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The Israeli Settlements in the West Bank Territory Before and After the Peace Process

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The Israeli Settlements in the West Bank Territory Before and After the Peace Process THE ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST BANK TERRITORY BEFORE AND AFTER THE PEACE PROCESS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EMRE YÜKSEK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EAST STUDIES JANUARY 2010 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _____________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer AYATA Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _____________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep BOZTEMUR Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _____________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ŞEN Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep BOZTEMUR (METU,HIST) __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ŞEN (METU,SOC) __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan TOKLUOĞLU (METU,SOC) __________________ ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Emre YÜKSEK Signature: iii ABSTRACT ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST BANK TERRITORY BEFORE AND AFTER THE PEACE PROCESS Yüksek, Emre M. S., Middle East Studies Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ŞEN January 2010, 199 pages This thesis analyzes the development of the settlement policies of Israel in the West Bank territory by focusing on the incentives of them with factors of change and continuity before and after the peace process. The Six-Day War of 1967 which initiated a new phase in the region with the Israeli occupation of territories in Jordan, Syria and Egypt became an important milestone in Middle East history. Although some of these territories were returned through bilateral talks, the main territory of the Palestinian people remained under occupation, being subjected to Jewish settlement activities. The settlement activities on the West Bank were expanded by all Israeli governments with different incentives until the peace process. The peace process which began in 1993 aimed to form an independent Palestinian state. Among the vital issues related to the final status talks the moratorium on future building of settlements and the Israeli withdrawal from the settlements were delayed. The Camp David Summit in 2000 was overshadowed by the ongoing activities of settlement. In addition to settlement activities, increasing security arrangements following the emergence of Al-Aqsa Intifada brought about the fragmentation of West Bank territories. This study aims to analyze the results of the settlement activities in the West Bank before and after the peace process in terms of an eroding factor for the mutual confidence between the Israelis and Palestinians. The settlement activities will be examined from the pre-state period of Israel within the framework of its unilateral policies until the end of 2005. iv Keywords: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Israeli Settlements, Occupation, Peace Process, West Bank Territory. v ÖZ BARIŞ ANTLAŞMALARI ÖNCESİ VE SONRASINDA BATI ŞERİA BÖLGESİNDEKİ İSRAİL YERLEŞİMLERİ Yüksek, Emre Yüksek Lisans, Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Mustafa ŞEN Ocak 2010, 199 sayfa Bu tez İsrail’in Batı Şeria Bölgesi’ne yönelik yerleşim politikalarının gelişimini bu politikaların Barış Süreci öncesi ve sonrasındaki değişiklik ve sürekliliklerini esas alarak incelemektedir. 1967 Altı Gün Savaşları İsrail’in Ürdün Suriye ve Mısır’ın topraklarını işgali ile Ortadoğu tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bu topraklardan bazıları ikili görüşmelerle iade edilse de Filistin halkının ana bölgesi işgal altında kalarak Yahudi yerleşimlerine maruz kalmıştır. Batı Şeria’daki yerleşim faaliyetleri çeşitli nedenlerle tüm hükümetler tarafından Barış Süreci’ne kadar genişletilmiştir. 1993’de başlayan Barış Süreci ise bağımsız bir Filistin devletinin kurulmasını amaçlamıştır. Nihai duruma ilişkin hayati konuların yanında yeni yerleşimlerin inşasının dondurulması ve buralardan İsrail’in geri çekilmesi konusu da ertelenmiştir. 2000 yılındaki Camp David Zirvesi ise süregelen yerleşim faaliyetleri ile gölgelenmiştir. El-Aksa İntifadası’nın ortaya çıkışı sonrasında, yerleşim faaliyetlerine ek olarak artan güvenlik düzenlemeleri eşlik etmiş, Batı Şeria Bölgesi’nin parçalanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma Batı Şeria’nın değişik bölgelerindeki yerleşim faaliyetlerinin sonuçlarını barış süreci ve sonrasında İsrailli ve Filistinli taraflar arasında güveni aşındıran bir unsur olması bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yerleşim faaliyetleri İsrail’in devlet öncesi döneminden 2005 yılı sonuna kadar tek taraflı politikaları çerçevesinde incelenecektir. vi Anahtar Kelimeler: İsrail Filistin Anlaşmazlığı, İsrail Yerleşimleri, İşgal, Barış Süreci, Batı Şeria Bölgesi. vii To the Olive-Eyed Children of Palestine viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ŞEN, for his guidance positive approach and incredible tolerance throughout the long period of this thesis. I would like to thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep BOZTEMUR and Assoc. Prof Dr. Ceylan TOKLUOĞLU for their participation to my examining committee among their heavy program and also for their constructive criticisms and inputs to my study. Secondly, this thesis was finalized within a two-year period of time. During this period I tried to give all my efforts to shape and finish it; however, there have been delays and misfortunes in this process. Now looking back at the end, it seems this process provided me profound benefits in very different perspectives but the most important a personal maturity. It would not be easy to finish it without the people who provided immense support and the sacrifices they made throughout my education. I would like to express my special gratitude to my father Kadir YÜKSEK and mother Saide YÜKSEK in Kütahya. Hence, I would like to thank my family for being there with their continuous moral and economic supports. Whenever I was feeling down and during my bankruptcies I got immense support from my sister. I would like to thank to Şule YÜKSEK who helped me to build everything again in Ankara. Without their support and blessing, this thesis could not have been realized. I would like to thank my institution TİKA (Türk İşbirliği ve Kalkınma İdaresi) to provide me an opportunity to execute my study and work together, during my visit to Palestine and in the writing period in Ankara. I would like to all the staff in TİKA Ramallah Office. Especially, I express my gratitude to Rami SUBLABAN in Jerusalem for being a brother more than an assistant and Arabic tutor for me. His knowledge on the territories broadened my horizon and inspired a lot to write this thesis. Also I would like to thank to Al-Quds University Center for Jerusalem Studies staff who arranged field trips in the territories which added a lot to my knowledge on Palestine. I would like to thank all of the friends I have met in Palestine for displaying reliable friendship in abroad. ix I feel indebted to my fellows M. Ali ŞENOL, Birol DOK and Ali ŞENTÜRK for their moral support because I could not be recovered without their support and help in my ebb and flows during the study. I also thank to TÜBİTAK (Türkiye Bilimsel ve Tekonolojik Araştırma Kurumu) for their financial support during my graduate study. This study was supported by TÜBİTAK BİDEB (2210-Yurt İçi Yüksek Lisans Burs Programı). x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………….………………iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………..…………………..iv ÖZ…………………………………….……………………………………………...vi DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………….……………………………………..ix TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………xi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………...…xiv ACRONYMS...………...…………………………………………………………...xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 2. KEY CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (1882-1967) ............. 6 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Zionism, Colonialism, Colonization, and Early Settlement Patterns (1882-1917) ................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1. The Organized Settlement Activities ..................................................... 13 i. The Birth of Kibbutz and Moshav .......................................................... 13 ii. World Zionist Organization (WZO), Histadrut and The Jewish National Fund (JNF) ......................................................................................... 15 2.3. Jewish Settlement Under the British Mandate (1917-1948) ......................... 19 2.3.1. Settlement Era during the Inter-war Period (1917-1939) ...................... 20 2.3.2. Armed Conflict around Settlements (1939-1948) ................................. 26 2.4. 1948 Independence and Afterwards .............................................................. 33 2.5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 39 3. THE ENLARGEMENT OF ISRAEL IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (1967-1993) .........................................................................................................
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