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Permanencias En La Arquitectura De James Stirling Tesis Doctoral

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Permanencias En La Arquitectura De James Stirling Tesis Doctoral Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Permanencias en la arquitectura de James Stirling Tesis doctoral José María Silva Hernández-Gil Arquitecto 2015 Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos Permanencias en la arquitectura de James Stirling Tesis doctoral Autor José María Silva Hernández-Gil Arquitecto Director José Manuel López-Peláez Morales Doctor arquitecto 2015 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Tribunal nombrado por el Magnífico y Excelentísimo Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día . de . de 2015. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis Permanencias en la arquitectura de James Stirling el día . de . de 2015, en Madrid. Calificación: El Presidente Los Vocales El Secretario Índice Permanencias en la arquitectura de James Stirling Agradecimientos 5 Resumen / Abstract 7 Introducción 13 Método 17 Estructura 19 Preliminares 23 Estado de la cuestión 25 Marco crítico 33 Cronología gráfica 53 Tesis 65 I. Expresión del orden 67 1. El orden de la función 72 1.1. Newton Aycliffe 79 1.2. Stiff Dom-ino 81 1.3. Sheffield 83 1.4. House Studies 85 2. El orden del tipo 88 2.1. Village Project 92 2.2. Preston 94 2.3. Churchill 96 2.4. Leicester 99 3. El orden del lugar 102 3.1. Cambridge 107 3.2. Oxford 109 III. Movimiento y territorio 187 3.3. Runcorn 111 1. Movimientos modernos 192 3.4. Derby 113 1.1. Paralaje y secuencia visual 192 4. El orden del fragmento 115 1.2. Movimiento fluido versuspromenade architecturale 194 4.1. Roma Interrotta 119 1.3. Desaparición de la entrada 196 4.2. Stuttgart 121 1.4. Ambigüedad interior-exterior 199 4.3. Wissenschaftszentrum 123 2. Seis consideraciones en torno al movimiento en Stirling 203 5. Permanencias 127 2.1. Armazón: Sheffield 204 2.2. Geometría: Camberwell 208 II. Definición de la presencia 131 2.3. Imagen: Leicester 215 1. El debate de Stuttgart 136 2.4. Ruta: St. Andrews 222 2. Modernidad y monumento 139 2.5. Paisaje: Oxford 228 2.1. Humanismo clásico y ambigüedad vanguardista 140 2.6. Infraestructura: Melsungen 234 2.2. Los maestros modernos 142 3. Una arquitectura territorial 238 2.3. Del funcionalismo anti-monumental a la humanización la ciudad 145 4. Permanencias 241 2.4. La propuesta moderna: tiempo y lugar 147 2.5. La cuestión de la frontalidad 151 Conclusiones 245 2.6. La alternativa postmoderna: estilo y comunicación 153 Bibliografía 255 3. Stirling y la manipulación del plano vertical 156 3.1. Fragmentación 157 3.2. Profundidad 164 3.3. Centralidad 170 4. Una idea de presencia 178 5. Permanencias 183 Agradecimientos A Londres, ciudad inmensa, por abrirme los ojos. A los responsables de la biblioteca del Royal Institute of British Architects, de la Re- sidencia de St. Andrews y del Departamento de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Leicester, por su tiempo, amabilidad e información. A la Revista Europea de Investigación en Arquitectura, por su profesionalidad que me ha permitido publicar en estos años avances de la investigación. A Joe y Mary, por su comprensión y por facilitarme el tiempo necesario para llevar a cabo esta tesis. A todos los profesores que han aportado su opinión sobre este trabajo a lo largo de los años, pues sin ellos no sería lo que es, pero en especial a Antón, por su consejo y guía, y a Luis, por los incisivos comentarios que relanzaron este trabajo. A mis compañeros de clases, a mis colegas de estudio y de unidad docente, a mis alumnos, por charlas y discusiones sin las cuales los argumentos aquí expuestos nunca habrían sido posibles, por ayudarme a entrenar mi ojo crítico. A José Manuel, director de esta tesis, maestro y amigo, por su inspiración, confianza y ayuda. Por su compromiso permanente en la formación del investigador, del arquitecto y, sobre todo, de la persona. A mis amigos y familia, cuyos nombres no cabrían en esta página y quienes, ante las dificultades, nunca me han permitido desfallecer. A mis hermanas, Eugenia e Inés, referencia permanente de bondad y cariño. A mis padres, María Eugenia y Antonio, porque no hay nada que no les deba. Y a Tere, para quien no caben agradecimientos. A ti te dedico este trabajo. 5 Resumen / Abstract Es La arquitectura de James Stirling materializó, quizá como ninguna otra, el puente entre la modernidad a la postmodernidad; dos paradigmas cuya transición, a pesar de representar ideales esencialmente opuestos, se caracterizó inicialmente por sus difusas fronteras. Encontrándose en esta posición intermedia, híbrida, Stirling produjo una obra diversa y en constante evolución, en muchos casos brillante, y siempre difícil. Sin em- bargo, a pesar de esta condición cambiante y conflictiva, es posible identificar en ella unas herramientas, ideas, intenciones o procesos que persisten a lo largo de las cinco décadas que abarca su trabajo y que trascienden la mera persistencia de su eclecticismo formal. Permanencias éstas que constituyen un método y que, por tanto, determinan un orden subyacente, que permite lo múltiple, lo variado, e incluso lo contradictorio. Un método que, en consecuencia, representa el sustento con el cual el arquitecto afronta las incertidumbres ideológicas y estilísticas de su tiempo, y que, en consecuencia, ofrece la base para una interpretación más amplia de la figura. Con esta finalidad, en esta tesis se identifican tres permanencias que recorren toda la obra del arquitecto inglés, desde su etapa estudiantil a finales de la década de los cuaren- ta hasta sus últimos proyectos, en los albores de los noventa. Tres ideas correspondientes a tres niveles diversos del proyecto arquitectónico –la génesis de la forma, el carácter de su presencia y la materialización de su experiencia– y que, de esta manera, sirven de muestra de esa continuidad existente en su arquitectura, si bien no sea aparente en la formas cambiantes que la aplicación de dicho método da lugar. En la primera de estas permanencias, expresión del orden, se detalla el modo en el que los mecanismos generadores del orden formal constituyen también la expresión primordial de la arquitectura de Stirling; la razón y el procedimiento que construye la 7 forma se refleja así en la estética específica que la obra adquiere. Ésta cualidad se des- Estas tres permanencias, si bien no definen totalmente el método de Stirling, sí de- cribe en la evolución de su trabajo desde el orden establecido por la función, al del tipo muestran su existencia y relevancia, pues no sólo explican los mecanismos conformado- para, a continuación, depender del lugar, de contexto. Órdenes expresivos todos ellos de res de la obra, sino que, además, determinan una particular aproximación a varias de las carácter global que contrastan con la mayor relevancia que progresivamente adquiere cuestiones esenciales de su tiempo, acercándonos a su pensamiento y, en consecuencia, a el fragmento como herramienta de des-orden manifiesto de la forma, revelando así el su posición ideológica. Y es que, sólo entendiendo dicha ideología, basada en la materia- conflicto existente en todo su trabajo en su relación con la tradición, con el pasado. lización del conflicto entre modernidad y postmodernidad, entre método y forma, entre La segunda, definición de la presencia, por su parte, incide en la voluntad de Stirling continuidad y cambio, se puede valorar hoy con precisión la relevancia y la influencia de recuperar la condición representativa de la arquitectura en la ciudad. La monumenta- de la arquitectura de James Stirling. lidad, cuestión problemática para la modernidad en la que se había formado y aspiración esencial de la incipiente ruptura postmoderna en la que inevitablemente se encuadra, En constituye la idea subyacente al proceso de manipulación de la fachada que su obra The architecture of James Stirling materialized, perhaps like no other, the bridge plantea: por un lado, desintegrándola al fragmentarla y dotarla de profundidad, y, por from modernity to postmodernism; two paradigms whose transition, despite represent- otro, recomponiéndola por medio de la relaciones centralizadas entre su elementos com- ing essentially opposing ideals, was initially characterized by its diffuse boundaries. positivos. Una reconsideración del plano vertical que tiene como finalidad la definición Located in this intermediate hybrid position, Stirling produced a very diverse body of de una nueva presencia, capaz de combinar los descubrimientos formales de la moderni- work, in constant evolution, often brilliant, but always difficult. However, despite this dad con las aspiraciones comunicativas del ideal postmoderno. changing and conflicting condition, it is possible to identify some tools, ideas, intentions Por último, en la tercera permanencia, movimiento y territorio, se identifica el espacio or processes that persisted over five decades covering his work and that go beyond the circulatorio, en sus diversas manifestaciones, como el elemento esencial que determina el persistence of its formal eclecticism. Permanences that constitute a method and there- vínculo entre la construcción, el territorio y la experiencia del individuo. Dicho ámbito, a fore determine an underlying order that allows the multiple, the varied and even the la vez síntesis y crítica del espacio dinámico heredado de la generación anterior, materia- contradictory to happen. A method that consequently represents the means of support liza el armazón en torno al que se desarrolla la forma, la cual inicialmente, por medio de with which the architect faced the ideological and stylistic uncertainties of his time, and su estricta geometría o por su condición expresiva, impone su trazado en el medio; orden therefore provides the basis for a broader interpretation of the figure. que progresivamente se extrae del paisaje y sintetiza en una infraestructura, o una ruta With this finality, this thesis identifies three permanences that run through the work singular que aspira a establecer una continuidad esencial entre arquitectura y territorio.
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