue to finance our this system into effect. Each local would have No. 303. They said it was about time that we organization to a point where it will con­ to work out its own percentage rate in accord­ had a delegate on the council, after so many tinue to function properly? ance with local conditions. The plan may be years absence and that they were awakening One of the peculiar features of these per- modified to fit any special local requirements. the old spirit of some 15 years ago, so they

FRATERNITY OF THE AIR

(Copyright)

Boys, here is our growing list of I. B. E. W. amateur radio stations; W8ANB Carl P. Goetz Hamilton, Ohio W9S Frank Smith Waterloo, Iowa W8DI E. E. Hertz Cleveland, Ohio 160 meter W3JB William N. Wilson Philadelphia, Pa. phone, 1963 W5BHO D. H. Calk Houston, Texas KC H. E. Owen Angola, N. Y. W 5EI F. H. Ward Houston, Texas W5EYG L. M. Reed Oklahoma City, Okla. W6HOB Rudy Rear Las Vegas, Nev. W5EXY H. R. Fees Oklahoma City, Okla. W9GVY E. O. Schuman Chicago, Ill. W7DXZ Frank C. Pratt Tacoma, Wash. W8DHQ Harold C. Whitford Hornell, N. Y. WIDGW Melvin I. Hill W. Springfield, Mass. W9SMF Albert H. Waters Alton, Ill. W2GIY John C. Muller Bronx, N: Y. C. W9DMZ Clarence Kraus Kansas City, Kans. W9MEL Harold S. (Mel) Hart Chicago, Ill. W9PNH Frank Riggs Rockford, Ill. W5CAP William L. Canze San Antonio, Texas W9S00 Harry V. Eyring Kansas City, Mo. W5ABQ Gerald Morgan San Antonio, Texas W2BFL Anthony J. Samalionis Elizabeth, N. J. W5JC J. B. Rives San Antonio, Texas WIFJA Frank W. Lavery Somerville, Mass. W4DLW Harry Hill Savannah, Ga. W5ASD Frank A. Finger Farmington, Ark. W9CCK John J. Noonan Chicago, Ill. W2BQB William E. Kind Bronx, N. Y. C. W8ACB Raymond Jelinek Detroit, Mich. W9DBY Kenneth G. Alley Marion, Ill. W6IAH S. E. Hyde Los Angeles, Calif. W8GHX H. E. Owen Angola, N. Y. N6IAH S. E. Hyde Los Angeles, Calif. WIAGI W. C. Nielson Newport, R. I. W4BSQ S. L. Hicks Birmingham, Ala. W8EDR W. O. Beck Toledo, Ohio W6MGN Thomas M. Catish Fresno, Calif. W2CAD Paul A. Ward Newark, N. J. W8LGT J. H. Melvin Rochester, N. Y. W6LRS Ralph F. Koch Los Angeles, Calif. W8AVL E. W. Watton Rochester, N. Y. W6AOR Francis M. Sarver Los Angeles, Calif. W7EQM Albert W. Beck Big Sandy, Mont. W6GFI Roy Meadows Los Angeles, Calif. W7SQ James E. Williss Dieringer, Wash. W6FWM Victor B. Appel Los Angeles, Calif. WIINP Eugene G. Warner East Hartford, Conn. W6HLK Charles A. Noyes Beverly Hills, Calif. W7GG Geo. D. Crockett, Sr. Milwaukie, Oreg. W6HLX Frank A. Maher Los Angeles, Calif. W 711 Sumner W. Ostrom Milwaukie, Oreg. W8DME Charles J. Heiser Auburn, N. Y. W9HNR Geo. E. Herschbach Granite City, Ill. W8KCL Charles J. Heiser Auburn, N. Y. W9NYD Elmer Zitzman Roxana, Ill. W9RRX Bob J. Adair Midlothian, Ill. W9VBF John Morrall Chicago, Ill. W2DXK Irving Megeff Brooklyn, N. Y. W7AKO Kenneth Strachn Billings, Mont. W9RBM Ernest O. Bertrand Kansas City, Mo. W7CPY R. Rex Roberts Roundup, Mont. W9ENV G. G. Fordyce Waterloo, Iowa W7DXQ Al Eckes Miles City, Mont. W9JPJ F. N. Stephenson Waterloo, Iowa W7CT Les Crouter Butte, Mont.

Canada VE3GK Sid Burnett Toronto, Onto FRATERNITY GROWS BY COMMUNICATION 344 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 had called the old guard back. Of course, the Day and Christmas Day shall be paid at the old guard has not been sleeping or on an ex­ rate of double time. tended vacation. They have been active in WOULD BRIDGE GAP S. Overtime rate exclusive of the above the wings. Somehow, the electrical workers OF 24 YEARS shall be paid at the rate of double time. have in these parts been indifferent to their Editor: 9. Apprentices shall be governed by the own welfare and the chicf obstacle has been While rummaging around in my desk Ontario Apprenticeship Act. they hated to trust one another, and though a while back I came across an original 10. One apprentice shall be permitted to the very elite of heaven took office they would committee report dated Rochester, every three journeymen in a shop. be torn to pieces by silent suspicions and N. Y., September 26, 1911 (nearly 24 11. All work contracted for and accepted Judas cunning. I often say it is the atmos­ years ago), and with the personal sig­ prior to June 24, 1935, of which due notice has phere in these parts or is this the unholy natures of the following old time mem­ been given to the board on or before July 25, mecca of such bipeds? Some of my most inti­ bers of I. B. E. W. on it: 1935, may be completed at a rate to be ap­ mate friends say that the reason we don't Eugene E. Smith, W. J. Dyson, proved by the board. get anywhere is because the electrical worker Harry H. Freed, Wm. T. Kelly, Guy T. 12. The above schedule shall apply to all is hoping to be a boss or have a little business White, H. W. Raven, L. C. Grasser, M. electricians engaged in the trade but shall not of his own, Yi, yi! And so it is unwise to Bermingham, M. P. Gordan, Chas. P. include those working on the assembling, test­ be too open with one's convictions, especially Ford. ing, inspecting, rebuilding and repairing of in a labor organization. The writer knows that some of these any electrical motors or household appliances One delegate told me that he had been after have passed on, and of the others he when done in licensed electrical repair shops. an electrical worker who was doing some work has not heard news in years. Extracts from the Industrial Standards Act in the factory that he worked in, and this man Perhaps if this note appeared in had said there was no union in this place. the JOURNAL it would re-establish old 16. Subsection 1. No employer shall pay Yes, all manner of alibis, and so the years contacts in a pleasant way. I'm sure or cause to be paid to any employee wages or roll by. Well, as time goes on we should read I'd be glad to hear of, and from, all remuneration of a sum less than is prescribed of our results in the field of rejuvenation of of the above who are still in this good by any schedule nor shall he require or permit the electrical workers in this district. old vale of tears and smiles. any employee to work a greater number of In many parts of the I. B. E. W.'s far-flung Good luck, greetings and happy days hours in each day or a greater number of days jurisdiction the opposition is open and above­ to all of them, here or hereafter. in each week than is prescribed by any board and you know what you are up against. Fraternally, schedule, which schedules apply to the indus­ But a subtle sneer behind your back, smile to try in which the employee or employer is en­ your face, and help you down opposition is GUY T. WHITE, I. O. Member. gaged and to the zone in which the employ­ some enemy. And no doubt the local elec­ er's business is located or in which the work trical worker knows this as well as I, but he 4052 Amherst St. Dallas, Texas. is performed. says or writes nothing, so that he may get the Everyone who violates any of the provisions crumbs from the rich men's table while L. U. of subsection 1 shall be guilty of an offence No. 303 and its officers get the toe of the and shall be liable to a fine of not less than butler's hoof. You, I would like to see the $25 and not exceeding $100 and in default of electrical workers organized in these parts electrical repair and construction industry; payment, to imprisonment for a term not to and to stay so, year in and year out, not that and exceed three months, and in addition shall pay I wish to hold office or became a big shot. They Whereas a proper and sufficient representa­ to the minimum wage board, on behalf of the would find someone else for that, you bet. So, tion of the employees and employers engaged Provincial Treasurer, or of the employee in when these words are read and discussed in the said industry in the said zone have the discretion of the magistrate, the full locally be very sure that the new members of or ... '9"...... 'I • 'I • -" 'I •• ~ ___ ~ agreed in writinlr to a schedule of wa!!'es ann amonnt nf t.he w~_g~~ th~n found t~ be !!!!.~2.i!! ~. u. ~'"u. DVi> wnen "'!ley iU.Tlve WUl ut:: JUIUiUg hours and days of labor by an agree;'ent in under the provisions of the schedule and in for their own benefit first and the advance­ writing attached hereto as Schedule "A"; default of payment the said amount of wages ment of labor, not any local union officer's The schedule of wages and hours and days may be recoverable by distree at the instance glory. of labor contained in the said agreement shall of the minimum wage board. And let me say that all these promises of an be in force in the said industry in the said 17. Subsection 1. No employee shall agree eight-hour day, old age pension and the like zone 10 days after publication of the order-in­ or consent to be employed for wages or that the various governments are trotting out council in the "Ontario Gazette" and shall remuneration of a sum less than he is entitled are so tied up by red or blue or yellow tape terminate June 24, 1936. to by any schedule nor shall any employee that they only amount to promises in the end, Certified, work a greater number of hours in each day, while real organized effort on the part of or a greater number of days in each week labor, not the few fighting for the many who C. F. BULMER, Clerk, Executive Council. than is prescribed by any schedule, which don't join, but the real 100 per cent organiza­ schedules apply to the industry in which the tion, will get all of these things and more. employee or employer is engaged and the zone So, here's wishing the new old trades coun­ in which the employer's business is located or cil every bit of good luck and the sincerity of Schedule "A" in which the work is performed. the workers of every craft. Everyone who violates any of the provi­ THOS. W. DEALY. 1. The rate of pay for journeymen elec­ sions of subsection 1 shall be guilty of an tricians shall be one dollar ($1) per hour. offence and shall be liable to a fine of not less 2. Eight hours shall constitute a maximum than $1 and not exceeding $10 and in default L. U. NO. 353, TORONTO, ONT_ working day or shift; 40-hour week. No work of payment to not more than 10 days' Saturdays, Sundays or holidays, except as Editor: imprisonment. Schedule of wages and hours for electri­ hereinafter noted. Hours to be between S a. cians, Toronto zone (published in the Ontario m. and 5 p. m. where one shift only is used. Gazette, Saturday, July 6, 1935): 3. Shifts to work at any time of the day or The above copy of the electricians' schedule night between 1 a. m. Monday and midnight became effective on July 16 and shall termi­ Order-in-Council Friday of the same week. Eight hours' pay nate on June 24, 1936. Although this union for seven hours' work where two or three did all the work in putting this schedule Copy of an order-in-council approved by shifts are worked. This to become operative across, which calls for the highest rate in the the Right Honorable the Administrator of the only where overtime shifts equal at least 66% building trades, it applies not only to union Government of the Province of Ontario, dated per cent of the shift. but non-union men. The question now arises, the 3rd day of July, A. D. 1935: 4. When work cannot be done during the will the non-union men want to join our Upon the recommendation of the Honorable day, such work may be done as a night shift organization to show their appreciation of the the Minister of Public Welfare, Municipal of not more than eight hours, at straight work done in getting the schedule accepted by Affairs and Labour, the committee of council time. the government or will several of our mem­ advise that,-. . 5. No employee will be permitted to work bers decide to drop their membership now that Whereas pursuant to the provisions of the on more than one shift in 24 hours, unless they are able to get the same rate and condi­ Industrial Standards Act, 1935, that part of Qvertime rates are paid. tions in all shops, whether union or other­ Ontario commencing at the westerly point of 6. Employees who may be required for wise? We would like to draw to the attention Lorne Park to Malton, Malton to Woodbridge, emergencies on Saturdays, shall be permitted of any of our members who may be contem­ Woodbridge to Richmond Hill; from Rich­ to work, being paid straight time for the plating discontinuing their membership that mond Hill direct east to Unionville and morning and double time for Saturday after­ this battle will have to be fought again next through Unionville along the westerly side of noon and evening. year and every year, as this schedule is only the Rouge River to Lake Ontario (all towns 7. All work done on SundayS', New Year's effective for one year, and the next fight will within that area to be inclusive), has been Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, Dominion be a tougher one than the last. We were able defined as a zone for the purposes of the Day, Civic Holiday, Labor Day, Thanksgiving to put this one through with the assistance of August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 345 several good contractors, only a very few non­ at which the customer exclaims "Do I have erhood. You may never permit yourselves union contractors taking the trouble to ap­ to have all that junk on the side of my to become one of those who gladly partake pear at the meeting. This latter class of con­ house?" of the benefits of organized labor without tractor has been getting away with murder A few words about rates before I close: I being willing to share the cost. Attend for so long, that he was thoroughly convinced pay $6.50 for the first 225 k.w.h.; all over that meetings and vote. that nothing could affect him. He has found at one cent per k.w.h. My first month's bill Winnipeg is sweltering in humid tempera­ out now that this schedule does affect him and was for 291 k.w.h. Even with this somewhat tures around the 90s. he is starting to make a noise, which will un­ high rate, the daily cost per person in this in­ We have an anti-mosquito organization, doubtedly develop into a fair-sized holler by stance was a trifle over four cents. ably headed by Dr. Speechley, which usually next year and they will no doubt turn out in Pasadena's light department has just re­ raises funds by means of a tag day. All large numbers and attempt to cut the schedule duced rates, so that the installation I've surface and stagnant water for miles around down to their own liking. We also expect a described, if in the city, would cost $3.30 for the city is covered with oil, thus preventing concentrated effort in opposition to this the first 100 k.w.h. and three-fourths of a cent the mosquitoes from developing. This year schedule by the Manufacturers Association. per k.w.h. thereafter or $4.63 total and a permission for a tag day was refused, and This association has made their presence felt trifle over three cents daily per head. voluntary subscriptions proved inadequate already and we can expect further opposition At present about 1 per cent of Pasadena's to cope with the unusually wet spring, and from this quarter. Combine these two forces homes are wired for ranges, but very few oiling operation had to be suspended. The with the usual amount of opposition that de­ water heaters are in use, although in the past result? Billions of mosquitoes! Don't for­ velops with anything that is of benefit to the year the number in use has tripled. get your quarter next year, fellows: worker and we will need all our membership Electric utilities can materially assist the C. R. ROBERTS. along with as many new members as we can recovery program by reducing rates to a secure in order to maintain favorable point where all people can make the fullest conditions. use of things electrical. Various cities L. U. NO. 443, MONTGOMERY, ALA. Labor Day is not far off, and with the local throughout the country have proved reducing Editor: rates increases profits, so what are they wait­ deciding to parade again we hope there will Introducing Local No. 443, Montgomery, ing for? Now you, too, Mr. Wire Fixer, get be a large turnout. This is the one day in Ala., to the JOURNAL. We had installation of busy and give your wife a new deal in an the year we have the opportunity of showing the following officers on July 2: H. W. Cor­ electrical home. our strength or weakness. Let us all turn nett, president; J. B. Jenkins, vice president; (I nearly forgot to mention the range. No out and show that we have a real live organ­ N. Ethington, financial secretary and busi­ trouble to get the wife to can the fruit I raise ization. The dress will be the same as in ness manager; D. P. Robertson, treasurer and now; gone is the burned food, the greasy previous years, straw hat, white shirt, bow recording secretary; C. V. Edwards, Dick kitchen walls, the gas meter and the ice man tie, dark trousers and black shoes. Trotter, Roy Rutherford, executive board, and CECIL M. SHAW, alI at one fell stroke. your humble scribe. H. W. HUNEVEN. Business Manager. After introducing our local officers and tell­ ing who the officers are, we wish to throw a L. U. NO. 418, PASADENA, CALIF. L. U. NO. 435, WINNIPEG, MAN. big bouquet to Representative Walker, who attended our meeting the night of the election Editor: Editor: and gave us a great deal of help. Represen­ Three months have passed since my last We are glad to be able to report four ap­ tative Walker also did some outside contact letter, during which time I have been busily plications for membership. May I address a work. He, with the assistance of Business engaged in a little home modernizing of my word to these prospective members? Manager Ethington, called on Mayor Gunter own, all made possible by the New Deal. Brothers, when you have completed your in regards to the electrical city ordinance A home loan removed the uncertainty of obligations and have become full-fledged which Business Manager Ethington was suc­ possession and possibility of foreclosure but members of this local, and of the I. B. E. W., cessful in getting the city to adopt some made certain repairs necessary. A new roof you will be very welcome and I know the months ago. They also discussed my position was put on by contract but the painting and knowledge that you are then bearing your as assistant electrical inspector. other repairs fell to me, so between work at just and proper share of the cost and ef­ We are just winding up one good job, the home and outside, I found little time to answer fort required to maintain better working first 100 per cent union job ever to go up in by way of this JOURNAL the requests that conditions and wages will prove a tremen­ Montgomery. We say this braggingly be­ came in regarding Pasadena's model home, dous source of satisfaction to you. In cause we feel that we have come a long ways. described in my last letter, said requests being the years to come you will find many things This job is a J. J. Newberry store. We were turned over to the Better Housing Bureau of not to your liking. You may for some able to give it to a contractor who was a this city for reply. personal reason dislike some of your fellow little higher than the low bidder, so you see By way of modernizing I installed a 100- members or some of the officers of your Newberry rates with us. ampere service, an electric range, a two-unit local. Let me beseech you never to allow We have a bright future, just getting a 30-gallon water heater and a medium size reo personal prejudices or disagreements or closed PW A housing project of approximately frigerator. A complete Mix Master outfit dislikes to affect your loyalty to the Broth- half a million dollars. This will also be a took the place of the miscellaneous collection 100 per cent union job. I am glad to report of five-and-l0·cent articles used in the that the Superior Electric Co., of Dallas, kitchen. At this point friend wife threatened LOOKING AHEAD Texas, has the electrical work, thanks to the to strike, declaring she would need an engi­ boys in Dallas. neer's ticket to operate all the machinery. (Dedicated to the llassage of the Wagner The James Construction Co., of Ralston, However, she's still on the job and if she sur­ Labor Disputes Bill) La., is the general contractor. We also have vives the envy of friends and neighbors, prospects of a new city hall here in Montgom­ should be for a long time, if the many ad­ I ery, which will cost around a half million dol­ vantages of an electric home prolong life. lars. This work is PWA and we have men A small addition to the kitchen having walls The dark shadows of a primitive past here to take care of the work, so please do not covered with suitable sound-deadening and Are fading; evil deeds from days of old come expecting work. We will be glad to hear heat-insulating material, houses the refrig­ Are on the wane; no longer shall they cast from any of the members or locals. erator. Cool air is drawn from under the Gruesome reflections of tragedies untold. In closing, let me say we are proud of our floor and exhausted into the kitchen, provid­ II International Officers, Vice President Barker ing a measure of ventilation. The cool air and Representatice Walker, as they have been lowers cost of operation. And saving? Say, 'Tis a stimulant of hope and good cheer, a great help to us. nothing is wasted now. The sign of enlightened thoughts far and J. B. JINKINS. The water heater is located in the basement wide spread about midway between the kitchen, bath and When the near-sighted's vision begins to laundry, and has proved very economical in cfflar L. U. NO. 465, SAN DIEGO, CALIF. operation without the tempering coil I plan To see the pressing need of days ahead. to install later on the roof to use some of the Editor: Greetings from the Expo City! Now that heat that Old Sol pours upon us here. III The entrance switch, light panel, etc., are the fire works are over for another year all out of sight in the basement (eastern Onward! May humanity's advanced stride I will give you the line-up for the local. style), only the sequence-wired meter and Inspire the backward to heed duty's call; Julius Smith, president; A. Kessler, vice service conduit are exposed. It seems that Let men at the reins lead on and guide president and business manager; J. Walker, the manufacturers are overlooking something To roads abundant with blessings for all! treasurer; Bob Wilcox, recording secretary; in not providing a suitable all-in-one cabinet G. Daigle, financial secretary; C. Eliott, for an installation of this kind in place of the Bv ABE GLICK, A. Hyder, executive board. unsightly collection of switches now used and L. U. No.3, N. Y. C. There is nothing startling going on in 346 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators A.ugust, 1935 our fair village outside of the fair. I see PUBLIC ADDRESS MAY HOLD KEY TO CRIME in the papers where Gold Gulch Gertie got a traffic ticket for tying up traffic while By CHARLES D. MASON, L. U. No. 134, Chicago, Ill. doing the Lady Godiva act on a white burro. One time in the history of San Diego they A Century of Progress at Chicago A small microphone could be mounted outsmarted our neighboring city of Los brought to the public new and practical upon the pole for the patrolman or for Angeles. They landed the Consolidated Air­ ideas, many of which will be kept and craft factory, formerly of Buffalo, N. Y. It the employees of large banks, building will employ 1,500 men and women when go­ put into use on a large scale. The elec­ and loan associations or on the prem­ ing full blast. trical group brought forth amazing ises of any of the large financial insti­ Also I see where Uncle Sam allotted this exhibits, and proved that electricity is tutions that handle the public's funds. district $6,200,000 for dredging the harbor, still in its infancy, although even now it A central office could be established in and general improvement. Maybe we can is one of the major industries. Most the central districts for broadcasting get a battle wagon in here then. No new important advances have been made in line construction going on at present, but important events. All local calls would sound energy, or acoustics, long a mys­ automatically be picked up by the cen­ there is lots of room in this county to terious element to the people, which is build. tral station, from which important events Say, Bachie, from our Boardwalk City, the now at last opening new and broader could be broadcasted throughout the next time you see Bert Chambers ask him fields for experimental purposes. The city. what became of Babby Reed, or old Jimmie application of the principle of acoustics In most holdups, murders, and bank "Raincoat" McIntosh, or D. Moy, the artist which concerns us in this article is the robberies, a fast car is parked near the from the dizzy corners in Philly. At present public address system. Its practicability scene of the crime with the motor run­ we have former members of the Tools of was demonstrated at A Century of Torture Society now ranching in our fair ning. After the crime job is com­ Progress. pleted the car spurts into action and locality; names as follows: Bert Gallagher, No matter where a person was on the avocado ranching, and Rosenbarry, ducks, within a few blocks loses itself in the chickens and what have you, both located in fair ground, he was in touch with im­ crowd. The criminals are seldom caught Lemon Grove, Calif; a former member by portant events. Large towers enclos­ because their car is a half block away the name of White, from Local No. 17, De­ ing the loud speakers were placed so by the time the police reach the scene troit, raising chickens in Lakeside, Calif., that as soon as one was out of hearing of the crime. Picture in your mind­ and they are all making good at it, too. As of one tower, the voice of the announcer if the first patrolman could run 50 or you all know San Diego is the lineman's immediately engaged the attention from paradise. Now watch Los Angeles come a 100 feet to the nearest lighting another one. Lost children were found post, and be able to notify other police back at me. in short time among a crowd of 300,000. One question I want to ask the Brother­ in the vicinity of the crime and the di­ hood at large, how can we get our members Officers were located in five minutes in rection taken by the bandits, or if any to attend the meetings? We sure have a case of necessity. of the employees of the financial insti­ bunch of stay-at-homes here. Large cities long have had need for tutions were able to notify the patrol­ KESSLER. just such a system, for the solving of its man on the street as soon as the criminal crime problem. Insurance rates have had left the building-then not only climbed sky-high. Automobile rates would the police have a chance to stop L. U. NO. 526, WATSONVILLE, CALIF. are now exorbitant, due to rampant ""-4-""' .... 1.: ..... _ "..~ """' .... ~1..: ..... ""',.. TlT:_.l ___. ____'L them, but the entire zone would be Edit::;!": ..." ..... ~.L ...... 6 V..L ....uu."'.u. ... .lJ.~,.::). " .U. .lUV VV ;::)1116;:'11- notified. Many of the citizens would I read a statement in a paper a few days ing has become so bad that few insur­ turn to look for the law breakers. Crim­ ago that a prize ought to be given to the ance companies care to insure them. inals would be thrown into panic be"­ genius who thought out the "planned scar­ Bank robberies, holdups, and murders city" idea-if it could be found in what cause of their slender chance to make a play their part in the crime problem of getaway. asylum he was confined. the city. I don't know who was the author of this In case of war this system would save statement, but whoever he is he has the right Police Would Be Helped thousands of lives during air raids. It idea. The administration is trying to make is a well known and recognized fact someone's insane ideas work out, but it can't The installation of a public address that the next war will be fought from be done. system would do much toward helping the air. What a blessing to the large We are living in the greatest age of plenty the world has ever known, yet millions of the police in eliminating this condition. city that will be able to notify its citi­ people are starving. The rich grow richer The cost to cities would be small in zens of danger and provide adequate and the poor poorer. The machine age has comparison to the amount now paid protection for them. given us mass production, and the factory as a result in insurance rates. Panics, hysterical actions, and mob system has relieved the individual worker At present most of the streets within uprisings would be impossible with a from having to grow or make anything he the cities are equipped with the stand­ commanding voice directing their ac­ may want or need. It is all made in a factory ard street lamps at 110 volts A. C. tions from their very doorsteps, and and put on the market ready for his use. If or D. C. This current could also furnish constantly informing of danger. There billions of dollars were forced into circulation they would be useless unless the workers are power for a small dynamic speaker is no panic in a crowd when the people kept at work producing the commodities that mounted and boxed in upon the street know what to do and where to go in they and their fellow men require. A billion lamp. Not only is the conduit already case of emergency. dollars by themselves will not produce one installed, but the cables are in and con­ This is not a dream. A Century of thing, nor can they be eaten. nected to the power houses. All that Progress demonstrated that it is a prac­ The cost of living falls hardest on the little is necessary would be a small two con­ tical idea, and that it may be used upon fellow. It does not make any difference to a ductor lead cable for which there is a large scale for the benefit of large rich person if the price of bacon goes up. He ample room in the conduit. cities. eats it just the same, regardless of cost. But when bacon doubles in price the little fellow does without. Boosted retail prices hit the [-oor hardest. before. The cost of living is going up and is merchandise on our markets wnile our Amer­ The Cleveland Trust Co., in one of its re­ 5 per cent above the same date last year. ican workmen are on relief. ports, says, "Only three big corporations have In the days of ancient Egypt a famine was The President smiles his happy smile and made practically all the recovery which has predicted by a dream of the Pharaoh and, ac­ speaks many words over the air. yet says been made in the past three years, and these cording to Biblical history, Joseph was ap­ nothing, trying to cheer up the people. With three are the three major automobile con­ pointed to prepare for that famine. This was all his efforts to pull the wool over our eyes, cerns." The report goes on to say that pro­ done by storing all the surplus produce to be he is rapidly losing ground. His chances for duction has been going down since the first of used during those famine years. The brain re-election are about as good as the proverbial the year; that the United States has made a trust of our days has done just the contrary; snowball in hell remaining a snowball. poor record in comparison with other nations. it has destroyed all of our surplus crops, and The only remedy for the depression is There are more workers being employed, has killed the meat animals and plowed under money in circulation, but that by itself will but at reduced hours and at less pay per hour. the crops. not put our unemployed to work, if we let the They are drawing less per week than they did Now Japan has been dumping her cheap country be flooded with cheap foreign mer- August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 347 chandise. Babson, in one of his reports, says L. U. NO. 583, EL PASO, TEXAS Lunsford's collection is a couple of pieces of that the administration's spending program Editor: board with hundreds of turns of wire has only one end, "the ruin of government The following story appeared in the EI wrapped tightly about them. Devious connec­ credit, destruction of currency, inflation and Paso World News recently (Lunsford is a tions and strange contrivances complete the chaos." member of our local and a good friend) : object, which occupies a prominent spot on his Mr. Babson makes a startling statement, 'Don't Do It' board. but nevertheless true. "KEEP AWAY FROM ELECTRICITY "'What's that thing?' Lunsford was asked. It is high time to stop this spending mania INSPECTOR TELLS EL P ASOANS "'Oh, that's a gadget some fellow built to and get to work. But in order to get to work cut the static from his radio,' he replied. 'If the lightning had hit the aerial or the supply the products of our labor must be protected "Lunsford Collects Numerous Gadgets Which current gotten mixed up with the thing, there so that when people have money to spend, our Have Caused Damage products can be bought in competition with would have been all sort of fire-works. Luck­ cheaply made foreign products. In fact our ily, I discovered it before anything happened.' own products should be bought by us for less "By H. K. LEWIS "In the center of the board is an obsolete than the foreign goods. "Just because old Benjamin Franklin took enclosed switch. The person who used it in When this is realized by our American peo­ it on the knuckles when lightning hit his kite his home had replaced the burned out fuses in ple and our own government, then the country is no reason why Mr. and Mrs. EI Paso should the switch block with pieces from the family's will be on the road to recovery. Babson has stick their fingers in a fuse socket to see if the wire clothes line. Of course, Lunsford ex­ predicted a boom and in one of his reports 'juice is turned on,' according to Clyde Luns­ plained, it worked all right. But the fire haz· gives the following figures: He says that the ford, city electrical inspector. ard was as great as storing gasoline and expenditures for machinery replacement dur­ "Of course, Lunsford explains, the experi­ matches in a rat infested cellar. ing prosperous times averaged $66,000,000,000 menter is certain to find out what he wants "The paramount absurdity on the board in per year, and during the depression has fallen to know, just like the man who lights a match Lunsford's office is an outlet cover made from to $2,700,000,000 annually. He says that it to look into his gasoline tank. But, the after a tin can with a hole punched through it for will take $18,000,000,000 to put our American effects are not always satisfactory. the wire to come through. factories back on a producing basis. "Lunsford, over the years he has been city "'Can you imagine anyone trying to make The same condition exists in. all industries; electrical inspector, has made a collection of an outlet cover out of a coffee can ?' Lunsford 15,000,000, or 75 per cent, of all railroad gadgets which their creators and users have inquired in disguest. 'Well, the house where freight cars now in use are more than 20 found highly unsatisfactory, to say the least. this thing was used caught fire when the drop years old. Railroad companies have only More than 100 strange devices are in the col­ cord came out through the insulation. The built locomotives at the rate of 160 per year lection. Many of them are fastened to a damage was $1,000. An outlet box cover costs since 1929. During prosperous times they 'Don't Do It' board in his office at the city hall. less than 25 cents.' built on an ayerage of 1,000 annually. "'Now, here's one,' said the inspector, hold­ "Finally, Lunsford made a definite rule for The construction industry in normal times ing out a ceiling outlet with visible effects of the home owner and occupant to follow: averaged $6.000.000,000 per year, while in the fire upon it. 'This gadget caused a $1,500 fire. 7, 'When something goes wrong with one last three years the average was only $1,000,- Someone attempted to save a few cents by of the electrical appliances or the wiring call 000,000. Fifty per cent of this was publicly using it and as a result lost many dollars. a licensed electrician. If you think you can financed. A shortage of 200,000 homes per " 'It is strange how people believe that, with fix it yourself-think twice and then call the year has accumulated since 1929, totaling a a few pieces of wire, a screw-driver and the electrician.' " shortage of 1,000,000 homes. The existing pliers out of the automobile tool kit, they can C. H. HUTTANUS. homes have had no repairs done for severai repair the family toaster, the waffle iron or even wire a light into the back porch. years and nearly all need a complete over­ L. U. NO. 625, HALIFAX, N. S. hauling. " 'The money spent to have a licensed elec­ There is a possibility that factory built trician properly install the wiring or repair Editor: houses will be a competition with employment the appliance may mean the difference be­ Local Union No. 625 has come through the of building trades mechanics. These houses tween safety and the loss of life or a fire. It depression so far in good shape; the local still corne knocked down and an erector comes is foolish to save pennies and lose dollars.' has nearly its good times membership regard­ from the factory who hires a few laborers and "One of the most peculiar looking devices in less of the hard times striking many of our puts the job up in a very short time. The building trades crafts should work on state and city laws ' that will require these ready cut homes to comply with building regu­ lations and they should insist on a rigid inspection. The automobile has become a great neces­ sity to us and is helping create new suburban districts where many people would rather live than stay in thickly populated cities. The constl'uction of paved highways will make it easy for an automobile owner to work in a city and live in one of these suburbs. Electric trains will also help to make it easy for those "'ho wish to do so to live in less congested districts. The possibilities of an enormous amount of work being developed by such places is one of the things that will hasten recovery. Small shopping centers can be had in such suburbs that will employ a large number of people to serve those who live there. The nearness to large centers will make it unnecessary for these small shops to carry in stock any large quantity of produce. The health of the suburban residents would !,I e much better than those who live in a few rooms in a large city, Each horne owner would have a yard and garden that would also give employment to others should the owner not care to do his own work. In fact the only thing that keeps this from becoming a reality is lack of confidence and the fact that there is no circulation of money for the producer. " Prosperity is just around the corner" if Clyde Lunsford, city electrical In spector, is shown above standing before his "Don't Do It" board we only ha..-e guts enough to walk around the at City Hall. Lunsford is holding a ceiling outlet tbat was made by a "home electrician" and which caused a $1,500 tire. On the board are other gadgets made by would·be electricians, many corner. Let's go! of which have caused heavy losses by tire. Also on the board in contrast are a few of the most P. C. MACKAY. modern electrical appliances.-Photo by Paul R. Clegg, in EI Paso World News. •

348 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 members, who have had to turn to various the attendance at our local meetings will L. U. NO. 773, WINDSOR, ONT. ways of making a living. be strengthened by his presence. Editor: Labor in general in Halifax has managed Fort Wayne was treated to an agreeable It seems to me that the message which or­ to hold its own even though construction in surprise by the recent announcement of the ganized labor has for the working class today this end of the country has been almost nil in International Harvester Company concerning is the same one which labor, no matter what the last two years. the expenditure of $1,000,000 for additions to its condition of servitude, has proclaimed The Canadian Trades and Labor Congress the local motor truck plant. This, along with throughout the ages. It is just; we have set is to meet in Halifax the first week in Sep­ the federal government's program of rural our objectives ahead; we hold out the hope to tember, which will be a good time for organ­ electrification should do much to relieve un­ all those who will go with us that our com­ ized labor to meet, as our general election will employment in this vicinity. bined efforts will make tomorrow better than take place at the end of the same month. Now AARON SCHARLACH. today. is the time for organized labor to step out and Labor has never been satisfied to sit back take a stand for improved labor conditions L. U. NO. 734, NORFOLK, VA. and complacently contemplate its past accom­ and lead the way for unorganized labor, which plishments. There has always been a new leadership they need and should have. Editor: goal to be achieved-the objective has al­ We in Canada have a large and rich coun­ As election time draws near and candidates ways been ahead of us, never in the rear. I try. We have made many multimillionaires; for various offices of government begin to think today, more than at any time in the giant financial companies have sprung up and probe the public mind for a fertile spot to sow past, labor has grasped the significance of utilities have in many cases gained a strangle a political seed (and it goes without con­ what the future contains for all of us if we hold on the people. On the other hand, many troversy that the seed is of their own culture will but grasp the opportunities which come people have lost their all due to foreclosure and will bear only the fruit acceptable to the to our hands and bend them to our purpose. for unpaid taxes or mortgages they could not planter), we hear quite a bit about "friend­ Labor invites all those who work with hands meet, all through unemployment, until to~ay ship for labor" and "friendly to labor" and and brain in producing the world's wealth to we have approximately 1,250,000 on rehef, such expressions as, viz., "I have always unite with us in achieving our common ob­ 25,000 of our young men in relief camps, worked for laws that will benefit labor." The jective, a greater opportunity to enjoy the many branded as Communists-men who candidate has found the fertile spot he has things which labor, and labor alone, produces; should be taking their places in the country, been seeking, labor or the working man and a wider and deeper appreciation of our cul­ unable to obtain that privilege. woman. They compose the electorate or the tural attainments, and, generally, a better When men work in unorganized plants they majority of it, so the candidate poses as their and happier world in which to live. sometimes have to work a 60-hour week for friend and, to hear him tell it, only their All of us, no matter what our status in the from $9 to $12 a week. These conditions call friend and their only friend. social or economic scheme of things, desire to for a remedy and the greatest power for But has anyone ever heard one of these see these ends accomplished, but the only way social justice in this country lies in the hands office seekers explain what is meant by friend­ we can have our desires realized is by arriv­ of organized labor. ship for labor? No, I don't think so. That ing at a common understanding of what is to We have a new party formed with JllIr. is a subject that they will avoid, because to be done and uniting in a common effort to­ Stevens at its head, the "Reconstruction define it would affect and possibly jeopardize wards their realization. Party." He has told it is his intention of his financial, political and social standing, BILL COLSON. rectifying these social wrongs. Here's hoping and hence he will only make statements that he gets the chance to make good his promises. he can hedge or twist to suit his convenience. This is a general synopsis of conditions as I quote from the dictionary the definition of L. U. NO. 887, CLEVELAND, OHIO we are confronted by them, which are much a "friend": "One attached to another by Editor: the same as those confronting workers in all esteem." "One not hostile; one of the same These hot July days bring back memories parts of our two great countries. nation, party, kin," etc. One who favors a of July, 1922, when the regular guys went C. VAN BUSKIRK. cause, project," etc. fishing. Can the friendly political candidate sub­ On July 24, the executive board journeyed L. U. NO. 723, FORT WAYNE, IND. scribe to that definition and will he remain to Ashtabula, Ohio, and held a meeting. Editor: a friend to labor after he is elected? Brothers, Brothers Warner and Kidder came over from The annual picnic sponsored by this local ask these questions of some of the office seek­ Conneaut; Brothers Wickert, Moher, DePaul, was held Saturday, July 20. The committee ers. I would like to hear the answers. Brown, Cohron, Walters and Hammond ac­ in charge, under the able direction of Brother PAUL R. LEAKE. companied the board from Cleveland. Broth-

T.sisted H. bySanders Brothers as- ======Offerle, S h 0 u 1 d e r s, Chzran and Fosnaugh, worked long and tire­ lessly to make this frolic a success. If the United Press had asked the noted writer, Arthur Bris­ bane, to cover the story of our picnic for them you no doubt would have read some­ thing about the un­ equal distribution of beer and hot dogs on that particular date. As it was, everyone had a glorious time and the refreshment booth wound up with some cracked ice to spare. All Brown Fellow members of Local No. 723 will be shocked to learn that Products another of our breth­ ren has been bitten by the matrimonial bug. Too bad, he was such a fine fellow. However, it's an ill wind that don't blow somebody some good, and now that the young man has decided to settle down, it is hoped that August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 349 ers Martin, Guerra, Campany, and Coffin of nomic forces because our economic sys­ fellowmen, would have said: The suc­ the Ashtabula membership, were also present. tem is too complex for complete under­ cesses we attain, equal the efforts we VVe hope to have a larger attendance at the standing and there are many unsolved put forth, divided by the reverses which next meeting, in October. problems. When any man, wqoever he we meet in life. For only a half a cen­ Our charter is now open and the member­ ship drive is progressing. The financial secre­ may be, tells you that he has a plan that tury have we known that this law con­ tary and recording secretary both have a will solve all our economic problems, trols one of mankind's greatest allies, supply of applications, so get one for that you can be sure that he knows very little but even the first records of humanity no-bill working near you. Do your bit. Our about our system and you can suspect show that this rule governed man. slogan is 200 members by Christmas. that he wants something from you­ It is very seldom that you hear of BILL BLAKE. either money or your vote. electricity spoken of in coulombs, which With the NRA declared unconstitu­ is quantities of electricity at rest, but New York Workers Study tional, Democracy faces a crisis. We always in amperes, which is electricity in must decide between a radical departure motion, overcoming resistances, until Existing Order in government, or a radical departure arrowing at a certain destination. How By AXTHOXY J. REAL:lIUTO, L. U. Xo. 3 from the present business procedure. true this is of human beings. It is very During the past school year I have Today we live in an economy attended seldom that you hear of an individual been engaged in organizing and con­ by anxiety and insecurity, poverty, in­ who is satisfied with himself, because he ducting forums and discussion groups adequate wages and overwork. Idle is like coulombs of electricity. Always at the headquarters of L. U. 3, 130 wages as proposed by Fiske O'Fallon is the world speaks of men who are moving, East 25th St., New York City. The nothing more than a departure from who overcome all difficulties and arrive number of students who attended these the present business procedure, and will at their destination. classes number close to 5,000. Under eliminate anxiety and insecurity which Many a genius has lived and died, who the supervision of Merle S. Whitcomb, are retarding recovery and undermining has not been heralded by the world, be­ of the board of education, a program our democratic form of government. cause they did not have the necessary devoted to general consideration of eco­ force to carry them forward. Others nomic, social and industrial questions "OHM'S PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE" have tried but their reverses in life were too great to overcome. Always there has been worked out. Special attention By CHARLES'MASOX, L. U. Xo. 134 has been paid to the problems of organ­ are a few, who carryon, until they reach "The intensity of the current equals their ultimate destination, although, ized labor. This program has had the the electromotive force divided by the full approval of the union officials. many do not receive their just merits resistance." How many people realize until long after they have passed on. The members themselves have showed that this law, which governs the great great interest and have filled the school­ Others live to see and enjoy the fruits body of electricity, is also true of man­ room, put at our disposal by the local of their labors. kind's individual successes. Perhaps officials, to capacity twice each week, Perhaps, after all, this great phil­ this great philosopher, in speaking of his with an average attendance of 30 at in­ osopher and scientist was partly thinking formal discussion groups on other days. of the fickleness of humanity when he Tuesday afternoons have been devoted wrote these laws governing one of the to forums with speakers on current sub­ greatest of celestial bodies. Giving jects, with an informal discussion period due merit to all, I say, "Success is re­ following. Fridays have been devoted membered, failure forgotten, but honor to programs of motion pictures on tech­ those who try." . nical and industrial subjects. It is notable that interest in eco­ Ray Lamp Inside Lung Is New nomic and social subjects has been stim­ ulated to a high degree among the mem­ Way to Treat Consumption bers of the local. Where men a year Sunburning the inside of one's lungs to ago were entirely uninterested in such cure tuberculosis is a procedure introduced matters, except as they touched their in Vienna by Dr. Alexander Cemach, in­ own individual problems, they now ventor of many devices for medical use of ultraviolet rays. Dr. Cemach recently de­ crowd the meeting place at each oppor­ veloped a device for treating hay fever and tunity to hear and discuss all points of other nasal irritations by the applications of view on legislation, social problems and these rays to the inside of the nose. To use the political questions of the day. The his still newer device for treating tubercu­ habits of tolerance for others' opinion, losis, spots in the lungs affected by the dis­ of weighing all sides of a question, and ease first are located exactly by a series of orderly debates are noticeable in the X-ray photographs. A skillful surgeon then regular meetings of the local. No other introduces into each of these infected spots in turn a narrow, bent rod, passed in union, it can safely be said, encourages You want the JOURNAL! through the throat and having at its end a free discussion and as liberal an outlook We want you to have the JOURNAL! tiny quartz lamp supplied with electric cur­ as does L. U. 3. The only essential is your rent through wires inside the rod. Once A program of general interest is now properly in place, this quartz lamp is lit being arranged for the fall term start­ Name ______electrically for a few seconds or minutes. ing in September. A powerful beam of the ultraviolet rays like Local Union ______those in sunlight thus is produced inside the Idle Wages vs. Government By diseased part of the lung. The germs of tu­ Experiment New Address ______berculosis are killed easily by these rays, which is the reason why sunlight is so good I would like to pay tribute to Fiske a disinfectant against them. Many of the liv­ O'Fallon for the splendid interest he has ing germs in an infected lung thus are killed, shown in writing the article entitled Old Address ______Dr. Cemach believes, by the internal ray "Idle Wages vs. Public Works, a Con­ bath provided by this instrument. Even if trast," which was published in the June some of the germs are protected by the lung When you move notify us of the tissue, enough are killed so that the natural issue of the ELECTRICAL WORKERS change of residence at once. ·JOURNAL. The economic situation today germ-fighting forces of the body can dispose We do the rest. is a serious matter, because it concerns of the rest. Treatment by the instrument is International Brotherhood of Electrical . now under comprehensive trial in Vienna, the welfare of everyone of us and the especially for the kind of tuberculosis some­ welfare of the nation as a whole. No Workers times called "galloping consumption" which man ever lived who was able to under­ 1200 15th St., N. W. progresses rapidly and often fails to yield to stand completely the operation of eco- Washington, D. C. ordinary methods of treatment. , 350 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935

this local union, and a COllY sent to our olll.­ cial Jonrnal for publication; he It further Resolved, That the charter of our local nnion • be draped for a period of 30 days in bls • • memory . ••• IN MEMORIAM •••• E. L. BHINDEL, E. S. SAU~DERS, • • A. M. JACKSON. • • Committee.

P. Mouton, L. U. No. 561 denly departed from ns in the prime of life Roscoe C. Vest, L. U. No.9 while performing his dnties; therefore be it Initiated June 7, 1935 Re-initiatea March ll, 19117 Resolved, That we, as a union in brotherly ,\Vhereas it has pleased Almighty God, in It is with deep sorrow and regret that the love. extend our deepest and heartfelt sympa­ His infinite wisdom, to remove from our midst memhers of Local 561 mourn the death of our thy to his bereaved wife and family; and be our worthy Brother, Roscoe C. Vest; and Brother. P. Mouton; therefore be It it further ,\Vhereas in the passing of Brother Vest Resolved. That we pay tribute to bis memory Resolved. That we drape our cbarter for a Local No.9, 1. B. E. W .. desires to express bv expressing to his family our sincere sym­ period of 30 days in due respect to his memory. as best we can to those who remain to mourn pat I1\"; and be it further and that a copy be sent to the family. a copy his lOBS our sincere sympathy; therefore be it Rp:,oh·ed. That a copy of this resolution he be spread on the minutes of our local union. Resolved. That a copy of these resolutions sent to his family, a copy to be spread upon and a copy he sent to the olll.cial Journal of be sent to the family. a copy placed on ou r our minutes. and a copy be sent to the Elec­ our Brotherhood for pu b!lcation. records and a copy sent to Ol1r Journal for trical 'Vorkers Journal for publication; and RAY COOLEY. publication. be it fu rther J. V. BRUZAS. CARL ISELEY, Resolved. That the cllarter of this local be FLOYD ~nLES. RAY SMITH. draped for a period of 30 days. Committee. FRANK UPDIKE. A. L. TAYLOR. Committee. HENRY RUSSELL, JOIl:-;- PARKIN. Joseph La Ferrie, L. U. No. 77 Committee. Joseph A. Dyer, L. U. No. 104 Initiated November 2~, 1928 Initiated December 18, 192~ Joseph Schatzle, L. U. No. 241 It is with deep regret and sorrow that Local Whereas it has been the will of Almighty Union No. 77, 1. B. E. 'Y .• of Seattle. Wash .. God to take from our midst Brother Joseph A. InitiatecZ April 7, 1922, in L. U. No. 98 records the sudden . passing of our late Dyer, a true and faithful Brother; and It is with deep sorrow and regret that the Brother. Joseph La Ferrie; and Whereas the members of Local Union No. members of Local Union No. 241, 1. B. E. W., Whereas the membership of Local Union No. 104 deeply mourn the passing of our dear mourn the death of our Brother, Joseph 77 deeply monrns the loss of a true friend Brother; therefore be it Schatzl". and worthy Brother; therefore be it Resolved, That our sincere sympathy be ex­ "'hereas he has been a long and faithful Resolved, That we extend our sincere sym­ tended to the bereaved family and relatives performer of his duties in this local, both as pathy and condolence to his bereaved family of our deceased Brother; and be it further an officer and in the ranks; and in their hour of sorrow; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions "'hereas we deeply regret the sad occasion Resolved, That a copy of these resolu tion" be sent to his family. a copy to be spread that depriv{'s us of a true and loyal memher, be sent to the family. a copy to the olll.cinl upon the minutes of this local union, and a we humbly bow to the divine will; therefore Journal for publication. and a copy spread copy sent to the International Olll.ce for publi­ he it . in the minutes of the local union. cation in the Electrical Workers Journal; and Resolved. That a copy of these resolutIOns be B. W. BOWEN, be it further sent to his family, and a copy be spread upon R. J. HIGGS. Resolved. That our charter he draped for a our minutes, and Ii copy be sent .to the Elec­ J. J. FREEPARTNER. period of 30 days as a token of respect to his trical 'Vorkers' Journal for publIcation; and Committ"e. memory. be it further A. J. HOPKINS, Hpsoh·ed. That we drape our charter for a Secretary. period of 30 days ... '".. ~~ ~~~ ..~~ Ri"h"rd B ..... en, L. U. No. 77 J:'~R ...'J·~"'l. .LV'" ..I."IIJ!J.L\., FREE:\IAN W. AULT, Initiated February 6, 1927 DEATH CLAIMS PAID JULY 1- HAROLD C. ROSE, JULY 31, 1935 Committee. It is with the deepest sorrow and regret that we. the members of Lopal Hnion No. 77. of L.U. Seattle, WasIl., mourn the death of Brother No. Name Amount Richar<1 Brpen; and ther('fore he it A. J. Wright ______$1,000.00 Arthur G. Watkins, L. U. No. 210 Resolved. That we pay trihutp to his memory I. O. J_ G. Webb______Initiated May 16, 1902, in L. U. No. U by expressing to his family our sinrere sym, I. O. 1,000.00 pathv; and further Ed McNally ______1,000.00 "'ith a sincere feeling of sorrow and regret 38 Resolved. That a copv be sent to his family. W. M. Hensler______1,000.00 o"er the loss and passing of our Brotber, and a copy he sent to the Journal for puhlica­ 5 Arthur G. "'atkins, it is the desire of this tion. and a copy to be spread upon our min­ 857 E. D. Apgar______1,000.00 local union to express our sympathy in a utes: an<1 further 241 J. A. Schatzle ______1,000.00 humble way; therefore be it Resolved. That we drape our charter for 3 Morris Motteck ______..______1,000.00 Resol"ed. That our charter be drapec1 for a :l0 days in his memory. perioc1 of 30 days in respect and memory of 637 W. W. Carter______1,000.00 our departed Brother; and be it further RAY COOLEY. IRVING PATTEE. 3 Theo. Siegfried _____ 1,000.00 Hesolved, That a copy of these resolntions be J. A_ Dyer______sent to the family of our late Brother. a copy A. G. FISHER. 104 1,000.00 he spreac1 on our minutes, and. a <;opy be sent Committee. 134 G. Grande ______1,000.00 to the official Journal for publIcatIou. 5 R. P_ Adams _____ .____ 14.58 JOSEPH W. KERSHAW, A. Hogue ______1,000.00 J. WARREN WHITE, Fred C. Huse, L. U. No. 193 134 R. B. BRAN:-;-AKA. 193 F. C. Huse ______1,000.00 Committpe. Initiated January 8, 1901 166 W. R_ Bowers ____ 1,000.00 Whf'reas it bas been the will of Almighty I. O. E. L. Schermerhorn______1,000.00 God, in I1is infinite wisdom. to remov" from 134 E. E. Clarke __ . ___ .______1,000.00 James Kirk Whittlesley, L. U. No. 760 our midst our Brother, Fred C. Huse. and 3 C. Redden ___.______1,000_00 throngh his passing our organization has Initiatecl March 21, 193~ lost a trne anel loyal membpr; therefore be it 38 F. N. Miner______1,000.00 It is with sorrow and regret that we, the Resolved. That we. the memhers of Local 125 A. Garth ______1,000.00 memhers of Local No. 760. record the pa~sing Union No. 1!l:l. I. B. E. W .. extend to those who 40 P_ Z_ Steenrod______300.00 of our Brother, James Kirk ,\,hitUesley; there­ remain to mourn his loss, our deepest sym­ C. D. Terhune______825.00 fore Iw it pathv; ancl he it further 46 Resolve<1. That we in a spirit of brotherly Resolved, That a copy of the"e resolntiou" 18 L. Garrett ___ .______1,000.00 love pay tribute to his memory by expressin.g be sent to the hereavPeI family. a copy spread 151 F. J. White ______1,000.00 to his family our sincere sympathy; and he It upon th~ minntps, and a copy pnhlished in our I. 0_ J. Chamberlain ______.______1,000.00 further official Journal. C. A. Freeman______1,000.00 Hesolved. That our chartpr he draped for a R. IJ. HAWKI:-;-S. 400 period of 30 da"s; and be it further IlER:I[AX ,\ R:IIBR(,STER. 77 R. J. Breen______1,000.00 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions II. BOGASKE, 98 R. J. Bloomer______1,000.00 be sent to his family. a COllY be sprea<1 upon Committee. _our minutes. and a COllY to be sent to our I. O. P. W. Keenan______1,000.00 olll.cial Journal for puhlication. I. O. P. Cotter ______.______1,000.00 G. H. BUTLER, 3 V. J. Kiernan ______.______1,000.00 .T. L. REEDY. Walter M. Carter, L. U. No. 637 R. S. Day ______._ 1,000.00 THOS. C. BROWN. I. O. Committee. Re-initiated September 2, 1925 151 H. C. Brown______1,000.00 "'hereas Local 'C"nion No. 6.37 has snfferee] 134 F. W. Hoppe ______1,000.00 the loss of one of its members, Brother Walter 98 J. J. McGruddy______1,000.00 Albert J, Cherry, L. U. No. 77 ::U. Carter; and Ernest Jahn ______150.00 Whereas it is our desire to express to the 134 Initiated February 11, 191t9 bereaved family of onr deceased Brother our 3 E. P. Philips______150.00 ""e. the members of Local No. 77. 1. B. E. W .. sincere sympathy; therefore be it 723 Thos. Fleming ______150.00 of Seattle. Wash .. have been called upon to Hesolved. That a copy of this resolution be pay our last tribute of respect and high esteem seut to the family of our deceased Brother, a Total ______. _____ to our Brother, Albert J. Cherry, who sud- copy shall be spread upon our minutes of $33,589.58 August, 1935 The Journal of ElectTical Workers and Operators 351

POVERTY OF ILL-DISTRIBUTED and power, or peculiar circumstances progress in the struggle against exploita­ ABUNDANCE created a labor shortage, their freedom tion, without the necessity of prolonged to bargain was a freedom to take or strikes. The A. F. of L., in spite of all criti­ (Continued from pn;:p :132) leave' what the boss might offer. The cism to the contrary, is actually the organi­ It is now generally accepted that zation of American labor. It is in every legal right to sleep in the Waldorf means way better to work with it than to try mankind after long struggle against nothing to the jobless man on a park poverty and scarcity has developed a and supplant it. Moreover, by its very na­ bench. ture and functions a labor union has to be malady now understood as "the poverty Another chapter reveals with compact concerned with the problem of more bread, of ill distributed abundance." But evidence the real tragedy of unemploy­ more leisure, and better conditions now. while we are aware that the poverty and ment. No man living can estimate by In conclusion Mr. Thomas presents a close­ insecurity of today are not the judgment any statistical method what unemployed up picture of our lop-sided state of life. of God or nature upon us we are still workers have suffered before they came In New York, "The richest city in the richest confused as to what can be the remedy. on any kind of government payroll, or country in the world," on'e out of every four of the whole population is on the public We seek easy cures partly because we indeed what they suffer from inade­ have not realized how deep and exten­ relief while others make shift somehow. quacy of the dole which they receive and Insecurity is not confined to one group sive is our distress. Weare too prone the way in which it is given. of the population. In some degree it is al­ to think that prosperity is to be recov­ The tragedy of these years has made most universal. Yet all round are evidence ered rather than something to be won. Thomas Carlyle's remark commonplace, of enormous wealth and flaunting- luxury. There is a popular belief that capitalism "A man willing to work and unable to Heiresses like the Huttons and Dukes re­ had a golden age here in America durin.!?: find work is perhaps the saddest sight ceive millions on their twenty-first birthday. the gambling orgies of the twenties and that fortune's inequalities exhibit under A man like Dorrance, head of Campbell SOllP. dies leaving an estate of $100,000,000 that to recover it would be about all that the sun." At bottom of the depression a reasonable man could ask. while his employees were on strike against so far, upwards of 40 per cent of those a wage as low as $6 and $7 a week. It may In concluding his introduction he asks usually gainfully employed in America, well be questioned whether the inheritance that we set out together to form some not only saw that sight, but were that of swollen fortunes is more absurd or picture of poverty and exploitation in sight. In the third year of our great socially more hurtful than the opportunity the age of scientific and mechanical mar­ depression magicians sought to call up to make them. vels and in a country possessed of almost out of the vasty deeps of despair new In criticizing a social order which exists everything in the way of natural re­ confidence and with it prosperity, by a upon contrasts between luxury and poverty we are told that if excess wealth of the rich sources that the heart could desire. It is chart designed to prove that "depression always a human being who is exploited, were divided up it would mean little among don't last forever." It proved instead so many human beings; that such is human not an abstraction like the producer or that from the end of the 18th century nature, in a short time the acquisition of the the consumer. Yet it may help to under­ on there had never been true prosperity strong and the capable would have it back stand a concrete situation if we consider of complete security for masses of men again. They think that the rules of the old men under different circumstances as in this new country. grab-bag game would stilI prevail. When producers or consumers: as exploited in one thinks of how much the addition of $100 respect to the reward of their labors or Strikes Are Necessary or $200 annually would mean to the lower in the waste of natural re~ources on groups, and how much greater is the speed which they and their children must de­ The chapter on the labor struggle is of the poor man's dollar in circulating round one would not dismiss too lightly the pos­ pend. A consideration of the efff'd of especially worth reading when one con­ siders the uncertainties, the proffered sibilities inherent in a more equitable dis­ poverty in the midst of potential abund­ tribution of the wealth we now produce. We ance upon men and women who are substitutes, and general loose talk con­ might discover that ethics and economics dimly becoming aware that they have at cerning unions and organization. There have some mutual relationship and that their disposal the means of conquering is no middle class delusion greater than efficiency as well as that intangible known poverty and releasing their children the delusion so diligently propagated by as hum"n happiness might be better served from bondage to insecuritv and ill­ the spokesman for the employing class were there fewer and less fantastic in­ rewarded toil such as countless genera­ and by most of the press, to the effect .iustices in the distribution of the national income. tions of their fathers have known. that strikes are the work of irresponsible agitators. Agitators have their uses, In all it is a book that should be read by One of the first chapters deals with every organizer in the labor movement. real estate and homes. This chapter and perhaps their abuses, but no agitator alone would have made the book "worth or group of agitators, of any color from its weight in gold" to thousands of home the blue of the NRA eagles, to the pink PUBLIC WORKS WAGES SUBJECT owners had they known the facts of or red of far more radical organizations, OF ORDER home owning before the depression. could have produced or supported the (Continued from page 335) wave of strikes which in 1934 swept Legal Rights vs. Actualities along with it the fruit pickers in Cali­ portion of the grant which has been lib­ fornia; the wretched onion pickers of eralized from 30 per cent of the cost of The chapters on "Working for Wages" Hardin county; dairy farmers in Wis­ labor and materials to 45 per cent of the and "Working Conditions" are worthy of consin and New York; longshoremen and total cost of the project, predetermina­ reprint in pamphlet form. A review is marine workers; street-car employees in tion of minimum wage rates, in accord­ made from the earliest days when men Milwaukee; the auto-lite workers all ance with customary local rates, and first received wages, to the present form over the country. Strikes are not fun. other changes as a result of the new law of highly developed industrialism. In They are grim work. They require an and the experience gained by PW A dur­ the days of feudalism, and even among endurance and heroism of men and wo­ ing two years of successful operation. slave owners, there was a certain re­ men and even children far nobler than The new rules are definitely in the sponsibility in providing for workers and the heroism of war. The one agitator interest of expedition and are in line their food. In our present system there who inspires great strikes and sustains with the President's injunction that is no such responsibility. According to the strikers is revolt against exploitation. "speed is of the essence." jurists. the change from feudalism to Behind the strikes, which fill the pages Important among the new rules and capitalism was the change from human of the newspaper, stands a misery of indicative of the increased responsibility relations based on status into which men unemployment, insecurity, low wages, of PWA state directors is the regulation were born, to relations based upon con­ and an impersonal tyranny, which treats covering wage rates which takes the place tracts which they were free to make. A human beings as so many cogs in of the PW A 3-zone minimum scale which worker is free to bargain with the textile has been in effect during the past two production. mill or steel trust; he has only his muscle The nominal gains of a successful strike years. The primary responsibility of and hunger of himself and children; the are not worth much unless a properly organ­ fixing wage rates on PWA projects under boss has the tools and the sole control ized labor union is on guard to protect the new program rests with the borrower of the opportunity to use them. Except them. The better organized are the workers or recipient of a grant. The new rates as workers in association gained strength the better are their prospects for making for labor on public works projects, 352 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935 which the President exempted from the projects are to be marked by signs bear­ struggle. It is expected that Governor PW A rates recently promulgated, are to ing the legend: "Federal Works Project Winant will come to America in the fall be determined as follows: No. -, Public Works Administration." and make a number of addresses to "Minimum or other wage rates re­ The new regulations provide that any American audiences on the work of the quired to be predetermined by state law time after acceptance by the applicant International Labour Conference. or local ordinance shall be predeter­ of an offer by the government to aid in mined in accordance therewith, and in­ financing a PWA project, the applicant corporated in the appropriate contract may request an advance payment on ac­ WILL RURAL WIRING DEVELOP documents. In the absence of applicable count of the grant of not exceeding 15 YARDSTICK? law or ordinance, the applicant shall pre­ per cent of the previously approved esti­ (Continued from page 32ii) determine minimum wage rates, in ac­ mated cost of the project. the private power companies are making cordance with customary local rates, for This advance grant may be used for to the program is greater than these pro­ all the trades and occupations to be em­ paying architectural, engineering, plan­ portions would suggest, because in a ployed on the project, and submit such ning and legal fees, costs of surveys, bor­ number of instances their projects are rates to the state director for approval ings and other preliminary investiga­ very much larger. Some involve several before incorporating them in the appro­ tions, costs of preparation of plans, speci­ fications and other forms of proposed million dollars each, whereas some of priate contract documents. those proposed by co-operatives, for ex­ "If, in the opinion of the state direc­ contract documents, the costs of adver­ tisements for bids for contracts and the ample, range down to less than $10,000 tor, work of any specific type has gener­ each. ally been done under union conditions in printing of bonds, but not in payment for Active co-operation is being given by the political subdivision in which the the acquisition of lands, easements, or the National Grange, the American Farm project is to be constructed, the state rights-of-way. The request for this ad­ Bureau Federation, the manufacturers director may disapprove any rate to be vance grant must be accompanied by a of electrical and plumbing equipment paid on such type of work, other than a signed certificate of purposes. and other industrial groups, the National rate predetermined under law or ordi­ All of the bonds of the borrower will Association of Master Plumbers, the Co­ nance, if it is less than the present pre­ be taken and paid for by the government operative League of the United States, vailing union rate." at one time in cases where the offer is to purchase bonds in an aggregate principal and the municipally owned electric plants Workers wi! be obtained through the of the country as well as the privately United States Employment Service. amount of not more than $1,000,000. In all other cases, the bonds will be pur­ owned electric utilities. Preference in employment shall be given Mr. Cooke said: "The solution of our to persons from the public relief rolls, chased by PWA in more than one install­ ment and each installment, in so far as problem seems to lie in coordinating the and, except with the specific authoriza­ efforts of all parties who can profit by tion of the PWA, at least 90 per cent of possible, shall be for an aggregate prin­ cipal amount of not less than $1,000,000. the development of rural electrification, the persons employed on any project whether they profit through a financial shall be taken from relief rolls. The The rules provide for inspection of all work by the PWA inspection division, return or through the comforts and contractor, however, may continue to economies of living, or through both. bring supervisory and administrative reports on construction and progress and monthly reports to the Department of "We have been especially gratified by employees and key men on the job, as at the evidences of the sympathetic under­ present, provided their number does not Labor covering the number of men at work,. man-hours worked, the aggregate standing by farmers, public and private exceed 10 per cent of the total number organizations and others, of the very employed. amount of payrolls and an itemized state­ ment of expenditures for materials. large problem that rural electrification The contractor may dismiss any em­ presents, and especially by their readi­ ployee not qualified to perform the work ness to meet the requirement that proj­ for which he has been referred. A. F. OF L. WILL HEAR REPORT OF ects be self-liquidating." The rules and regulations protect the right of employees to organize and bar­ I. L. C. gain collectively through representatives (Continued from page 323) TRACY ASKS STUDY OF SOCIAL of their own choosing. No employee CONTROL and no one seeking employment shall be of the land. American labor was faced required as a condition of employment with the problem of supporting the 40- (Continued from page 322) to join any company union or to refrain hour week in Geneva while it was fight­ be overlooked, but which is none the less from joining, organizing or assisting a ing for the 30-hour week in the United going to make a very valuable contribu­ labor organization of his own choosing. States. The American labor delegate tion in the different spheres concerned. The rules prescribe that except in took the position that a convention for The work of the pensions committee of the emergencies the maximum hours of man­ 40 hours passed by Geneva would create recruitment committee and most of all ual work on PWA projects shall be eight the proper background and strengthen perhaps, of the unemployment commit­ hours per day and 130 hours per month. American labor's cause in the United tee, is, I believe, going to produce really In some cases a 40-hour week will be States. Another draft convention passed valuable results, and not merely some­ permitted. by the conference referred to the em­ thing on paper. Wherever practicable, double shifts of ployment of youth. This subject was A great many interesting suggestions labor will be employed in order to speed given the least opposition in the confer­ were thrown out in the course of the gen­ construction and spread employment. ence. All nations agreed apparently that eral discussion. First of all, there was Unless otherwise provided by law, something must be done for the oncom­ the proposal for a regional conference at claims or disputes pertaining to the clas­ ing regiments of youth who wished to Santiago. That is another new depart­ sification of labor under the construction. work and never had a job. Miss Grace ure. It is an experiment, but I believe it contract shall be determined by the ap­ Abbott, chairman of the committee, is an important, and I expect it will be a plicant, subject to final review by the worked out the plans for this convention, su~cessful experiment. In any case, I state director whose decision shall be and they were ratified with great ac­ thmk we must all be grateful to the gov­ binding. claim. ernment of Chile for giving us the op­ All employees shall be paid in full at Winant to Come Home portunity to make it. least once each week. All pay rolls shall Then an unusual number of sugges­ be sworn to in accordance with regula­ John A. Winant, former governor of tions have been made with regard to the tions issued jointly by the Secretary of New Hampshire, who has become assist­ research work of the office. I referred to the Interior and the Secretary of the ant director of the International Labour most of them, I think, in replying to the Treasury pursuant to the so-called "kick­ Office, gave sympathetic direction and general discussion; but they were really back" statute. guidance to the work of the American all summed up in the proposal made by Wage scales are to be posted conspicu­ delegation at Geneva. He showed marked Mr. Tracy for the more intensive study ously at the site of the project. All PWA interest in social aspects of the labor "of measures to reinforce effective de- August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 353 mand, thereby increasing economic activ­ Morgan, can you guarantee that such a trade unions and to improve their condi­ ity and employment." That, I believe, is thing will not happen?" tion through promoting strikes, once really a summary of the research work This was a consideration, says the having experienced the taste of power which the office has before it. biographer, that had occurred to no one in his own hands, has made the calling in the room-except, possibly, Morgan. of a strike by industrial workers a severe HOW MORGAN "AIDED" PRESIDENT Could any syndicate prove powerful criminal offense. Workers no longer CLEVELAND enough to prevent foreign exchange have a choice as to the kind of union (Continned from page 326) dealers from taking profits by shipping they shall join. They are compelled by gold abroad? Morgan did not hesitate. law to belong and contribute to one of ington, to drop into the White House "Mr. President," he said, "I will so the six or eight national organizations for a chat and a smoke." guarantee." representing all phases of economic Evidently the popular clamor, coupled For the sequel, let us turn again to activity; but their union representatives with the Treasury's dismay at Morgan's Weberg's "Background of the Panic." are selected for them by the government exorbitant terms, had affected Cleve­ "It was finally agreed that 'J. P. Mor­ and, through a hierarchy of Fascist land, for he informed Morgan that the gan and Co. for themselves and for J. S. associations, their organizations are government did not wish to take a pri­ Morgan and Co. of London; and August rigidly controlled. Such is the inde­ vate loan. Morgan returned to New Belmont and Co. of New York, for them­ pendence of the Italian people today. York, and Cleveland endeavored to get selves and for N. M. Rothschild and Son a bill through Congress. We have no of London, were to sell and deliver to No Pride of Place authority for saying so, but it is logical the government 3,500,000 ounces of Power and personal glory were farthest to suppose that a man who controlled so standard gold coin of the United States from Garibaldi's thoughts in all his cam­ many millions of dollars, so many cor­ to be paid for in bonds bearing annual paigns. During one of the wars Garibaldi porations as Morgan did, controlled the interest at the rate of 4 per cent per had been entrusted with the defense of action of some members of Congress­ annum, and payable at the pleasure of Rome. For some reason at the crucial mo­ at any rate, the bill was defeated in the the government after 30 years from ment a Colonel Roselli was placed in first House, 167 to 120. When Morgan heard their date.' At least half the coin was command. "Some of my friends," writes the bill had failed, he picked up his hat, Garibaldi in his memoirs, "urged me not to to come from 'Europe imd to be shipped accept a secondary position, under a man jumped into a cab and drove for the from there in quantities not less than train. It is said that he sat in his Wash­ who, only the day before, was my inferior, 300,000 ounces per month at the expense but I confess these questions of self-love ington hotel that evening saying nothing and risk of the banking parties. The never yet troubled me; whoever gives me a while callers, including Treasury offi­ banking firms were further required to chance of fighting, if only as a common cials, came and went; and that he played do all in their power to protect the soldier, against the enemy of my country, solitaire till nearly dawn, trying to figure Treasury of the United States against him will I thank." out the'legal angle so that authorization After six brief months of dictatorship, withdrawals. having accomplished his purpose to unite of the loan by Congress would not be "The Morgan-Belmont contract was necessary. northern and southern Italy, Garibaldi gladly carried out and for a time the 'endless turned back his powers to the hands of At breakfast he told Robert Bacon. chain' was interrupted. However, the the king for whom he had fought. "Italy one of his junior partners, that he had financial ills of the country were not and Victor Emmanuel" had been the battle recalled a law authorizing the Secretary cured. Appeals to Con~ess by the cry of his men throughout the years. Nor of the Treasury to purchase gold when­ President were of no avail. By January, would he accept any honors or rewards ever the government needed it, at the 1896, the gold reserve had fallen to $61,- Whatsoever, from his sovereign, in return for his indispensable services in establish­ best price he could make, paying for 000,000 and a remedy was necessary. It it in any legal United States securities. ing him firmly on the Italian throne. was decided to go back to the former The same thing was true of Garibaldi The law had been passed during a Civil method of issuing bonds for gold. Con­ War emergency. even in his early youth when, exiled in sequently on February 5, 1896, $100,- South America as a result of the failure Soon the telephone rang-a summons 000,000 of 4 per cent United States of his first attempt to liberate his native for Morgan to come to the White House. bonds were offered to the public in de­ Italy, he successfully freed the Republic of With Bacon, he left at once. nominations as low as $50. The issue Montevideo from Brazil. In recognition of Messages were coming in from New was well advertised and bids for over the invaluable aid of Garibaldi and his men, York. The run on the Treasury con­ Montevideo presented his legion with sev­ five times the amount were received. Be­ eral leagues of land and thousands of cattle. tinued. Several times Cleveland re­ cause of this last sale of bonds, and in peated his determination to resist the Garibaldi, however, returned the packet of spite of withdrawals, the gold reserve deeds representing the gift, stating, "The private bond issue. And the hours passed stood at the end of February, 1896, at Italian Legion gives its life to Montevideo, with Morgan and Bacon sitting silently, $124,000,000. The panic had evidently but does not exchange it for either land or inconspicllou~. Eventuallv a repol·t came run its course, for the extinction of the cattle; it gives its life in exchange for hos­ to Carlisle that onlv $9.000,000 gold gold reserve no longer was threatened." pitality and because Montevideo is fighting were left in the New York Sub-Treasury. But Morgan had made his deal and he for independence." He handed this to the President. Contrast this attitude with the origin of made his profit. Six months after Cleve­ the Fascist party today-the organization by "Mr. President," said Morgan, "the land had agreed to the private loan, the Secretary of the Treasury knows of one Mussolini in 1919 of a disgruntled group of price of the bonds which Morgan had Italian World War veterans. The purpose check outstanding for $12,000.000. If taken at approximately $1041;2 had of the organization was to secure for these this is presented today it is all over." climbed to $124. ex-soldiers the public honors, rewards and Carlisle agreed. power that they felt they merited for hav­ Cleveland was indeed, on the spot. ing performed a noble duty to their country. "Have you anything to suggest, Mr. GARIBALDI VS. MUSSOLINI: A Garibaldi, kindhearted, un presuming, hos­ Morgan?" he asked. Morgan told, CONTRAST pitable, incorrigibly generous-he once gave rapidly, of the law he had recalled. A his only shirt from off his back to a soldier (Continued from page 327) who had none, for he could not bear to see copy of the statutes was obtained, and one of his followers poorer than himself­ the law found substantially as Morgan balloting was not secret, colored ballots established himself in no palatial residence. said. The syndicate's proposal again indicated the vote "yes" while plain He received his guests, sitting in state at was brought forward. The President white ones designated "no". Such prac­ the far end of no long, impressive hall, as agreed to Morgan's original terms. tices as these account for the apparent Mussolini sits in. He wore no immaculate "How about this drain of gold enthusiasm with which the populace sup­ uniform. Sailor, soldier, farmer, he dressed abroad?" Winkler reports Cleveland as ports the present regime. in the utmost simplicity. In times of peace having asked. "Suppose the govern­ New laws, new penal codes, hem the he retired to his home on the wild little ment does purchase gold from the bank­ island of Caprera, off the coast of northern workers in on all sides. Mussolini, who Italy; but his door was always open and a ers and it is immediately withdrawn in his student days lived among the constant stream of friends and admirers from the Treasury and sent abroad. Mr. laboring classes, helping them to found found their way there to see the man whom 354 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1985 they knew to be the true Italian democrat. and utilized in accordance with the peaks sary for a "minimum decency budget," What Italy needs today is more men like and valleys of the demand. By locating Lowenthal stated that 88 per cent of the Garibaldi. specially designed chemical plants and families in the United States now had in­ separating the valuable by-products from comes under $1,700, the officially determined minimum decency income. EARTH'S HOT INTERIOR CAN MAKE the heat units and storing the latter and using them for electric power, much of A memorandum submitted by Ira S. Rob­ ELECTRICITY our bituminous coal could be put to bet­ bins, counsel to the New York State Board (Continued from page 330) ter use than simply burning it in power of Housing, demonstrated the framework plants. for federal-local co·operation in the pro­ scientific exploration to locate oil pools vision of adequate shelter to be rapidly a mile or more beneath the surface. growing, with 17 states now authorizing If by systematic and scientific explora­ STATES RAPIDLY SET UP HOUSING local housing authorities: Alabama, Colo­ tion other heat pools could be located it AGENCIES rado, Delaware, Illinois, Kentucky, Michi­ gan, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North should be possible to artificially construct (Continued from page 333) hydraulic escalators to bring this under­ Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, ground heat to the surface and convert it housing projects to local authorities. Tennessee and West Virginia. Two of these This stand was confirmed by Marc J. states have not yet extended the power to into electric power. create housing authorities to all their cities: Let us take, for instance, a concrete Grossman, chairman of the Cleveland Michigan's housing authority law is ap­ example in the shape of the Boulder Metropolitan Housing Authority. The plicable only to Detroit, and that of Ten­ Dam. No pun intended. After the fall housing authorities of Schenectady, De­ nessee solely to Shelby County, in which of the water has been converted into troit and Cincinnati also formally ap­ ~Iemphis is located. (Since the hearings electric power at the dam the intention proved the bill, as did the housing com­ two more states-California and Pennsyl­ then is, as I understand, to convey this missions of Los Angeles and Atlanta. vania-have been added to the list.) water in conduits to the state of Cali­ Memoranda from Joseph F. Pieper, Ohio leads the list with the greatest num­ fornia where it is to be used for indus­ mayor of Covington, Ky.; C. K. Dykstra, ber of local housing authorities, having city manager of Cincinnati; Mayor Roy seven in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, trial and agricultural purposes. Dayton, Toledo, Warren and Youngstown. We will suppose that a hot spot near N. Towl, of Omaha, and Harry L. Davis, New York follows with three in Buffalo, New the surface and near this water conduit mayor of Cleveland, endorsed the York City, Schenectady; while South Caro­ were found and a hydraulic escalator Wagner-Wood Federal Public Housing lina has two in Columbia and Charleston. were constructed along the lines demon­ Bill and requested its early passage. The remainder have at least one each. strated by nature in the Yellowstone. Testifying to the necessity for trans­ Similar legislation in eight other states Then with the cold water from the forming the Housing Division from an is now pending, these being Florida, Massa­ Boulder Dam for condensing water we emergency board to a permanent agency chusetts, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Mis­ could use the water over again for the for the creation of low-rental workers' souri, California, Indiana and Wisconsin. housing of high standards, Dr. Edith Three states now center their activities in generating of another supply of electric boards having jurisdiction over low-rental power. And if in the desert region an­ Elmer Wood, outstanding expert on the housing in the entire state: );"ew Jersey, other favorable location were found for sociology of housing, stated that the only Maryland, Massachusetts. Oniy five states a sunpower plant, we should have the way this could be achieved was through have either rejected or shown no interest same water supnlv instrumental in utiliz­ government action. "* * * In 1935, in low-rent housing authority Jegi~lation: ing three different primary sources of as in 1925, or 1915, the only way the Georgia, Louisiana, New Mexico, Xew Hamp­ electric power. lower third of our self-supporting popu­ shire and South Dakota. By making certain streams in the west lation can have homes of what we like Although there are some differences of opinion regarding certain details of the perform a double, or even triple, func­ to call the 'American standard', is to consider them as a public utility and Wagner-Wood Bill, before it is reconsid­ tion, it might be possible to convert our ered in the second session of the 74th Con­ water resources into another source of supply them through some form of pub­ gress these differences will be harmonized. national wealth. Why should we wait lic agency on a non-profit, and in many The bill will not be reported out for a vote for private enterprise to do this and cases on a subsidized basis," Dr. Wood in this first session because it was intro­ again repeat the national scandal of stated. duced late in the session, and the national power holding companies? Dr. Wood pointed out that degraded community is still not sufficiently organ­ I have shown you briefly that nature housing conditions were not primarily a ized for its support to insure passage at product of the economic crisis. Refer­ this time. has given us in her thermal activities in American labor has borne the brunt of the Yellowstone proof of the practicabil­ ring to the 6,000,000 urban homes on which rentals of less than $20 per month degraded and degrading housing conditions ity of bringing this internal heat to the in the United States in the past. The prob­ surface in a usable form. For 80,000 were paid in 1929, Dr. Wood declared: lem has now been brought into the open, years she has shown the hydraulic and "There is reason to believe that at least its existence given official recognition, the thermo-dynamic principles in operation. that portion of non-farm homes were way to action paved. The central agency The little power plant that we built 30 substandard at that date. * * *" for the provision of low-rental housing is The Wagner-Wood Public Housing Bill already in existence; the legal means for years ago proves conclusively that no calls for an initial appropriation by Con­ federal-local co-operation in constructing difficult mechanical or thermo-dynamic gress of $800,000,000. In pointing to the such projects are rapidly being extended. principles are involved in converting the necessity for such sums to be applied to With a government housing program guar­ heat of the earth into electric power. housing immediately, Milton Lowenthal, anteed by law, the remaining 31 states will It needs but the union of these two architect, speaking for the Housing Study rapidly fall in line, empower their cities ideas to develop what may prove to be a Guild, outstanding body of technicians con­ to create housing authorities. new national industry. Anyway it is cerned with the correlation and publication But without that guarantee of perma­ worthy of serious consideration. of housing data, declared housing conditions nency, as provided by the Wagner-Wood And it strikes me that there is no bet­ to have deteriorated even further by 1934. Bill, without operations sustained by legal At that time, Lowenthal declared, the fam­ bulwarks and continuation guaranteed by ter time than the present when millions ilies paying less than $15 per month rent law, there can be no solution to the housing of skilled workmen would be glad to be ranged from 24.2 per cent of the total in problem in the United States. For there employed on some permanently produc­ those cities over 100,000 in Region I of the is no partial solution to the housing prob­ tive enterprise. Work Relief Areas Map, to 64.4 of the total lem, as European experience has proven; it In conclusion, I should like to refer families in Region IV. Using the income cannot be attacked piecemeal as an emer­ briefly to another possible source of elec­ determined by the government as neces- gency measure, its various parts in isola­ tric power that at present is going to tion one from another. waste. This is labor's program. With the tre­ THIS BUTTON IN YOUR LAPEL mendous support of organized labor massed I refer particularly to blast furnaces, proudly announces membership in coking ovens, chemical plants and other behind the Wagner Bill, it can be made the I. B. E. W. A handsome bit ot an instrument which will eventually give to industries where large quantities of heat jewelry, in gold and e!,amel. Solid gold, small $1 50 every working class family in America for now being lost might be stored in water • SIze. • the first time a home in which to live. August, 1995 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 355

TECHNICIANS MAKE OR BREAK lute precision. More wonderful than monitor and motor circuits at 100 per cent GREAT STARS that is the almost perfect frequency re­ efficiency. To make daily gain runs, to make sponse that lends tone and color to the sure that everything functions properly. (Continued from page 328) Theirs to set the standards at which sound sound through the faithful reproduction will be recorded. Daily and hourly tests This is a series of striations photo­ of the harmonics or overtones that per­ are made of the light valves. The exiter graphed on the film, which when passing mit distinguishing one instrument from lamp must burn at an accurately pre-de­ a narrow slit, interrupts a source of light another. termined amperage. Tests of the "soup" which is focused on a sensitive photo­ This is possible because of the compli­ (developer) are made. Most studios main­ electric cell, creating electrical impulses cated speed control and interlocking tain an engineer in the developing labora­ which are amplified into sound waves in devices used in the production and exhi­ tories all night long. He has a report for the theater. bition of pictures. The speed of the each sound crew in the morning, together Formerly, before the developments of camera and recording machine motors with the daily "rushes" (the previous day's the present technique, it was necessary is kept constant within limits of one­ work, viewed in the projection room before to carefully "cue" each shot and record tenth of one per cent--almost absolute starting a new day). Corrections are made each individual cut. precision. Regardless of the speed of when any slight variation from the rigid It will be noted when viewing a musi­ standards occurs. Noise reduction systems the combination of cameras and record­ are checked and reset at intervals through­ cal presentation on the screen, that we ing machines, each is in absolute step or out the shooting day. Recording of sound will see a long shot, a medium shot or a synchronism with every other unit of is today the application of scientific knowl­ close up and again will often swing from the combination. It must be understood edge and equipment to a task that is never a musical presentation to individual that the picture and sound are made twice the same. The application is made characters without interruption of the simultaneously on separate films. The by highly trained men. Trained not only in sound. Formerly this was a very diffi­ positives or prints are made together on the technique of their equipment but in the cult task, this "cutting" or editing of a one film for release. This permits easy technique of the making of motion pictures. picture, properly. This has been much Their skill and knowledge have been ap­ "cutting" or editing and has many tech­ plied to a highly specialized industry. It simplified by the present technique and nical advantages, too numerous to come is significant that today an overwhelming the resultant picture is infinitely better. under the scope of this article. percentage of the men employed in the sound departments of the various studios From Silent to Sound Descriptions of Sound "Screening" have been engaged in the business since its The addition of sound to motion pic­ A sound wave is a complex thing, con­ very inception. tures was an enormous undertaking. sisting of the fundamental frequency In the early days nearly every sound ef­ Overnight, the fourth largest industry which gives it pitch and harmonics which fect in a picture was placed there when the adapted itself to an entirely new medium give quality. An interesting example of picture was being made. If the heroine this is an experiment conducted consist­ said: "Hark! I hear the 10 o'clock ex­ of expression. An industry geared to press approaching," the 10 o'clock express high speed made the change without fal­ ing of three musical instruments playing approached or its approach was simulated tering. To those who were not ac­ the same note for a recording. The in­ by an elaborate "Rube Goldberg" under quainted with the magnitude of this struments were; piano, french horn and the direction of the sound effects man. His accomplishment, it was accepted as a violin. As each instrument sounded its job was to produce the call of a wild turkey matter of course, but to those who met note, there was no difficulty in identify­ 'or the sound of an exploding catsup bottle and had solved the problems incidental ing which was playing. A series of filters on demand. He had an elaborate depart­ were installed, cutting off some of the ment with thousands of gadgets stored to this major undertaking, it was a away. Bells, buzzers, chimes, horns, in fact monumental task. harmonics in successive steps. As each harmonic from about 3,000 cycles per anything that could possibly be expected The knowledge, the genius, the care, to make a noise. going in to make possible the scientific second was cut off, the sound of each Today the heroine and her boy friend, the marvel of producing motion pictures instrument became more difficult to hero, pretend to listen to the approaching with sound, is not that of the star who identify, until everything above the 10 o'clock express. A month or so later the thrills us with his portrayal, nor the di­ fundamental was cut off and each in­ express will be put on the sound track in rector who tells his story through the strument sounded exactly alike. the re-recording department by a crew of medium of his characters, nor is it the The sound department in a major studio specialists in the newer science of re­ usually comprises about 100 people. This recording. They call on the sound library writer who created the story, but of the includes many classifications. In sound de­ for wanted sound effects. They select from technicians and research departments partments the watchword is always prog­ among a number of stock shots the one behind the producing forces in the ress, improvement, refinement. Research suited for their purposes. It is carefully studio. To properly credit the present never stops. Hence the personnel of each "cued" to the proper place in the completed state of near perfection, would require sound department includes several engi­ film. The original sound track is placed a roster longer than this article. It neers who do solely testing and research on a machine called a "dummy" or "dub­ would list the names of hundreds of elec­ for development work, maintenance men, bing machine" and the wanted sound ef­ trical and radio engineers. Nearly every construction men, optical specialists, pre­ fect on another. It is common practice to large research company has made its cision instrument men, precision machinists, have a number of "dummies" engaged in re­ microphone repair men, laboratory special­ recording or "dubbing" in sound when a contribution. Indeed, it is generally ists, amplifier men, mixers, recorders, stage­ picture is being re-recorded preparatory to credited to one big corporation, main­ men, cablemen, draughtmen, light valve release. At proper places in the film there taining a large research department, of men. Of these, the mixers, recorders, cable may be rain, thunder, crowd noise, steam­ having originated the first practical sys­ men and stage men are the only ones who boat whistles, autos, etc., to be inserted. tem in their laboratories and selling the are actually engaged in recording the pic­ For each of these stock sounds a "dummy" idea to the studios. ture. They are the men who are on the fir­ is allotted. They are interlocked electrically Consider this physical fact. Middle ing line. Theirs is the task of "getting" and stay in absolute synchronism at the pre­ HC" in the musical scale has a funda­ sound. Theirs the task of always being pre­ determined speed. The output of each of pared to surmount every obstacle. To al­ these machines is carried through suitable mental period of 256 vibrations per ways be right. To be wrong is too expen­ equalized circuits to the mixer panel where second. The concert pianist in Holly­ sive. A picture company often costs in the sound engineer sometimes known as wood seats himself at the grand piano excess of $10,000 per day while on produc­ "mixer" or "monitor man" adjusts values and strikes this note. Months later, tion. Minutes are precious. They cannot and cuts various sound effects in or out at half way around the world, in a shabby be wasted. Retakes for sound are rare but will. The output is recorded on an entirely little theater in an obscure village in when made are very expensive. new sound track. The re-recording depart­ ment irons out any difference in levels oc­ Australia, an image of lights and shad­ Every Department Must Function ows appears on the screen and the mov­ curring in the various scenes of the film. In giving credit to the men on the "shoot­ Indeed, as has happened, objectionable ing series of photos of our concert ing line," one must not detract from the sounds, impossible to correct when making pianist shows him striking Middle "C", part played by the rest of the personnel the original picture (perhaps on location) true and with full fidelity-256 vibra­ back of them. Theirs the task of providing are by the design and building of proper tions per second. A piano or other in­ trouble·free equipment. To service and filters, eliminated in the re-recording strument can be tuned to it with abso- maintain the elaborate amplifier, speech, department. 356 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operator8 August, 1935

The department and the trained men in sought to arrive at what they term the bin­ DEMAND FOR CONSTITUTIONAL them, are today an invaluable and essential aural ("two-eared" effect), and to get REFORM GROWS part of the making of that modern scientific away from the limitations of the present marvel, the sound motion picture. monaural or "one-eared" effect. You may (Continued from page 820) be sure that eventually, as a theater-goer, group which met in the federal conven­ Sound Engineer Haa Final Say you will get increased enjoyment out of tion in Philadelphia in 1787 and who the picture you see, because unseen and In the production of a picture the sound drew up the historic document now pre­ engineer or mixer is in charge. His the unheeded by the audience is a vast research department with hundreds of workers earn­ served under glass in the Congressional final responsibility. He alone passes judg­ estly striving to bring to you the ultimate Library. This group was not authorized ment on the acceptance of a "takeHas satis­ perfection. to write a new constitution, but to amend factory. He is responsible for the proper the Articles of Confederation ratified by functioning of the crew. He manipulates the dials, setting the levels. He passes on ARBITRATION IS TRIED BY TOLEDO the states in 1781, delegating certain of the necessary steps to prepare a stage or (Continued from page 829) their powers to the United States Con­ set for successful sound recording. Under gress. The 13 states sent delegates to his direction is the stage engineer. Each The summary of Local Union 245's the federal convention. Ten delegates, studio has a different name for this highly brief follows: including Patrick Henry, of Virginia, de­ important person, but his occupation is the "Labor is proceeding upon certain defi­ clined to attend or for other reasons same. He is the point of contact with artist, nite principles in the presentation of this were absent. Sixteen attended but did director, camera man and set lighting fore­ case to this board of arbitration. not sign the new Constitution. Out of man. His the job to have that microphone in "Labor regards the Toledo Edison the proper place at all times-a few inches 65 elected by the states to represent Company as a public utility whose pri­ them, only 39 inscribed their names on out of the way will spoil an expensive shot. mary function is: He must have it there-not in the picture the venerated paper. Letters of George and not casting a shadow. He may have to "adequately to take care of the em­ Washington, Thomas Jefferson and oth­ use several "mikes" in one "shot." He keeps ployees and technicians of this com­ ers, show that they were not entirely artist, director, camera man and set lighting pany who produce this electricity. satisfied with the result and regarded foreman, good natured and "sold" on the "Labor contends that this primary aim the Constitution as a compromise meas­ sound crew and department. His job is by ure at best; at the same time they had to no means easy. Some of our most popular was neglected by the company through stars can only be depended on for one policies forced upon it by a heavy super­ engage in what we would now call a sales thing, to do each "take" different from the structure of holding companies; that campaign to sell its ratification to the one before and different from rehearsal. this policy inhered not in legitimate in­ state legislatures. These men have as a result of their ac­ vestment but in highly questionable With a new country and a new form cumulated experience, an uncanny ability to speculative activities and in drawing off of government which would be called anticipate and come through with flying the earnings of the operating company upon to undertake who knew what vague colors. to bolster the faltering holding com­ and terrifying responsibilities, the Each sound recording crew has a man who founding fathers had little confidence in actually does the recording. This recorder panies. operates the recording devices and usually "Labor contends that these policies their ability to draw up the perfect is responsible for correct noise reduction. are not in the public interest, are anti­ basis for the future government of the He makes the necessary checks of systems. social, and have forced upon the operat­ United States. The duties of the recorders vary with the ing company a low wage policy, which The first debates were on the question type of equipment their particular studio low wage policy has resulted in discon­ of the authority to be given to the na­ uses. His job is a very important link in the tent among the employees culminating tional government in relation to state chain of efficient operation. Constant and in strikes. governments, and it was at this time alert supervision of "equipment under his care is necessary to avoid errors. He Better Wages Necessary that the delegates were led to exceed checks the light valves or other recording their instructions. They had been sent "Labor contends further that the first to Philadelphia to iron out the rough devices used. He starts and stops the cam­ corrective of these anti-social policies is eras. His the duty to keep log on "takes" spots in the Articles of Confedera­ and footages and report to the laboratory. to start back upon a policy of sound tion, a sort of treaty arrangement be­ A fourth important member of the re­ operation by giving employees a fairer tween the 13 states providing for a na­ cording crew is the cable man. His the duty share of the revenue they produce. tional government of limited scope. Ed­ to provide the numerous cables in sufficient "Labor thinks that this request is a mund Randolph moved consideration of modest request and does not at all ap­ quantity to provide for any shot, to connect a proposition that the national govern­ cameras, microphone, play-backs, telephones proach the fundamental problem of an ment be given supreme authority. After and other equipment. adequate wage for these employees. a stormy debate the group agreed to con­ In practice each of the crew assists the Until this adequate wage becomes an sider his resolution. others in the performance of the over all actuality the managers of the Toledo functions of the sound crew. Indeed, the Edison Company and the citizens of To­ The notes taken by James Madison very essence of the effectiveness of a sound ledo cannot expect the kind of conditions provide a valuable record of what hap­ crew is the team play shown. pened at the convention. Every section Improvement never stops. Ultimately the that will produce contented workmen in this industry. Labor believes when it of the draft of the Constitution finally talking screens will carry to the patrons arrived at, represents compromises of the theater a 100 per cent faithful repro­ is contending for these aims that it is duction of life-color, perspective, and depth. protecting the interests of Toledo, the reached after stubborn dissension among Present developments seem to indicate that householders of Toledo, and the pros­ the representatives of the states. Some­ the sound departments will be the first to pective investors in the company as well times a state delegation would be split reach their objective perfection. as itself. on the particular question; sometimes A major step in this direction has been "Labor respectfully requests that the they would assert that their state could made. It is reported that one studio has board of arbitration rule that the addi­ not possibly agree to a certain proposi­ developed a new method of giving the illu­ tion. When the question of propor­ sion called by sound men "depth" or "per­ tional 15 per cent increase be granted to these employees and that this utility tional representation in voting for mem­ spective." It means that the audience will bers of the national legislature came up, be able to tell from which direction the company be set upon a road toward a sound is coming. As a test before an audi­ sound industrial policy." the Delaware delegation threatened to ence recently, the system was deliberately go home, saying that they were "re­ reversed: the actor made his exit to the strained by their commission from as­ right, and the sound appeared to come from VEST CHAIN SLIDE CHARM senting to any change in the rule of the left. This test emphasized the merits A watch charm so fine suffrage." of this sytem. Another test was to run the looking you'll enjoy wearing sound, with no picture on the screen. The it. Of 10-karat gold trimmed Sentiment Against the Court audience was able to follow the positions with a circle of tiny im­ of the actors on the screen without seeing itation pearls, and clearly It was voted to establish a national them. displaying the 1. B. E. $5 judiciary as well as the national legis­ From the very beginning, engineers have w. insignia. Priced only lative and executive, though the latter August, 1995 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 357 two branches of government received (This is the celebrated interstate com­ into Jefferson's hands, it aroused no oppo­ much greater attention in the discussion. merce clause.) sition at the time, although most of the To make all laws which shall be necessary Senators who passed the Judiciary Act had However, the convention's sentiment and proper for carrying into exeC1ttion the been members of the constitutional conven­ toward the judiciary is indicated occa­ foregoing powers, and all other powers vested tion and had first hand knowledge of the sionally. Quoting from Madison's notes: by this Constitution in the government of meaning of the Constitution. The decision "On the question on Mr. Gerry's motion the United States, or in any department or slumbered in the records for years until the which gave the Executive alone without officer thereof. Court needed a precedent and dug it up. the judiciary the revisionary controul on • • • Although Jefferson appears to have been the laws unless overruled by % of each Once the job was finished, the signers of tripped up on this occasion, his writings show branch (Congress); Masst. ay. Cont. no. the Constitution urged its ratification by the that he was greatly opposed to increases in states, admitting that it was not a model gov­ power of the Court. Writing in 1810 he N.Y. ay. Pa. ay. Del. ay. Maryd. no. Va. said: ay. N.C. ay. S.C. ay. Geo. ay." A few ernment for all time to come, but they felt that it was a vast improvement on the Ar­ "It has, however, long been my optnton, days later the question was brought up ticles of Confederation and would give them an.d I have never shrunk from its expre8sion, again on a motion to reconsider by James a unified government and provide protection that the germ of dissolution of our federal Wilson of Pennsylvania. The vote at against foreign powers. Thomas Jefferson, government is in the constitution of the this time "on the question for joining who was not a member of the convention, federal judiciary: an irresponsible body, the Judges to the Executive in the re­ mentioned in letters to his friends that he workin,q like gravity by night and day, gain­ thought it should never have been drawn up inq a little today and a little tomorrow, and visionary business, Mass. no. Cont. ay. advancing its noiseless step like a thief over N.Y. ay. Pa. no. Del. no. Md. no. Va. ay. without a bill of rights appended; neverthe­ less he desired it should be ratified; the first the field of jurisdiction." N.C. no. S.C. no. Geo. no." 10 amendments, popularly known as the Bill Other Presidents had their battles with the It was not through oversight that the of Rights, were attached to the Constitution Supreme Court. Andrew Jackson, another convention failed to award to the national a few years later through his leadership. "man of the people" openly defied it. The judiciary the power of vetoing the laws A collector of old documents recently blew Court had ruled that a national bank was passed by the legislative branch, but be­ the dust from a letter written by George constitutional. Jackson refused to sign a cause they felt that this right should be Washington, who was chairman of the con­ recharter of the bank, and in respect to the reserved exclusively to the executive. stitutional convention. The letter was writ­ Court he declared that it had no right to lay Through May, June and July the discus­ ten October 10, 1787, to Col. David Humph­ down a rule to govern a coordinate branch sion continued, as different theories of gov­ reys, his former aide de camp. Washington of government, the members of which had ernment were presented. Details of election wrote: sworn to support the Constitution as they of representatives in Congress, the powers "The Constitution that is 8ubmitted, is not understood it. Jackson said: of the two houses, of the Chief Executive, free from imperfections; but there are CI8 few "The opinion of the judges has no more their pay and terms of office were voted on radical defects in it as could well be expected, authority over Congress than the opinion of time after time. On one occasion Benjamin considering the heterogeneoUll ma8S of which Congress has over that of the judges, and on Franklin, sick of the wrangling and seeming the convention was composed and the diver­ that point the President is independent of lack of progress, reminded the convention sity of interests which were to be reconciled." both. The authority of the Supreme Court that during the Revolutionary War counsels Washington continued that he considered must not therefore be permitted to control had been opened with prayer and that he the power of amendment a safeguard for the the Congrecs or the ExeC1ttive when acting thought this should have been done in the correction of faults. in their legislative capacities." present gathering, and he would like to have The cry, "stand by the Supreme Court," it done thereafter. • • • which is being shouted by reactionaries at As finally adopted, the Constitution con­ How Usurpation Began present, was ionvoked against Abraham Lin­ tains the following sections dealing with the coln when he asserted that he would refuse courts. Now as to the history of the Supreme to obey the Dred Scott decision as a political Court and how it expanded its powers in the rule. Lincoln scoffed at the "sacredness" of Section 1. The judicial power of the famous "steal." We have the struggle be­ the Court's decision. He clarified his posi­ United States, shall be vested in one Supreme tween Jefferson, representing the plain tion by saying he would abide by the decree Court and in such inferior courts CI8 the people, against the Federalist leaders of the in that he would make no attempt to take the Congress may from time to time ordain and aristocracy, Alexander Hamilton and John slave, Dred Scott, from his master, but he establish. The judges, both of the Supreme Marshall, first Chief Justice of the Court. refused to accept it as a political rule estab­ and inferior courts, 8hall hold their offices When the people overwhelmingly placed Jef­ lishing slavery. In the Lincoln-Douglas de­ during good behaviour, and shall, at stated ferson in office as the third President, there bates he brought the matter to the fore. times, receive for their services, a compen­ was one stronghold of the Federalists which "We let this property abide by the decision, sation, which shall not be diminished during he could not touch-the Supreme Court, but we will try to reverse that decision. We their continuance in office. packed with Federalist appointees. But-the will try to put it where Judge Douglas would Section t. The judicial power shall extend Court was in a weak and subordinate posi­ not object, for he says he will obey it until to all cases, in latU and equity, arising under tion. John Marshall desired to make it the it is rever8ed. Somebody has to reverse that this Constitution, the laws of the United supreme authority of the nation. He con­ decision since it is made and we mean to re­ States, and treaties made, or which 8hall trived a clever trick to establish a legal ver8e it, and we mean to do it peaceably. be made, under their authority; to all cases precedent. "What are the uses of decisions of courts? affecting ambassadors, other public ministers John Adams, the Federalist, Jefferson's They have two uses. As a rule of property and consuls; to all cCl8es of admiralty and predecessor, as one of his last acts before they have two uses. First-they decide upon maritime jurisdiction; to controversies be­ relinquishing his office, had appointed 42 the question before the court. They decide tween two or more states; between a state justices of the peace. The Senate had con­ in this case that Dred Scott is a slave. No­ and citizens of another state; between citi­ firmed the appointments, but Marshall, who body resists that. zens of different states, between eitizens of was then Secretary of State, had neglected "Not only that, but they say to everybody the same state claiming lands under grants to deliver them till Jefferson took office, and else that persons standing just as Dred of different states, and between a state, or then it was too late. Jefferson refused to Scott stands are as he is. That is, they say the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citi­ deliver some of the commissions. that when a question comes up upon another z ens or sub j ects. Four of the appointees applied to the person, it will be so decided again, unless Among several stated specific powers, the Supreme Court for a mandamus-an order the court overrules its decision. Well, we Congress was allocated the following general for Jefferson to hand over the commissions. mean to do what we can to have the court jurisdiction: Former Senator Albert J. Beveridge says decide the other way. That is one thing we Section 8. The Congre8s shall have power in his "Life of John Marshall," "Marshall mean to try to do. to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and knew that the Supreme Court had no power "The sacredness that Judge Douglas throws excises, to pay the debtB and provide for the to enforce such an order. Jefferson would around this decision is a degree of sacredness common defense and general welfare of the simply have laughed at the Court's that has never before been thrown around United States; but all duties, imposts and predicament. any other decision. I have never heard of excises shall be uniform throughout the "So Marshall accomplished his purpose by such a thing. Why, decisions apparently United States; declaring that the Judiciary Act of 1789, contrary to that decision, or that good law­ To borrow money on the credit of the which expressly conferred on the Supreme yers thought were contrary to that decision., United States; Court the power to issue writs of mandamus, have been made by that very court before. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, was unconstitutional. This was a pretext It is the first of its kind; it is an astonisher in and among the several states, and with the unheard of and unanticipated hitherto." legal history. It is a new wonder of the Indian tribe8. Because the decision apparently played worla," 358 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1935

0n one occasion at least, the Supreme With the formation of a broad rural charge will gradually grow less as the Court is said to have refused to declare un­ program, appropriate terms will proba­ amortization charges are paid and finally constitutional a law which clearly was con­ bly be arranged to accommodate this vanish. There will be no debt, and the trary to the guarantees of freedom at­ type of business. "fair return" will be kept by the farmers tached to the Constitution in the Bill of in the form of cheaper rates. Rights; furthermore, the opinion of the Policy: Two Methods of Financinjt court, written by the late Oliver Wendell These are the basic differences be­ Holmes, tacitly admits that the Court real­ As to policy, there are two key things tween two methods of financing a utility. ized that the law was unconstitutional but to consider-ownership and amortiza­ It needs to be held in mind without fur­ refused to nullify it because it was a war tion, it being assumed that the money ther discussion of the old controversy measure. advanced by the government will be re­ over private vs. public ownership. That law was the Espionage Act. Charles T. Schenck and Dr. Elizabeth Baer, Phila­ paid to the government in something like delphia Socialists, were convicted of con­ 20 years. Something like 60 per cent of spiracy to violate the act in distributing leaf­ the present overall cost of distributing Go not abroad; retire into thyself, for lets to drafted men. They appealed to the electric current is the cost of capital in­ truth dwells in the inner man. Supreme Court. Their attorneys argued that vested in equipment. -Saint Augustine. the law was unconstitutional in violation of If then a private company borrows the first amendment which pronibits Con­ some of this $100,000,000 to build farm gress from passing any law abridging free­ lines it may be assumed that the com­ dom of speech, press or assemblage. Should the wide world roll away, The liberal members of the Court, Holmes pany will collect enough in rates from and Louis D. Brandeis, did not dissent from the farmers for it to repay the interest Leaving black terror, the majority decision; indeed, Holmes wrote and principal on the government loan. It Limitless night, the decision. He put the best face on it he will own the lines and if the usual prac­ N or God, nor man, nor place to stand could, but all he could say was in brief: tice is continued, it will set up this Would be to me essential, "When a nation is at war many things that amount as an "investment" on which "a If thou and thy white arms were there might be said in time of peace are such a fair return"-say 6 per cent-must be And the fall to doom a long way. hindrance to its effort that their utterance paid by the farmer as long as the com­ -Stephen Crane. will not be endured so long as men fight and pany lives and the farmer buys current. that no court could regard them as pro­ tected by any constitutional right." On the other hand, if a municipality or • • • farm co-operative borrows the money it Amending the Constitution is usually a will also collect in rates enough to pay You believe that easily which you hope process requiring years of effort,. money, the principal and interest, but the interest for earnestly.-Terence. co-operation of many organized groups. Al­ though the Constitution provides for its own amendment by way of a constitutional con­ vention this method has never been used be­ cause it would be necessary to secure "the application of the legislatures of two-thirds PRICE LIST OF SUPPLIES of the several states," a difficult and time­ Application Blanks, per 100______-' .'1'5 consuming task. Following the convention, Ledger, loose-leaf research, including tabs 15.00 Arrear", Official Notl"" of, per 100______.110 T.. edgp.r Rhpf'tFi tor Rhove pAr 100______._____ 2.00 the amendments would have to be ratified Account Book, Treasurer's______1.00 Labels. Metal, per 100______2.50 either by legislatures or by ·conventions of Ballot Boxes, each______1.50 Labels, Paper, per 100______.30 Buttons, S. G. (rnedium)______1.'1'5 Labels. large size for houae wiring, per three-fourths of the states, whichever mode Buttons. S. G. (small)______1.50 100 ______.50 of ratification were proposed by Congress. Buttons, R. G.______.'1'5 Obllgation Cards, double, per dozen______.25 The method which has always been used Buttons, Cuft', R. G., per pair______2.110 Paper, Official Letter, per 100______.75 is by Congressional endorsement of amend­ Button, Gold-faced Diamond Shaped____ 2.110 Rituals, extra each______.!II Book, Minute for R. S. (small)______2.00 Receipt Book, Applicanta (300 receipts) __ 2.40 ments, which requires a two-thirds vote of Book, Minute for R. S. (large) ______8.00 Book, Day ______1.'1'5 Receipt Book, Applicanta (750 receipts) __ 4.80 both houses, followed by ratification by the Receipt Book. Membera (300 receipts)____ 2.40 required three-fourths of state legislatures. Book, Roll CalL______1.110 Receipt Book, Members (750 receipts)____ 4.80 Carbon for receipt books______.05 Receipt Book, ~Iiscellaneoua (300 re- There is no limit set on the time allowed for Charm, veet chain sllde______11.00 ceipts) ______2.40 ratification and the child labor amendment Charters, Duplicate ______1.00 Receipt Book. Miscellaneous (750 re- has been going the round of state legisla­ Complete Local Charter Outflt______25.00 ceipts) ______4.80 Constitution, per 100______'1'./10 Receipt Book, Overtime aasessment (300 tures for years and years, winning an af­ Single Copies ______.10 receipta) ______2.40 firmative· vote now and then on reconsidera­ Electrical Workers. Subacription per year 2.00 Receipt Book, Overtime aueasment (7110 tion, without as yet achieving the necessary Emblem, Antomobile ______1./10 receipts) ______4.80 three-fourths. Envelopes, Official, per 100______1.00 Receipt Book, Financial Secretary's_____ .35 Gavels, each ______./10 Receipt Book. Treasnrer'a______.35 Representative Marcantonio declares that Ledger, loose leaf binder, Financial Sec- Receipt Holders, each______.25 most of his support on the Workers' Rights retary's, 26 tab index______6.50 Reaearch weekly report cards, per 100___ .110 Seal, cut of______1.00 Amendment is coming from organized labor. Ledger100 ______pages to fit above ledger, per 1.110 Seal ______4.00 Labor papers and magazines, whether they Ledger, Financial Secretary's, 100 pages__ 8.00 Seal (pocket) ______7.50 give it their endorsement or not, are bring­ Ledger, Financial Secretary'a, 200 pages__ 4.50 Withdrawal a Cards, with Trans. Cds., p .. r ing it to the attention of their readers. Ledger. Financial Secretary'a, 400 pages__ 8.75 dozen ______.50 Writing in the Railway Clerk, H. M. Douty (Extra Heavy Binding) Warrant Rook, for R. S.______.50 says that organized labor is the only force that can make such an amendment of politi­ FOR E. W. B. A. cal importance. "There is no other organ­ Application Blanks, per 100______.'1'11 Conatltution and By-Lawa, per 100______'1'.50 ized group that could muster the strength Book, Minute ______1.50 Single Copies ______.10 necessary for the struggle, nor is there Chartera, Duplicates ______.50 Rituals, each ______.25 any group which, because of its economic Beinstatement Blanka. per 100______.75 position, would have potentially so much to gain from the victory. Farm groups, liberal church and professional groups, and many others would rally to the cause, but the centrifugal force will have to be the labor movement." METAL LABEL

FARMERS INTERESTED IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATION (Continued from page 324) NOTE-The above articles will be supplied when the requisite amonnt of cash accompanies time allowed for payment is defined by the order. Otherwise the order wDI not be recognized. All supplies sent by us have postage the useful life of the appliance. The plan or express charges prepald. now in effect is designed specifically for financing urban domestic appliances. ADDRESS, G. M. BUGNIAZET, I. S. August, 1935 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators 359

LOCAL UNION OFFICIAL RECEIPTS FROM JUNE 11 TO JULY 10, 1935

L.U. NUMBERS L.U. NUMBERS L.U. NUMBERS L.U. NUMBERS L.U. NUMBERS 1. 0. _____ 89354 90700 44-____ 970251 121-____ 708151 211-____ 660111 326 _____ 663020 663128 1 _____ 970257 708179 660190 14446 14447 45 _____ 508510 508522 122 _____ 44794 44798 212_____ 18587 18691 328 _____ 181080 181188 1-____ 61631 61686 46 _____ 29851 29857 122 _____ 704871 704445 212 _____ 685958 686227 829 _____ 177860 177861 L ____ 133182 188155 46 _____ 294481 294460 124 ____ A72614 472656 214_____ 45158 45166 829 _____ 2225;:>0 222551 L ____ 156631 156643 46 _____ 568881 568570 124-____ 712072 712424 214 ____ A71627 471686 829_____ 518279 518818 1-____ 796619 797029 48 _____ 180092 180123 125_____ 29855 29861 214 _____ 524299 524899 882_____ 28586 2 _____ 144888 144886 48 _____ 518717 518810 125 _____ 649727 650282 214 _____ 942497 942507 882_____ 48958 48961 :.! _____ 747911 748080 48 _____ 780599 780760 127 _____ 857572 857588 215 _____ 247999 248027 882 ____ A75486 475500 3 _____ AJ, 81-68 50 _____ 620581 620650 128 _____ 147855 147860 217 _____ 252984 252998 882 _____ 795001 795084 8 _____ AJ, 11782-11800 51-____ 556878 M6980 129 _____ 805161 805177 222 _____ 108955 108967 388 ____ A26742 426750 3 _____ AJ, 12061-12200 52 _____ 444751 444927 129 _____ 815126 815168 228 _____ 28181 28210 888 _____ 719251 719840 8 _____ AJ, 12211-12979 52 _____ 584455 584472 180_____ 145591 145618 224-____ 78984 835 _____ 87828 87842 3 _____ AJ, 13201-13243 52 _____ 670875 671250 130 _____ 536191 536400 224-____ 299847 299883 336_____ 37523 3 _____ AJ, 13401-13412 52 _____ 671825 672103 130 _____ 569401 569427 225 _____ 654265 654270 336_____ 636697 636700 3 _____ AJ, 13001-13081 53 ____ A64201 464250 130_____ 593855 594000 226 _____ 521774 521798 338 _____ 753301 753313 3 _____ A4H, 1778-1800 53 _____ 819751 819762 130_____ 804001 804030 229 _____ 973276 973281 338 _____ 908694 908700 3 _____ A4H, 1853-1867 54 _____ 193997 194014 131-____ 39065 39067 230 _____ 631795 631861 339 _____ 586684 586734 3 _____ A411, 2228-2305 55 _____ 484933 484950 131-____ 284517 234552 231-___ A73594 473650 340 _____ 200589 8 _____ A4H, 2401-2409 56 _____ 502839 502855 183 _____ 304106 304153 232 _____ 227552 227553 340 _____ 782816 732888 3 _____ A411, 2601-2607 57 _____ 318449 318471 135 _____ 962643 962660 282 _____ 258451 258471 841-____ 284061 284070 3 _____ BJ, 1141-1142 59 _____ 128606 128619 136 _____ 212657 288 _____ 283667 283672 842 _____ 644608 644609 3 _____ CJ, 567-600 59 _____ 170688 136 _____ 480079 480131 238 _____ 675078 675149 848_____ 40850 40851 8 _____ CH, 15-18 59 _____ 531910 186 _____ 502049 502183 235 _____ 207151 207153 343 _____ 949762 949777 3 _____ 0A, 8899-8923 59 _____ 576576 576659 137 _____ 244551 244557 285 _____ 886616 886627 344 _____ 652160 652175 3 _____ 0A, 9033-9037 60 _____ 727581 727660 138 _____ 299078 299112 238 _____ 3002 3004 347_____ 530133 530208 3 _____ 0A, 9589-9600 64_____ 13544 13545 139 _____ 146766 146846 238 _____ 27903 27905 348 _____ 123044 123046 3 _____ 0A, 9602-9711 64 _____ 492131 492150 141-____ 398233 398250 238 _____ 924456 924481 348_____ 275006 275128 8 _____ 0A, 9882-9890 64-____ 502651 502800 148 ____ -405954 406003 240 _____ 217659 349 _____ 525795 525852 3 _____ 0A, 10001-10015 64-____ 590398 590436 145 _____ 148515 240 _____ 558857 558871 349 _____ 609662 609772 3 _____ 0A, 10201-10210 65 _____ 3611 3613 145 ____ A32147 432150 24L ____ 386445 386460 350 _____ 168001 3 _____ 0A, 10401-10425 65 _____ 678707 678750 145 ____ A64985 465000 248 _____ 139208 139213 350 _____ 937687 937695 3 _____ XG, 54319-54400 65 _____ 816751 816858 145 _____ 570151 570207 245 _____ 668541 668798 351-____ 197898 197908 8 _____ XG, 54458-54600 66 _____ 178665 178675 145 _____ 804751 804778 246 _____ 967711 967732 352_____ 88286 88315 3 _____ XG, 54700-54800 66 _____ 321516 821528 150 _____ 684062 684073 247 _____ 318563 818570 352 _____ 693224 69S309 3 _____ XG, 54896-55913 66 _____ 651421 651710 151-____ 47729 47732 252 _____ 772362 772374 853 _____ 102045 102047 3 _____ XG, 56001-56082 67 _____ 522933 151-____ 152141 253 _____ 213478 858 _____ 400947 5 _____ 522946 152143 218479 400962 846 68 _____ 486809 436816 151-____ 638808 638900 253 _____ 897290 897300 353 _____ 539903, 540094 5 ____ A28957 429017 68 _____ 798792 798853 151-____ 801001 801046 253 _____ 966001 966008 854-____ 520873 520898 5 _____ 587540 587927 69 _____ 533002 583008 152 _____ 737251 737253 254 _____ 905196 905199 857 _____ 53683 53700 6 _____ 142033 142054 70 _____ 229115 229137 152 _____ 779971 780000 255_____ 56843 56847 357 _____ 221897 6 _____ 733504 733711 72 _____ 958627 958633 153_____ 31225 255 _____ 545853 545854 358 _____ 506159 506270 7 _____ 592767 592979 73_____ 15973 15987 158 _____ 148332 148359 256 _____ 905067 905078 858 _____ 507417 507885 8 _____ 19218 19219 73_____ 22381 22888 155 _____ 800051 300057 257 _____ 501671 501686 860 _____ 248991 248999 8 _____ 377240 877348 73 _____ 786564 736632 156 _____ 520276 520296 259 _____ 169031 169086 860 _____ 565159 565260 8 _____ 594915 594944 76 _____ 565974 566043 159 _____ 175907 175909 259 _____ 224062 224098 868 ____ A17118 417176 9 _____ 143706 148802 77 _____ 183256 183287 159 _____ 604062 604112 260 _____ 651480 651482 867 _____ 509409 509423 9 _____ 616175 616500 77 _____ 681812 681750 160 _____ 164456 164463 263 _____ 235777 235800 370 _____ 989746 939751 9 _____ 270887 270892 77 _____ 810001 810045 160 _____ 252297 252300 265 _____ 268730 263789 37L ____ 897756 897760 9 _____ 457271 457500 80 _____ 277668 277672 160 _____ 524401 524429 267 _____ 5127()1 512705 372 _____ 483545 483578 9 _____ 619501 619910 80 _____ 716251 716289 16L____ 903571 903584 268 ____ A17786 417750 878 _____ 656029 656085 9 _____ 825001 825140 81-___ A87082 487128 168 _____ 508485 508527 269 _____ 589695 589728 877 _____ 182834 182875 10 _____ 246673 246688 82 _____ 968479 968510 164 _____ 266241 266400 270_____ 86889 86400 877 _____ 216021 216024 12 _____ 183195 188208 82_____ 48315 48818 164_____ 676901 677250 270 _____ 510901 510909 879 _____ 907118 907149 14 _____ 87417 37428 82 _____ 709501 709706 164 _____ 677261 677280 275 _____ 82310 82823 380 ____ A98216 493288 16 _____ 217278 217280 88_____ 64951 64955 166 _____ 213585 218600 275 _____ 963271 968287 384_____ 28461 28468 16 _____ 560159 560233 88 _____ 697290 697500 166 _____ 289555 277 _____ 285581 235537 889 _____ 974195 974208 17 _____ 50974 50980 83 _____ 810751 810777 166 _____ 446701 446703 277 _____ 294868 294382 890 _____ 883988 883998 17 _____ 785171 735700 84_____ 261578 261587 166 _____ 508002 508049 278 _____ 24767 24780 898 _____ 610555 610565 17 _____ 73;;701 736195 84-____ 708901 708988 169 _____ 681765 631772 280 _____ 957971 957990 894 _____ 974491 974502 18 _____ 183382 133413 86 _____ 406931 407120 173 _____ 524704 524710 281-____ 683884 683364 897 _____ 72028 18 _____ 166201 166247 86 ____ A97801 497910 174-____ 629025 629038 284 _____ 971882 971848 897 _____ 489204 489249 18 _____ 614111 614441 87 _____ 886059 886064 175 _____ 18866 18872 285 ____ A97149 497156 400 _____ 245089 245075 21-____ 254215 254225 88 _____ 668804 663821 175 _____ 38950 88955 288_____ 52527 401-____ 637608 687624 21-____ 262654 90 _____ 658111 658192 175 ____ A95301 495874 288 _____ 612966 612998 408 _____ 626649 626654 22 _____ 526011 526087 91-____ 287585 237600 175 _____ 967196 967200 292 _____ 444581 444750 405 _____ 602025 502054 22 _____ 805642 805696 91-____ 757201 757202 176_____ 13654 18692 292 _____ 691501 691950 406 _____ 680849 680868 26 _____ 448228 448289 98 _____ 985224 985280 176 _____ 523209 528254 293 _____ 309145 809156 407 _____ 618546 618550 26 _____ 6!'i9642 659989 94-____ 940841 940848 177 ____ A98187 493178 295 _____ 918278 918287 408 _____ 149314 149816 26 _____ 589116 589188 95 _____ 235152 235169 177 _____ 672835 672874 296 _____ 653322 653328 408 _____ 526891 526944 27 _____ 185469 185480 96_____ 18683 18685 li8-----505803 505810 301-____ 274237 274245 409 _____ 139523 28 _____ 10799 10907 96 _____ 29919 29933 1 0 _____ 560533 560593 302 _____ 290556 290580 409 _____ 172445 172488 28 _____ 129175 96 _____ 310056 810130 181-____ 657153 657238 303 _____ 528462 528464 411-____ 230977 231000 28 _____ 427989 99 _____ 126785 183 _____ 250914 250933 304-____ 249225 249236 411-____ 507301 507302 28 _____ 490711 490826 99 ____ A98248 498379 185 _____ 197313 197316 304 _____ 530695 530746 413 ____ A37734 437773 30 ____ -493823 493839 99 _____ 551718 551840 181'-____ 729825 729874 305 _____ 42024 413 _____ 64!'i133 645172 31-____ 184685 184699 100_____ 26794 26796 186 _____ 957842 957855 305 _____ 753013 753036 415 _____ 143754 31-____ 633640 633750 100 _____ 36949 36954 190 _____ 519716 519745 306 _____ 28258 28262 415 _____ 936571 936584 31-____ 819001 819093 100 _____ 283123 283144 191-____ 935366 935375 306 _____ 347691 347735 416 _____ 754201 754219 32 _____ 627538 627547 101-____ 284654 284661 193 _____ 58749 58762 307 _____ 248460 248470 416 _____ 963596 963600 3:L ____ 247209 247211 102 _____ 507001 507011 193 ____ A18444 418445 308 _____ 211887 211389 418 _____ 471047 471056 3!'i ____ -419716 419768 103 _____ 80181 80288 198 _____ 538466 588496 808 _____ 249164 249183 418 _____ 68!'i104 685216 37 _____ 375980 375999 103 _____ 126724 126729 198 _____ 538740 588975 809 _____ 3947 3959 421-____ 7902 7940 38 _____ 136707 103 _____ 346921 347191 193 _____ 738184 738280 309 ____ -469710 469787 424-____ 944618 944631 38 _____ 391414 392010 103 _____ 576911 577844 194_____ 535005 535050 309 _____ 532849 533157 425 _____ 262149 262152 38 _____ 504091 504810 104 _____ 538916 539103 194 _____ 802652 802780 311-____ 25794 25795 426 _____ 199086 38 _____ 512891 513150 105 ____ A88160 488173 195 _____ 708766 708882 811-____ 50189 426 _____ 951407 951418 39 _____ 16434 16442 106 _____ 202790 202795 196 _____ 121546 811-____ 401051 401115 427 _____ 256154 256155 89 _____ 2;,1491 2;'1495 106 _____ 265071 265072 196_____ 814894 815000 812 ____ -494487 494539 427 _____ 527845 527929 89 _____ 5fi3192 558363 106 ____ -493566 498599 196 _____ 820501 820509 313 _____ 205846 205848 428 _____ 519317 519380 40 _____ 179342 179381 108 _____ 382992 888037 197 _____ 522642 522655 313 _____ 24R271 248298 429 _____ 191940 191948 40 _____ !'i29095 529416 110-____ 138974 188977 200 _____ 208991 209060 817 _____ 17687 17659 429 ____ A89922 489974 40_____ 580643 531150 110-____ 682987 688112 208 _____ 501818 501820 318 _____ 969844 969896 480 _____ 195758 195759 40 _____ 732895 782750 111-____ 915276 915294 204-____ 287548 287551 319 _____ 952807 952818 430 _____ 499647 499668 40 _____ 799717 800250 118 _____ 28000 28008 205 _____ 525926 525947 821-____ 918401 913488 481-____ 198489 198500 40 _____ 808501 808740 113--__ A88001 483028 208 _____ 199768 199770 822 _____ 958898 958895 481-____ 798001 798018 40 _____ 809251 809265 113--___ 955490 9!'i5500 208 _____ 884588 884594 328 _____ 2808 2807 484-____ 219754 41-___ -492524 492588 114--___ 235261 285268 209 ____ -486429 486445 823 _____ 400399 400468 484-____ 945471 945481 41-____ 547441 547500 116--__ -477376 477448 210 _____ 666175 666843 824-____ 698825 698857 485 ____ A03671 403700 41-____ 675751 675894 117--___ 288737 288751 211-____ 12326 12827 825 _____ 9947 487 _____ 222225 222809 48 _____ 588187 588229 120--___ 319253 819261 211-___ -429591 429650 825 _____ 427126 427225 488 _____ 879459 879489 360 The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators August, 1995

L. U. NUKBEBS L. U. NUKBEBS L. U. NUKBEBS L. U. NUKBEBS L. U. NUMBEBB 488 _____ 728851 728403 582 _____ 254787 254802 704 _____ 160074 160089 889 _____ 161151 161154 17-735745. 440 _____ 914055 914064 583 _____ 468141 468154 707_____ 7066 7069 890 _____ 239290 239312 18-166237. 441 _____ 939575 939588 583 _____ 499801 499824 707 _____ 18007 18009 890_____ 266011 21-254216-217, 219. 443 _____ 893303 893315 584 _____ 647505 647578 707 _____ 970705 970720 900 _____ 889082 889089 28-10841, 490811. 443 _____ 216511 216512 584 _____ 484241 484811 708 _____ 500740 500745 901-____ 504325 504355 38--512898, 513074. 443 _____ 442251 442270 585 _____ 246605 246610 710 _____ 487526 487555 908 _____ 500465 500471 40-530720, 869, 732683, 444_____ 60039 60045 585 _____ 687037 687140 711_____ 5260 5268 912_____ 6220 6222 800231. 444 _____ 340704 340726 586 _____ 228500 228515 711 _____ 697646 697730 912 _____ 594421 594440 40-158936,179290,312. 446 _____ 953016 953028 588 _____884486 884471 712 _____ 583591 583601 914 _____ 378896 378910 48-180100, 518797, 449 _____ 910770 910777 589_____ 243281 243288 716 _____ 26554 26555 918 _____ 230340 230356 730600, 634, 674, 453 _____ 251967 251986 589 _____ 502604 502676 716 _____ 289918 289938 919 _____ 923166 923168 682. 456 _____ 513301 590 _____ 950921 950927 716 _____ 602281 602450 922 _____ 374342 374351 52--444924, 584456, 457 _____ 759864 759867 591 _____ 751501 751515 717_____ 9878 9881 928 _____ 163823 163828 670968, 671014. 458 _____ 481995 482014 593 _____ 624818 624825 717 _____ 223409 223468 928 _____ 518779 518795 65-678708, 816758, 459 _____ 208506 595 _____ 158681 158691 719 _____ 232077 937 _____ 672546 672573 785. 459 _____ 234048 234049 595_____ 699849 699492 719 _____ 553769 553810 940 _____ 510033 510058 66----178670. 459 _____ 428752 428954 596_____ 440822 440828 724 _____ 239149 239154 949 _____ 246836 246846 77-680406, 839. 460 _____ 753901 753903 599 _____ 498108 498128 724 ____ -496742 496759 949 _____ 695265 695273 82-968509-510. 461-____ 864708 864731 600 _____ 980675 930678 724 _____ 666951 666998 953 _____ 912876 912890 84-708942, 946. 465_____ 55522 602 _____ 518434 518447 725 _____ 232236 232260 956_____ 83929 83934 100-36951. 465 ____ -466462 466500 604 _____ 260995 260997 727 _____ 657821 657822 958 _____ 242732 242735 108-382502-511, 513-531, 963 _____ 313656 465 _____ 795751 795788 604 _____ 971318 971373 728 _____ 901135 901144 313669 567-568, 570-578, 466 _____ 308651 308720 610 _____ 264492 264501 729 _____ 622694 622697 970 _____ 233567 233594 580-600. 467 _____ 159034 159041 610 _____ 442801 442803 730 _____ 274988 274993 970 _____ 253662 253665 116--477408. 467 _____ 480399 480414 610 _____ 487297 487375 730 ____ -490866 490882 978 _____ 74683 74686 130-536251, 254, 320, 468 _____ 666459 666460 611 _____ 27476 27495 731-___ -484111 484131 991-____ 914650 914659 341, 352-353. 470 _____ 250238 250244 611 _____ 195166 195167 732 _____ 244416 244448 995 ____ -483896 483900 131-234539. 471-____ 250651 250724 618 _____ 44099 44110 734 _____ 665598 665722 995 _____ 750901 750964 164-277165, 263, 275- 474 _____ 669104 669163 618 _____ 662221 662250 735 _____ 663482 663488 996_____ 65306 65317 280. 475 _____ 941618 941640 618 _____ 715501 715826 736 _____ 967334 967340 997 _____ 238009 238030 176-25499. 477 _____947033 947046 615 _____ 289867 239874 743 _____ 591121 591144 1002 _____ 529103 529132 205-525935, 937. 479 _____ 225178 225179 617 _____ 795596 795620 745 _____ 501045 501053 1021-____ 79952 79962 211-660147. 479 ____ -495765 495788 619 _____ 482180 482187 748 _____ 227366 227386 1024_____ 82574 82576 233-675103. 480 _____ 248772 248785 621 _____ 921437 921448 748 _____ 241707 241720 1024_____ 548546 548594 245-668578, 638, 646, 481-____ 34468 34500 628 _____ 729028 729049 749 _____ 751218 751223 1025_____ 649661 649664 672, 732, 734-735, 481-____803302 803463 625 _____ 259815 757 _____ 752104 752121 1029_____ 906231 906242 772. 483_____ 23760 23763 629 _____ 256827 256888 758 _____ 270245 270250 1032 _____ 932885 932892 246-967715, 723-724. 483 _____610107 610193 630 _____ 948238 948269 758 _____ 517986 518023 1036_____ 157228 263-235800. 488_____ 31404 31409 681-____ 245850 245382 760 _____ 258505 258513 1036 _____ 266854 292--444588-595, 743-750, 488 _____ 549246 549295 633 _____ 240170 240189 760 _____ 542892 542959 1036 _____ 236878 236893 691501, 507, 520, 493 _____ 896538 896552 634-____ 958645 958655 761-____ 277061 277069 1037 ____ -404821 404915 540, 648-665, 739, 497 _____ 204604 204616 636 _____ 306515 306550 761-___ -494108 494117 1047_____ 664565 664597 776·800. 499 _____ 255317 255328 687 _____ 244064 244081 762 _____ 968278 968315 1054-____ 234702 234708 308-249182. 763 _____ 521143 499 ____ -489853 489900 640_____ 83444 33445 521177 1057 ____ -482759 482765 323--400448. 499 _____ 754501 754515 640 _____ 621250 621286 764-____ 227953 227972 1072 _____ 859026 859032 324-698330. 500 _____ 563951 564000 648 _____ 961722 961736 764-____ 242274 1086 _____ 21719 21750 325--427158. 500_____ 807751 807805 644 _____ 227258 227259 770 _____ 830123 830169 1086_____ 29425 332-795001, 064. 502_____ 53468 644 _____ 482543 482558 772 _____ 702497 702500 1086 _____ 705001 705027 352- -38285. 502 _____ 588497 588504 646 _____ 47699 47700 77l- ____ 254668 254700 488-489. VOID-NOT VOID 577 _____ 484288 484308 702 _____ 33978 885 _____ 754801 754814 12-183196. 580_____ 962020 962046 702 _____ 700009 700208 881-____ 718501 718568 16-560146, 148. 190-519705. Summer has brought us quite a crop of that cat's mouth. The cat had charmed that Beans and Brown Bread yarns. Maybe there's a laugh or two amongst robin." . them. Who says you gptta.kf}l'i~e '~~o ;r'._~"t:.I ~~ked: h.iin 1f !fe .. ev~.sa~;a~,pjlili:°o~~_.~.~,¥~ss~.~us~~~,~~s "work and wages," Masterson has an imp!>rt(ufJ,,,oSle~v,,~nfl: :p1l.an:l:f,;, ;WhIch: 'f!ll!q.cPll>j;;~e~i:rkMost }me,<~,: >BGtJ~f~esJl t. ~n that suc~ stages make on the size of fish:. "",?r'J: '.~:f'.,' o;·d.rink,-"and.'t~'Tt"?tHel-rN~b;,.h.~tha-d 'tD'''- .1J;aT.Q)be~elf:,~hereby. thIS slogan , .' ,.J,;~ o-~, ' ~"''bl.\tt 1n and; ,asl[;~. hoW:-dEi'iQu.~nk'u.p .aH· ,.Apgmen~by "Soo~' one wIth the name of They Ain't What 'they Use'd'to Be!' them"ungodlylies fiir the Worker?! " .. ', " Hogah Is put into positive and practical use. To Walter Hendrick and others, I claim GREENE, It seems that the general excuse fishing ain't what it was when I was a boy. L. U. No. 481. Is, that the funds due from Washington In those day them there trout were as big as * * * Are held back by the authorities who shun halibut; and now-well, now them there hali­ The responsibilities for which they were but ain't no bigger than them there trout We have a request from L. U. 245 and the elected was then. Duke to publish a poem which has been long And who habitua:ly pass the buck so they're JOHN F. MASTERSON, cherished by a member of that local. Here not detected , I. O. it is: In· the enors of their dallying omissions. * Only a Lineman They may l? due course lose their commis­ * * sionS", Which reminds ye Editor of ,another fish He is only a Hneman, the ,people say Ina~much, to their surprise they're not story. A couple of rich New York Hebrews As they p'ass nim, or give Him the way; , fp,rgotten. 'were out fishing, duly attended by a guide. For his tools, with their rattle and bang We wholly-surmise that there's something One of them got a strike that nearly jerked Strike many ears with ,unpleasant clang. . rotten ;him out of the boat. Excitedly working his 'His dress is not tidy and his ,face does, tMl Going on which at the present is beyond our reel he asked the guide what kind of a fish But note, he walks like a man, reach. he had. The guide opined that it might be a Not ashamed of friends, not afraid of foes However, at ballot time they can rest as­ haddock. Turning to his companio,n he When to work each morning, he,goes; sured we'll teach shrieked: Not dreading danger or death each hour, Them that promises are not merrily to be "I got a haddock! I got a haddock!" The His trust and hope in the Unseen, Power broken; reply was brief and bored. Gives strength to his arm ,and light to his eye. Becausll,oj'l ,election day the ballot is the "Veil, vy don't you take an esparin!" He fears not to live and fears not to die. voter's token.

O * * * .. A i'c~ne on· t.he street aofew days. ago­ . :jJut il). the m,antime there's a great deal Now here are a couple of achievements Only a lineman, in death laid low. '"Said' about work, which of course, makes us mentioned for merit by an industrial engi­ Hisopals st.oop. by, tears falling fast, feel neering firm coping with the 1W0,(!ders, and Not a wo·rd'.spoken, he breathed his last. . , "Tha~ eventually the wages shall follow suit. ' perils of nature. - They said of their comraci~, lying dead at their . Hence, we fall into line and support and root For the pol that makes the best impression Refrigerated Flies feet, Iie" was only a lineman, never tidy and neat, With empty words in this lamentable A client raised mushrooms and fertilized But his heart was as big as the world, they depression. his beds with manure. This practice resulted said. We are becoming so accustomed to bunkum in the hatching out of vast numbers of flies We'll defend his good llilllie, now· that he's and ballyhoo which were extremely difficult to get rid of. dead. " ." " .. That we pretend that such is quite the honor­ The engineer recommended the installation And the brotherly love of the gang on that able thing to do. of a suction fan which passed both air and day But down in our boots it fervently convinces, flies over some refrigerating coils in such a ,Was renewed by the side of their comrade That the Hogans with their slogans and po­ manner as to chill the flies and drop them'in , in clay litical quinces a dormant state into large milk cans. It Who loved his friends, feared not his foes, Ought to get down to brass tacks and stop worked, and the canned flies are now shipped And had a heart for humanity's woes. baiting to frog raisers. The' mushroom grower now AUTHOR UNKNOWN. The general public, who are patiently waiting receives for the sale of flies nearly as much For the fulfillment of the many promises as from the sale of mushrooms. • • * made; Another remarkable accomplishment in this Particularly the one concerning: "work and line was that of Professor Elihu Thomson Just Pondering some wage." in luring millions of male mosquitoes from WILLIAM E. HANSON, the Lynn marshes to destruction on the walls I wish that I was half as good as half my I"ocal No. 103, Boston. of an electric furnace, by causing the furnace friends surmise. to emit a hum identical in pitch With that of, A~d' ,only.l1all'a~ bad as-some folks, whHHloer; • * * the female mosquito. :}' .. ,.If some thougli'(me'justhal{a foOi and:sonie ;" just half 'as wise, . . :.a. W. O. L. * * * ,ora half bel,!,eve that I w.a:s half a winrii!:r. The cook told'my.:.wife yesterday that the Jest Plain Facts gasoline stove had gone out. My wife told I'd like to do just half as much as some folks her to light it again. Sitting in on some serious discourse when think I do, a few of our master craftsmen get together I "That's just what I can't do," she said. And only half as little as some mention; Wifie asked, "Why, is there no fuel in it?" certainly learn things. Says Brother Fissie: Were I just half a liar or let's say just half as "Yes, sir! Now, I have given it deep thought "Oh, yes, it had plenty of fuel," the cook true, replied, "but it's gone out through the roof." and study and it's like this. Now then, take I'd half deserve 'bout half of their attention. a fly. There it sits. You shoo it and presto, JOHN F. MASTERSON, there it is on the ceiling upside down, and I hope to own just half the wealth which some I. O. you never saw it turn over. Now how and think I possess, * * * when does it do it?" And, gosh! I wish my debts were half as Most every automobile has the bit of en-. And Brother Hogue says, "One day down scattered; tertainment with it. There's a radio in almost on the south side I heard a robin making a If but half the game was troubles and the every car. Now, when riding with your peculiar noise and flying in circles which kept other half progress, friend all you have to say is, "How are youri getting smaller and smaller, and the robin I'd half believe that half of life had mattered. ,squawking louder and louder-getting lower car-toons?" ' land lower. And there sat a cat looking at TIP REYNOLDS, JOHN MORRALL, 'this robin and that robin flew right down into L. U. 65. L. U. 134. ERE IS YOUR COUNTRY. DO NOT H LET ANYONE TAKE IT OR ITS GLORY AWAY FROM YOU. DO NOT LET SELFISH MEN OR GREEDY INTERESTS SKIN YOUR COUNTRY OF ITS BEAUTY, ITS RICHES OR ITS ROMANCE. THE WORLD AND THE FUTURE AND YOUR VERY CHILDREN SHALL JUDGE YOU ACCORDING AS YOU DEAL WITH THIS SACRED TRUST.

-Theodore Roosevelt.