Persamaan Tabung Harapan Malaysia Dan Sukuk Prihatin

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Persamaan Tabung Harapan Malaysia Dan Sukuk Prihatin Tabung Harapan Malaysia & Sukuk Prihatin: Suatu Mekanisma Baharu | 1 Pendahuluan Pada 30 Mei 2018, Kerajaan Pakatan Harapan telah melancarkan kutipan Tabung Harapan Malaysia dengan menggunakan akaun Maybank di atas nama Jabatan Akauntan Negara. Kutipan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sokongan dan simpati rakyat dalam membantu kerajaan menyelesaikan hutang negara yang diwarwarkan telah mencecah sehingga RM 1 Trillion atau 80.3% berbanding KDNK bagi tahun 2017, iaitu RM 1.32 Trillion. Bagi Kerajaan Perikatan Nasional pula, di bawah Pakej Rangsangan Ekonomi kedua, iaitu Pelan Jana Semula Ekonomi Negara (PENJANA), Menteri Kewangan telah melancarkan Sukuk Prihatin, suatu instrumen pelaburan patuh Shariah pertama yang menggunakan platform digital dan saluran perbankan secara atas talian seperti JomPAY dan DuitNow, bagi membuka peluang kepada rakyat untuk memberikan sumbangan dalam membangunkan negara pasca COVID-19. Kedua-dua inisiatif ini adalah suatu langkah baharu yang diambil oleh pihak Kerajaan dalam menguruskan kewangan negara. Namun begitu, timbul persoalan dalam kalangan rakyat, mengapakah Kerajaan melaksanakan inisiatif ini? Yang manakah kaedah yang terbaik dalam menyelesaikan masalah kewangan negara? Justeru, penulisan kali ini adalah untuk membuat perbandingan persamaan dan perbezaan di antara Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin sekaligus memberikan gambaran inisiatif manakah yang terbaik untuk dilaksanakan oleh pihak Kerajaan. Statistik Sebenar Hutang Negara Malaysia Sejak 2018, rakyat di negara ini dimomokkan dengan jumlah hutang negara yang tinggi dan berpotensi menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang bankrap. Namun begitu, berdasarkan statistik semasa dan mengikut kaedah yang diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa, hutang negara pada ketika ini masih berada di bawah paras had statuori hutang yang dibenarkan oleh Perlembagaan Malaysia, iaitu 55%. Berikut adalah jumlah hutang negara dan peratusan hutang tersebut berdasarkan Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) bagi lima tahun terakhir: TAHUN JUMLAH HUTANG NEGARA PERATUSAN DARI KDNK 2016 RM 648.476 Billion 52.7 % 2017 RM 685.056 Billion 50.9 % 2018 RM 741.049 Billion 51.2 % 2019 RM 799.108 Billion 52.7 % 2020 RM 823.800 Billion 53.6 % Jadual 1: Jumlah dan Peratusan Hutang Negara Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute (TSIS) Tabung Harapan Malaysia & Sukuk Prihatin: Suatu Mekanisma Baharu | 2 Jika dibandingkan peratusan hutang negara dengan KDNK, kebanyakan negara maju mempunyai hutang yang melebihi 100%. Contohnya seperti Amerika Syarikat yang mempunyai hutang sebanyak 104.3% berbanding KDNK negara tersebut, Itali (132.2%), Singapura (113.6%) dan Jepun (237.1%). Umum mengetahui bahawa hutang seperti ini diperlukan oleh sesebuah negara untuk digunakan bagi menanggung kos operasi dan pembangunan di dalam negara tersebut. Walaupun begitu, penulisan kali ini tidak membincangkan berkenaan hutang negara, tetapi akan memberikan fokus kepada perbandingan antara Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin. Persamaan Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin Walaupun Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin telah dilancarkan oleh dua pemerintah Kerajaan Malaysia yang berbeza, namun terdapat tiga persamaan di antara keduanya. A. KONSEP Konsep yang digunakan di dalam kedua-dua inisiatif ini adalah bersifat sukarela. Tiada elemen paksaan kepada rakyat yang ditetapkan oleh pihak Kerajaan. Konsep ini bertepatan dengan konsep sedekah yang sangat digalakkan di dalam Islam, dan ia merupakan suatu amalan dalam ajaran Islam yang dijanjikan dengan ganjaran Akhirat yang banyak, serta bertepatan dengan firman ALLAH SWT di dalam Al-Quran yang banyak menekankan kebaikan bersedekah. Terdapat 39 ayat Al-Quran yang menceritakan tentang perihal bersedekah, antaranya: 1. Surah Al-Baqarah, ayat 3: ٱ َّل ِذي نَ يُ ۡؤ ِمنُو نَ بِٱۡلغ ۡي ِبَ ويُ ِقي ُمو نَ ٱل َّص ل َٰوةَ و ِم َّما ر ز ۡق َٰن ُه ۡمَ يُن ِفقُو نَ Maksud: “(Orang yang Bertaqwa) ialah orang yang beriman dengan perkara ghaib, mendirikan solat dan memberikan sedekah dari bahagian yang direzekikan kepada mereka.” 2. Surah Al-Baqarah, ayat 261: َّمث ُلَ ٱ َّل ِذي نَ يُن ِفقُو نَ أ ۡم َٰ و ل ُه ۡمَ فِي سبِي ِلَ ٱ َّ ِّللَ ك مثَ ِلَ حبَّ ةَ أ ۢنب ت ۡتَ س ۡب عَ سن ابِ لَ فِي ُك ِ َل ُس ۢنبُ ل ةَ ِ ماْئ ةَُ حبَّ َة وٱ ََّّللُ يُ َٰ ض ِع ُفَ ِل من ي شآ ُءَ Maksudnya: “Perumpamaan sedekah yang dikeluarkan oleh orang-orang yang membelanjakan hartanya di jalan Allah adalah seperti sebutir benih yang menumbuhkan tujuh butir benih, pada tiap-tiap butir terdapat 100 biji. Dan Allah melipat gandakan ganjaran bagi sesiapa yang Dia kehendaki..” Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute (TSIS) Tabung Harapan Malaysia & Sukuk Prihatin: Suatu Mekanisma Baharu | 3 3. Surah Al-Anfal, ayat 60: و ما تُن ِفقُو ْاَ ِمن ش ۡي ءَ فِي سبِي ِلَ ٱ ََِّّلل يُ و َّفَ إِ ل ۡي ُك ۡمَ وأ نتُ ۡمَ لَ تُ ۡظ ل ُمو نَ Maksudnya: “Apa sahaja yang kamu sedekahkan pada jalan Allah nescaya akan dibalas dengan kecukupan kepadamu dan kamu tidak akan dianiaya.” B. TUJUAN UMUM Kedua-dua inisiatif Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin mempunyai matlamat umum yang sama, iaitu membantu negara dalam memastikan kedudukan kewangan negara ke arah yang lebih baik. Perkara ini masing-masing diumumkan oleh Perdana Menteri ke-7, Tun Dr Mahatir Muhammad bagi Tabung Harapan Malaysia, manakala bagi Sukuk Prihatin diumumkan oleh Menteri Kewangan, YB Tengku Zafrul. Walaupun begitu, terdapat sedikit perbezaan yang wujud di dalam matlamatnya secara terperinci. Tabung Harapan Malaysia digunakan untuk membayar sebahagian dari hutang Kerajaan manakala Sukuk Prihatin akan dimasukkan ke dalam Kumpulan Wang COVID-19 untuk membiayai langkah-langkah yang diumumkan dalam pakej rangsangan ekonomi dan rancangan pemulihan Kerajaan untuk menangani krisis COVID-19. Contoh langkah-langkah tersebut termasuk perbelanjaan perubatan yang berkaitan dengan COVID-19, pembiayaan atau pemberian bantuan untuk perusahaan mikro dan kecil dan sederhana terutama pengusaha wanita, dan pemberian geran penyelidikan untuk penyakit berjangkit. Dengan kata lain, Tabung Harapan Malaysia diambil dari rakyat untuk kegunaan pihak Kerajaan manakala Sukuk Prihatin pula diambil dari rakyat dan digunakan kembali untuk rakyat. C. PENDANAAN AWAM YANG DIURUSKAN OLEH KERAJAAN Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin boleh disamakan seperti pendanaan awam yang kebiasaannya dilakukan oleh organisasi bukan kerajaan (NGO) dan persatuan-persatuan awam. Namun begitu, kedua-dua inisiatif ini adalah pendanaan awam di Malaysia yang dimulakan dan diuruskan oleh Kerajaan Malaysia sendiri melalui Kementerian Kewangan. Namun begitu, kaedah pendanaan awam oleh Kerajaan ini bukanlah sesuatu yang baharu bagi sesetengah negara. Contohnya di Eropah yang sudah memulakan amalan pendanaan awam oleh Kerajaan ini sekitar tahun 2013, negara seperti Jerman, Belanda dan Austria kini menubuhkan suatu platform pendanaan awam bagi membantu industi perniagaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) untuk kembali bangkit selepas merudum akibat pandemik COVID-19. Di Amerika Syarikat pula, beberapa negeri menjalankan kaedah pendanaan awam bagi sesuatu tujuan tertentu seperti di Texas, yang mana Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute (TSIS) Tabung Harapan Malaysia & Sukuk Prihatin: Suatu Mekanisma Baharu | 4 Gabenornya berjaya mengutip sejumlah wang bernilai USD 150,000 (RM 622,050) pada tahun 2017 bagi menyediakan program bantuan kepada golongan kurang bernasib baik. Di Florida pula, suatu kempen pendanaan awam yang diuruskan oleh pihak negeri berjaya mengutip sehingga USD 80,000 (RM 331,760) bagi tujuan membina sebuah Taman Anjing yang indah pada tahun 2012. Perbezaan Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin Dua kaedah yang berbeza sudah pasti mempunyai perbezaan yang tertentu. Berikut adalah perbezaan di antara Tabung Harapan Malaysia dan Sukuk Prihatin. A. SENTIMEN DI SEBALIK PENUBUHAN Walaupun kedua-dua inisiatif ini mempunyai tujuan umum yang sama, iaitu mengumpul sokongan rakyat dengan membantu kewangan negara, namun sentimen di sebalik kewujudan setiap inisiatif tersebut adalah berbeza. Tabung Harapan Malaysia diwujudkan selepas naratif yang dimainkan oleh pihak Kerajaan pada ketika itu berkaitan dengan jumlah hutang negara Malaysia yang bernilai sehingga RM 1 Trillion. Naratif ini secara tersuratnya bertujuan untuk menarik simpati dan perhatian rakyat supaya lebih ramai membantu negara di dalam kemelut kewangan yang melanda. Bukan itu sahaja, bahkan banyak bantuan dan insentif yang diberikan oleh kerajaan sebelumnya dihapuskan, dibekukan dan dikurangkan dengan memomokkan naratif hutang yang tinggi tadi. Contohnya seperti bantuan one-off yang ditukar dari BRIM kepada BSH dikurangkan untuk kategori bujang dari RM 450 kepada RM 100, insentif program MyBrain untuk pembiayaan pasca siswazah yang dibekukan, membatalkan projek-projek mega yang membawa keuntungan di masa depan dan pelbagai lagi. Tindakan seperti ini seolah-olah untuk membenarkan naratif hutang negara yang tinggi di mata rakyat yang dimainkan sejak dari awal pemerintahan Kerajaan Pakatan Harapan. Maka jelas bahawa penubuhan Tabung Harapan Malaysia ini menggunakan sentimen simpati terhadap Kerajaan selain langkah mendapatkan sokongan penuh rakyat kepada pimpinan baharu. Namun begitu, di dalam penubuhan Sukuk Prihatin, tiada kaedah naratif yang digunakan oleh pihak Kerajaan samada melalui Kementerian Kewangan ataupun Perdana Menteri sendiri. Apa yang difahami oleh rakyat secara umumnya, secara keseluruhannya, Kerajaan telah memperuntukkan sejumlah RM 295 Billion dengan suntikan fiskal langsung sebanyak RM 45
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