Ekskurzija Danska, Nemčija Seminar Zorec 09

Home , Arne Jacobsen, Brick Expressionism, Charlottenlund Palace, Gentofte Town Hall, Kim Utzon, Nyboder

ekskurzija Danska, Nemčija seminar Zorec 09

"My laboratory is the beach, the forest, the sea and seashore..".

"The true innermost being of architecture can be compared with that of nature’s seed, and something of inevitability of nature’s prin- ciple of growth ought to be a fundamental concept in architecture."

“On the road from the first idea - the first sketch - to the final building, a host of possibilities arise for the architect and the team of engineers, contractors and artisans. Only when the foundation for the choice between the various solutions derives from the aware- ness that the building must provide the people who are to live in it with delight and inspiration do the correct solutions to the problems fall like ripe fruits.”

Jørn Utzon 2 DANSKA

Dansko kraljestvo (krajše le Danska) je najstarejša in najmanjša nor- dijska država, ki se nahaja v Skandinaviji v severni Evropi na polotoku vzhodno od Baltskega morja in jugozahodno od Severnega morja. Vključuje tudi številne otoke severno od Nemčije, na katero meji tudi po kopnem, in Poljske, poleg teh pa še ozemlja na Grenlandiji in Fer- skih otokih, ki so združena pod dansko krono, čeprav uživajo samou- pravo. Le četrtina teh otokov je naseljena. Danska je izrazito položna dežela. Najvišji vrh je Ejer Bavnehoj, z 173 metri nadmorske višine. Največja reka je Gudena. zanimivosti:

- Danska je mati Lego kock. Njihova zgodba se je začela leta 1932 in v več kot 60. letih so prodali čez 320 bilijonov kock, kar pomeni povprečno 56 kock na vsakega prebivalca na svetu. Zabaviščni park Legoland se nahaja v mestu Billund, kjer so zgrajene različne fingure in modeli iz več kot 25 milijonov lego kock. Kraljevo geslo: “Božja pomoč, človeška - Danska je najpomembnejša ribiška država v EU. Ribiško ladjevje šteje ljubezen, danska veličina.” približno 2700 ladij. Letni ulov znaša 2.04 miljonov ton.

- Danska ima v lasti 4900 otokov. kraljica: Margareta II. Danska glavno mesto: København - Najbolj znan Danec je pisatelj Hans Christian Andersen. površina: 43.094 km² število prebivalcev: 5,505,995 - Leta 1989 Danska postane prva Evropska država, ki je legalizirala valuta: danska krona istospolne zakone. državna himna: Der er et yndigt land neodvisnost: predzgodovinski čas, pred 8. - Ferski otoki so nekoč pripadali Norveški, ki pa jih je izgubila, ko je Norveški stoletjem kralj v navalu pijanosti izgubil igro pokra proti Danskemu kralju. 3

DANSKA

potek ekskurzije:

1. DAN: sreda, 15.4. - odhod iz Ljubljane ob 5h zjutraj - Ljubljana-Dessau

2. DAN: četrtek, 16.4. - Dessaua-Wolfsburg - Wolfsburg-København

3. DAN: petek, 17.4. - København

4. DAN: sobota, 18.4. - København

5. DAN: nedelja, 19.4. - København-Arhus-Viborg-Aalborg

6. DAN: ponedeljek, 20.4. - Aalborg-Esbjerg-Rømø

7.DAN: torek, 21.4. - Rømø-Hamburg-Essen-Köln

8. DAN: sreda, 22.4. - Köln-Stuttgart-Ljubljana 4 DANSKA

prenočišča:

GRAND CITY PARKHOTEL DESSAU Sonnenallee 4, Dessau

DANHOSTEL COPENHAGEN CITY H.C. Andersens Boulevard 50, København V

DANHOSTEL AALBORG Skydebanevej 50, Aalborg

DANHOSTEL ROMO Lyngvejen 7, Rømø

HOSTEL AM RHEINAUHAFEN Rheingasse 34-36, Köln

DANSKA

ikoni Danske arhitekture:

Arne Jacobsen (1902-1971) was for several years the leading figure in Dan- ish architecture. In the 1930s, he created Functionalist major works with an international touch such as the Bellevue area as well as Stelling’s House in Copenhagen. He continued to be a leading figure of post-war Modernism, within both design and architecture, with buildings such as the Minimal- ist Toms Factories (1961).

Jørn Utzon (1918-2008) belongs to the organic trend within Modernism with buildings such as his major work Sydney Op- era House (1966) and the later Bagsværd Church (1976) with its wavy concrete roof. In courtyard residential estates such as Kingohusene (1960), he merged rows of houses into the landscape and at the same time introduced new models for private and common areas. 6 HALLE

Nieto Sobejano MORITZBURG MUSEUM EXTENSION 2004-2006

DESSAU

Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt. Dessau is situated on a floodplain where the Mulde flows into the Elbe. This causes yearly floods. Dessau is surrounded by numerous parks and palaces that ranks Dessau as one of the greenest towns in Germany. Dessau was first mentioned in 1213. It became an important centre in 1570, when the prin- cipality of Anhalt was founded. Dessau became the capital of this state within the Holy Roman Empire. The city was almost completely destroyed by Allied air raids in World War II on March 7th, 1945 - just a few days before American troops occupied the town. Afterwards it was rebuilt with typical GDR concrete slab architecture and became a major industrial centre of East Germany. Dessau is famous for its college of architecture Bauhaus. It moved here in 1925 after it had been forced to close in Weimar. 8 DESSAU

Walter Gropius BAUHAUS 1925-1926

The building consists of three parts: the Flügelbau of technical colleges (later vo- cational schools), the workshop with the well-known glass curtain wall and the studio building, the canteen and residential workshops for students. Between workshops and studio building stage auditorium is placed. Furniture and fixtures came from the workshop, the lamps were designed in the metal workshop, furniture and curtain fabrics arisen in the weaving. The building was built in one year period. There was an extensive reconstruction of the entire building in 1975 and 76.

WOLFSBURG

Wolfsburg is a city in Lower Saxony, Germa- ny. It is located on the River Aller northeast of Braunschweig (Brunswick) and is mainly notable as the headquarters of Volkswa- gen. Wolfsburg is bordered by the districts of Gifhorn and Helmstedt. The city of Wolfsburg is very young, since it was planned by the Nazis in order to build a town for the workers of the Volkswagen factories. It was founded in 1938 as Stadt des KdF-Wagens (“City of the KdF Car”) around the village of Hesslingen in the District of Gifhorn. Kraft durch Freude (abbreviated KdF and meaning “strength through joy”) was the German state-controlled leisure organization; one of its projects was the KdF- Wagen, which would later be known as the VW Beetle. During World War II there were also jeeps, airplanes and other military equipment built, mainly by forced workers and POWs at these factories.

10 WOLFSBURG

Zaha Hadid PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE 1998-2005

New interactive science centre in Wolfs- burg; an art museum was first planned for the site, but because of competition with successful Kunst Museum the other option was chosen. The building effectively stands on concrete stilts allowing visitors to the Autostadt to pass through without having to interfere with the workings of the building. Phaeno is connected to the Autostadt via a metal bridge accessed by escalators and stairs either side. The underside of Phaeno is illuminated and the “stilts” are too. Phaeno has enjoyed high attendance and broad public acceptance since its open- ing.

WOLFSBURG

Alvar Aalto KULTURHAUS WOLFSBURG 1962 tloris, prerez, fotografija arhitekture The design concept integrates the public library, youth centre and the adult education centre. When designing the Culture Center, the Finnish architect developed the idea of a “culture park” in which to integrate a Town Hall extension and a theater.

12 WOLFSBURG

Hans Scharoun WOLFSBURG MUNICIPAL THEATRE 1965-1973

The structure is composed of three elements: the irregular polygon of the building with the hall and stage towering above everything as well as two flat wings. In the west wing there is the administration area, and in the east wing there is an unusually long foyer zone with vast panoramic windows, looking to the city centre. The foyer serves the function of an exhibition room and is used for festive receptions. The path of the visitor leads through the entire lenght of this foyer zone, about 80m. One enters a narrow gate and then the lobby, a room that is unusually high and surprises the visitor with its natural light- ning. Through a large window above the gate, daylight comes into the lobby, which is part of the auditorium, as it is shown by the continuous transition of the ceiling and the central view.The lobby becomes the treshold between the imaginary site of the stage and the outside world.

LOLLAND

Tony Fretton Fuglsang Kunstmuseum 2008

Fuglsang Kunstmuseum is a purpose built museum housing a permanent collection of Danish fine art dating from the period 1780-1980. The building has the formal abstractness and romantic profile of neighbouring buildings and is designed to har- monise with the idyllic rural setting of the Fuglsang estate. To go to Fuglsang entails a long journey through open countryside, finally arriving on a long straight road through a loose assembly of buildings to a courtyard. The Museum extends into the fields while having a strange axial but off- set relation to the most significant of the existing buildings, the Manor House and its formal surroundings. Like the buildings around the courtyard, and many classic works of Danish modernism, the facades of the Museum are constructed from brick. As in the barn on the west side of the court, they are painted white and the roof lights are in a grey brick the colour of the roofs of the buildings around it. 14 København

Copenhagen (Danish: København) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban area with a population of 1,153,615 (2008) and a metropolitan area with a population of 1,881,000 (2008). Copenha- gen is situated on the Islands of Zealand and Amager. First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century and during the 17th century under the reign of Christian IV it became an important regional centre. With the comple- tion of the transnational Oresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integratingis and is in the process of growing into one common metropolitan area. Copenhagen has repeatedly been recog- nized as one of the cities with the best quality of life and it was singled out as the most liveable city in the world.

København

Arne Jacobsen TEXACO GAS STATION 1937

The petrol station itself is a concrete box, clad with Meissen ceramic tiles. The service area is what makes this structure stand out: it is covered by an oval concrete shell, supported by a single column. This design was originally intended as a prototype for Texaco. To save the structure from falling apart, it has been subject to extensive res- toration, most notably in 2003 by Dissing + Weitling Architects in cooperation with the Gentofte Municipality. The original ceramic tiles and the concrete canopy have been replaced, after meticulous research and cooperation between the heritage and municipal authorities.

16 København

Arne Jacobsen Munkegaards School 1952-56

Munkegaards School is an elementary school for children from 7 to 15 years of age. It comprises 24 standard classrooms of the pavilion type, which are arranged in pairs and open up towards small patios. All the classroom pavilions are connected by a simple system of parallel corridors which also give access to the assembly hall and teachers’ room. A two-storey wing on the North side accommodates the special classrooms. Gymnasia, bicycle sheds and dwellings are separate buildings. The yellow brickwork, white-painted timber and aluminium roofs contribute to the intimate and friendly atmosphere of the school.

København

Arne Jacobsen S.A.S. ROYAL HOTEL 1956-61

The Radisson SAS Royal Hotel was the largest hotel in Denmark when it was complet- ed in 1960 and was the first skyscraper in Copenhagen. The entire hotel from the exterior facade through to the stainless-steel cutlery used in the restaurant and the Swan and Egg chairs gracing the lobby have been designed by Arne Jacobsen. The structure is twenty stories high and a defining characteristic of Copenhagen's skyline. The structure was inspired by New York Park Avenue structures, namely Skid- more, Owings and Merrill’s Lever House. The building's sense of lightness emanates from its Lever House-inspired form with a two-story base supporting its lofty »punch card« tower. The effect is also enhanced with the architect's placing of »thin alumi- num mullions and the pale glass pandrels, and avoids appearing as a dominant foreign object in conflict with its surrounds.

18 København

Arne Jacobsen DANSKA NARODNA BANKA 1965-71

The facades of the building is of unhewn stone and glass. Its colour is in harmony with the dominant colours seen in the Gam- melholm quarter. The facades of the building is of unhewn stone and glass. The glass curtain-wall varies widely in appearance depending on the weather and time of day. From the main entrance a modest, almost square cavern in the wall of the base of the building the visitor is led through the curved hallway into the almost 20 meters high lobby. At the other end of the lobby, a sculptural steel staircase serves the six floors to which the lobby provides access. The unusual shape of the space, the simple choice of materials and surprising height, are emphasized by the narrow vertical openings that allow an expressive play of daylight to the space. At the top of the low part of the Nationalbank building there is a green roof garden. There are two interior courtyards situated in the middle of the tall building block. 19

København

Henning Larsens Tegnestue CENTER DANSKEGA OBLIKOVANJA 1999

H.C. Andersen’s Boulevard and a two-storey building facing the courtyard. The buildings are tied together by an atrium. The height and rhythm of the front house facade follows the rest of the buildings; however, the design and choice of materials – primarily steel and glass – give the building a special identity in the row of houses.

The two lower floors that are open to the public include exhibition areas, café and a conference hall. The rest of the floors of the front house, placed between the more closed transport cores facing the gables of the adjacent buildings, are arranged as open, flexible offices overlooking Tivoli and the boulevard.

20 København

3XN øRESTAD GYMNASIUM 2007

This is the first school in Denmark with an architectural design that corresponds to the new visions on content, subject matter, organization, and learning systems. Flexibility and openness are key words for the new building, which has open rooms, subject zones, niches for creativity and concentra- tion, and free access everywhere to the virtual space. Traditional spaces such as classrooms and lounges no longer exist in the high school of the future. Instead, the building is divided into four “study zones.” Each has its own story, designed like a boo- merang and staggered like a shutter on a camera. The stories are linked by a wide, spiral staircase that winds up toward the roof terrace. The staircase is the main axis in the tall foyer – the X-zone – that creates physical and visual links between the different study zones and supports an interdisci- plinary approach.

København

Soren Robert Lund MUZEJ MODERNE UMETNOSTI V ARKNU 1996

Ta dekonstruktivistična stavba stoji na plaži in imitira obliko nasedle ladje. Glavno 150-metrsko »umetniško os« označujeta raven in ukrivljen zid. Za ravnim zidom so razstavni prostori, za ukrivljenim pa lobi in večnamenski prostori. Izbira materialov označuje funkcije različnih prostorov.

22 København

aart a/s BIKUBEN STUDENT RESIDENCE 2003-06

The Bikuben Student Residence creates the settings for student life and extends the possibility that unity can arise from a broad social network. The main shape of the building is quite clarified in its design and holds in it the fundamental idea of unity and equality. It has been the ambi- tion to create a building with a strong and clear identity, with a direct connection to the contextual situation. The homes of the students and the common rooms are connected in a double spiral that surrounds an enlightened courtyard. That offers direct contact and visibility between common and private space and at the same time, ensures the student’s privacy in the home. The boundaries of every college home are expanded, basically filling all parts of the building volume, giving the social interface and every single student’s latitude, maxi- mum priority.

København

JDS Architects, Bjarke Ingels Group København HAVNEBAD 2003

Copenhagen’s harbour undertakes a trans- formation from an industrial and traffic junction towards being the city’s cultural and social center. The Harbour Bath design has emerged out of the desire of extending the surrounding park onto the water and the practical needs for accessibility, safety and programmatic demand. The Harbour Bath realises the transition from land to water as a terassed landscape.

24 København

Schmidt, Hammer & Lassen PRIZIDEK KRALJEVE KNJIŽNICE 1999

The Royal Library figures among the- ar chitectural icons on the Copenhagen wa- terfront. The extension to the library is an imaginatively conceived monolith of seven storeys; a sculptured casket clad in lustrous black granite. The classic cube is animated by the facades’ strikingly tilted planes and obliquely sheared surfaces, and by the airy, glazed ground floor that allows the “dia- mond” to float. A broad “crevasse” cleaves the mass into two, creating space for a light-filled atrium. A large, vibrant, -organ ic space set on the axis that connects the water with the city – and the new library building with the old. Apart from housing the library’s key functions, the extension incorporates a bookshop, restaurant, a clutch of research centres and archives, a roof terrace and the Queen’s Hall for con- certs, stage performances and conferences. The library extension sits on the new plaza Søren Kierkegaard Plads, a focal point at the heart of the bustling life of the city. 25

København

Henning Larsens Tegnestue TUBORG NORTH - BUILDING4C 1994-1996

This building and its counterpart, a former mineral water factory, form the main facade of the square created in the joint of Tuborgvej and Strandvejen.

The exterior design of the building matches that of the mineral water factory, and the ground plan is laterally reversed on the other side of Tuborg Boulevard. The building is about 22 m high and has a 38 m high tower placed over the main staircase. The yellow tiles of the building are loans from the neighbouring buildings; in all other re- spects, however, it is a building that has its own contemporary architecture.

In the daytime, the facade is transparent, like extended tile with a pattern of small, horizontal window slots. In the evening, it is magically transformed into a veil around a shining core. The tile facade is a grid of inclined tiles, acting as a sunscreen.

26 København

JDS Architects, Bjarke Ingels Group MARITIME YOUTH HOUSE 2004

The Maritime Youth House is shared by two clients, a sail club and a youth house, who had very different programs. The youth house needed outdoor space for the kids to play, the sail club needed most of the site to park their boats. Instead of using the 25% of the budget allocated to clean the polluted site, the architect’s discovered that the pollution was heavy metals, and therefore stable. If they covered the entire site with a wooden deck, without reaching the bottom, it was not necessary to clean the site. This meant that the entire budget could be spend on the program and the architecture.

København

Dorte Mandrup Arkitekter Aps SKANDERBORGGADE DAY CARE CENTRE 2005 tloris, prerez, fotografija arhitekture http://www.archdai- The city block consists of dense 5,5 story ly.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/1899299430_240- buildings. The courtyards to the rear are 212ext.jpg Skanderborggade Day Care Centre extremely narrow, which implies very little or no sunlight in the rear areas. The client wanted a day nursery that had the possibility of being converted for kindergarten group with three group rooms with baby changing facilities, common rooms, cloak- rooms, kitchen, administration and the necessary supplementary rooms. In order to satisfy the demands for outdoor spaces corresponding to the built area, it was necessary for the outdoor areas to be primarily located on the roof. The building consists of two planes that stretch out to the edges of the site. One plane forms the ground level above the polluted terrain, the other forms the roof. The supporting structure is of concrete elements.

28 København

White architects SEEBAD KASTRUP 2004

This public sea bath in the Baltic Sea is located near Copenhagen's Amager Beach. There it shows up like a wooden wave, by a total size of 750m2. From this point it's possible to see Calatrava's Turning Torso in Malmö.

København

H. van Steenwinkel ml, L. Blasius STANOVANJSKA ZAZIDAVA NY- BODER 1631-1758 Nyboder is a very cozy part of Copenha- gen, very recognizable by the yellow houses, only two stories high lying side by side. Nyboder is an old part of the city, built to men working for the navy. King Christian 4, wanted the men to settle down near the navy, so that they could get married and have kids and live with them. This new city was planned and built in the new modern style, with straight roads very unlike the medieval part of Copenhagen. The houses were built in 1641, but soon the navy needed more houses for the men. First they just divided the small apartments in to even smaller apartments, but in 1755 some two-story houses were built. . Some was destroyed though through the years, and there is nothing left of the oldest part of Nyboder, the part that King Christian 4 built. In 1944 the whole area got listed as protected area. 30 København

Jørgen Scheffel, Hans van Steen- winkel ml., I. & J. Exner CERKEV TRINITAS , OKROGLI STOLP, ŽUPNIJSKA DVORANA 1637-56, 1982, 1985

København

Peder Vilhem Jensen-Klint GRUNDTVIGS CHURCH 1921 -40

Peder Klint's design for Grundtvig's Church is a synthesis of architectural styles. In preparation for the project, the architect studied many Danish village churches, par- ticularly those with stepped gables. Their traditional building techniques, materials and decoration inspired his design. Klint merged the modern geometric forms of Brick Expressionism with the classical vertical of Gothic architecture. The most striking feature of the building is its west facade, reminiscent of a westwork or of the exterior of a church organ. The interior, inspired by Gothic architecture. A number of buildings were built beside the church at the same time, to enhance its visual impact.

32 København

Ole Falkentorp HOTEL ASTORIA 1934-35

København

Ladner Meier Architekten PRENOVA BREDGADE 12 2006-07

34 Søholm København

Arne Jacobsen STANOVANJSKA ČETRT SøHOLM 1946 - 1951

Naselje delno povezanih individualnih hiš, zgrajenih v treh nizih je nastalo v začetku 50-ih let. Dvokapne hiše, zgrajene iz rumene opeke predstavljajo sproščen način sodobnega bivanja. Arhitekt je posebno pozornost namenil zazelenitvi naselja in ureditvi vrtov. Poleg raznovrstnosti v zasaditvi rastlin je posebno pozornost namenil tudi ureditvi zelenja med posameznimi bivalnimi enotami. V eni izmed hiš je prebival tudi arhitekt sam. Pripadalo ji je več kot 300 kvadratnih metrov vrta.

Klampenborg København

Arne Jacobsen STANOVANJSKA ČETRT BELLAVISTA 1932 - 1934

Projekt je bil zgrajen v večih fazah. Na- jprej je bil dokončan stanovanjski del, ki se razprostira nad plažo Bellevue v Klampen- borgu, blizu Kopenhagna. Kmalu je sledila dozidava restavracije Bellvue, za katero je Jacobsen sam oblikoval pohištvo. Želel je pustvariti sodoben, “jazz” interier, posebno pozornost pa je namenil oblikovanju stolov. Celotnemu kompleksu je bil kasneje priz- idano še gledališče, v katerem je Jacobsen poskušal poustvariti mehkobo in gibanje morskih valov. Soseska je ob nastanku veljala za eno najluksuznejših, saj je utelešala sanje o sodobnem načinu bivanja.

36 Rødovre København

Arne Jacobsen KNJIŽNICA V RøDOVRU 1969

Za razliko od mestne hiše je knjižnici, ki ji leži nasproti, težka in zaprta, za kar je prej razlog estetika kot funkcionalnost. Nizke fasade so iz črnega marmorja. Vsa svetloba prihaja skozi streho in iz notranjih dvorišč.

Rødovre København

Arne Jacobsen MESTNA HIŠA V RODOVRU 1954-56

Skrajno minimalistična stavba, sestavljena iz pisarniškega bloka in kocke z dvorano, ki ju povezuje steklen hodnik. Obe enoti imata po dve stekleni in dve kamniti fasadi, ki pa sta različno orientirani. Administrativni del je zasnovan tako, da se mu da brez večjih motenj dodati novo nadstropje.

38 Helsingør København

Jørn Utzon Helsingør KINGO HOUSES 1956

The 63 houses were built in rows follow- ing the undulations of the site, providing a specific view for each house, as well as the best situation possible for sunlight and shelter from the wind. Utzon likes to describe the arrangement of the houses as “like flowers on the branch of cherry tree, each turning toward the sun.” The individual houses are L-shaped with a living room and study in one section, and the kitchen, bedroom and bathroom in the other. Walls of varying heights closed the remaining open sides of the L.

Fredensborg København

Jørn Utzon FREDENSBORG HOUSING 1959-62

Utzon accepted the task of conceiving the program (a development for retirees who had returned to Denmark and so that they could live in a community and share their experiences ) and designing the houses, even though no site had been found, and without fee if the project was not built. He helped find the site in Fredensborg, North Zealand, and developed a plan that allowed each house to have a view of and direct access to a green slope. Since there was no comparable society to this anywhere, Utzon had to invent the details of the project and make them conform to his idea for the individual houses. One of the things the committee wanted was a center where the residents could meet, along with a dining room and kitchen, a communal lounge, and party area. Some office space was needed as well as several guest rooms. Thus, the project effectively became a small hotel.

40 Bagsvaerd København

Jørn Utzon BAGSVAERD CHURCH 1974-76

Cerkev se ponaša z izrazitim kontrastom med kockasto, industrijsko fasado in me- hko, organsko notranjostjo. Notranjost je osvetljena z odbito svetlobo z okna, ki je preboj ukrivljenega stropa v zunanjost. Gre za izrazito osebno in univerzalno delo brez nekih religioznih referenc.

Søllerød København

Gehrdt Bornebusch, Max Brüel, Henning Larsen, Jorgen Selchau OSNOVNA ŠOLA VANGEBO 1957-60

Osnovna šola Vangebo stoji v območju, bogatem z gozdovi in jezeri. Vsaka od štiriindvajsetih učilnic ima lasten zavarovan vrt. Telovadnica, uprava in servisi so raz- tegnjeni ob dostopni cesti, posebne učilnice so v majhnih objektih na severni strani.

42 Naerum København

C. Th. Sorensen VRTOVI V NAERUMU 1948 - 1949

Ovalni vrtovi imajo dimenzije 25x15 m. Prostor med njimi je kolektiven.

Glostrup København

Gehrdt Bornebusch, Max Bruel, Henning Larsen, Jorgen Selchau KREMATORIJSKA KAPELA 1960 Stavbna kompozicija vsebuje kockasto kapelo in podolgovato, nizko stavbo s pisarnami in servisi, ki sta ločeni o dolgim opečnatim zidom, na karega se z bronastimi črkami vpisujejo imena pokopanih. Kapelo osvetljuje strešno okno nad oltarjem, pod katerim visi impresivna kompozicija lesenih plošč, ki razpršujejo svetlobo.

44 Lyngby København

Plum & Iversen LYNGBY PARK CEMENTERY 1952-1967

Humlebaek København

Jørgen bo & Bilhelm Wohlert, Claus Wohlert THE PARK AT LOUISIANA 1958-1994 kraj.arh.: Agente Peterson, Edith & Ole Nørgård, Lea Nørgaard & Vibeke Holscher

46 ožina Øresund København

Povl Baumann COASTAL PARKS AT HVIDORE Aksel Andersen

Coastal parks at Hvidøre, Klampenborg and Charlottenlund 1930-35

ŠVEDSKA-DANSKA

Georg Rotne, Dissing + Weitling ØRESUND LINK 1995-2000

The Øresund Link is 16.7-km long, and provides a direct traffic and train connection between Copenhagen and Malmö. The link consists of a peninsula of 1-km, a tunnel of 4-km, an artificial island of 4-km and a bridge of 7.7-km. The Øresund tunnel is the world’s largest concrete immersed tunnel comprising 20 immersed elements; it was constructed in an innova- tive and exclusive manner, located about 10-km from the site. The motorway and railway pass through the tunnel side by side in 4 separate tubes integrated in one cross section. The total width of the tunnel’s cross-section is approximately 40-m.

48 ÅRHUS

The city lies roughly at the geographical centre of Denmark on the peninsula of Jut- land. Forests reach from the south into the city to within a kilometre of the city centre, because the city has grown around the forest, and some areas are completely surrounded by the city. The city is built mostly around the harbour, which is predominantly industrial. The immediate coastal regions are not heavily populated due to a national policy of keeping residences inland rather than crowding the coast. The bishopric of Aarhus dates back to at least 951, and archaeological findings date back some 1300 years to Viking times. The city itself is pre- sumably older than 770 AD, making Aar- hus the oldest big city in Scandinavia. The favorable central position of the city within Denmark afforded it trade from Germany, the Baltic countries..., which meant that trade always had a great significance to the town - a significance which is still true today. 49

ÅRHUS

Arne Jacobsen & Eric Møller ÅRHUS TOWN HALL 1938-1942

The town hall consists of a main block with the representative premises such as the Council Chamber and the Great Hall and, at right angles to it, a five-storey office block which houses all the administrative offices. These are accessible from indoor galleries along an oblong glass-roofed court. The original project by Jacobsen and Moller, awarded the First Prize in the 1937 design competition, did not include a tower. But the architects had to comply with the wishes of the citizens, and erected a tower in the form of an open reinforeced concrete frame- word in which a set of bells is suspended.

50 ÅRHUS

Kay Fisker & C. F. Møller ÅRHUS UNIVERSITY 1932

Fisker, Møller, Stegmann and Sørensen won the 1931 competition for a new university in Aarhus, with a proposal which combined modernist planning in a park setting with a traditionalist building section with yellow brick facades and yellow tile roofs.

That the newly established modernism in architecture could survive such a treatment was learnt from Hannes Meyer’s Bundess- chule (Berlin 1928), one of the great- est projects of early german modernism.

ÅRHUS

Henning Larsens Tegnestue KAPELA IN KREMATORIJ 1960 - 1968

The Chapel Crematorium is placed in close connection with the existing chapel. Loca- tion and design contribute to preserve the dominance of the old building in the cem- etery area. The new chapel is placed south of the existing main axis on lower terrain.

The simple exterior of the building is emphasized by the white unbroken concrete surfaces. The auditorium, holding 40 people, also has white concrete walls and is illuminated by a double skylight slit empha- sizing the division of the room and by two smaller slots along the side walls. The floor is covered by reddish brown tiles whilst the ceiling is covered with light wooden panels. Light fittings and chairs have been designed specifically for the chapel.

52 ÅRHUS

Schmidt, Hammer & Lassen ARoS- UMETNOSTNA GALERIJA 2001 - 2003

ARoS presents the image of a sharply de- fined red brick cube, solidly ensconced and semi-submerged in the green, sloping site. The totality of the museum’s functions is contained in this ten-storey high volume. The cube is bisected by a 35 metre deep, curving crevasse, which divides the museum into a museum street and two wings: the exhibition wing, home to a host of galleries, and the service wing, which incorporates a restaurant, the archive, the library... In conjunction with the gallery walkways that line the curving crevasse, an extended circular staircase leads up from the interior street into the exhibition spaces, the restaurant and the roof terrace, while the two sides of the building are connected by transverse walkways. The museum is accessed from the main street and from the plaza adjacent to the concert hall via long ramps which touch down on an organically shaped surface in the foyer.

AALBORG

Aalborg is the fourth largest city in the country. Aalborg traces its history back over 1000 years. The earliest settlements date back to around 700 AD. Its location by the Limfjord made it an important harbour during the Middle Ages, and an industrial centre later. Today the city is in a transition from a working-class, industrial city to a knowledge-based one. One of the driving forces in the transition is the University of Aalborg, founded in 1974. During the German invasion of Denmark in 1940, the Aalborg Aerodrome was captured by German paratroopers very early in the action and Aalborg is said to be the first city ever to be captured by paratroopers. The aerodrome was crucial for German aircraft to be able to reach Norway.

54 AALBORG

Kim Utzon Architects UTZON CENTRE 2008

The building complex is a concept of individual buildings, creating a special place around a courtyard on a platform, with the surrounding sculptural and varied roofs- cape. The auditorium, the boathall and the library are designed with dramatic and very tall sculptural roofs. These roofs are emphasized by the buildings in between, the exhibition- and workshopspaces, where the roofs are lower, and yet characteristic. The auditorium, the “head” of the building complex, is placed right at the harbourfront. The boathall is placed further along the harborfront and the mainentrance is situated between the two buildings. The library is the tail of the building complex, and turns against the park and also the centre of Aal- borg city. In that way the building complex responds to the varied nature of the site, from the windy and vast harbour front to the more intimate and blooming park next to the city centre of Aalborg. 55

BIRK, HERNING

Viggo Møller Jensen, Tyge Arnfred HERNING FOLK HIGH SCHOOL 1962

56 OSNABRUCK

Anette Gigon & Mike Guyer ARHEOLOŠKI PARK KALKRIESE 2002

ESSEN

Kazuyo Sejima, Ryue Nishizawa ZOLLVEREIN SCHOOL 2006

It is the first new building on the histori- cal coal-mining Zollverein site, declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 2001. The design, a cuboid structural shell, picks up the basic functional and effective idea used by the original Zollverein architects Schupp and Kremmer. The oversized cube, which measures 35 meters by 35 meters and is 35 meters high, reflects the dimensions of the Zollverein mine. The seemingly coincidental organization of the openings, windows in three different sizes, create an unusual interaction with the surroundings and the interior.

58 KöLN

Cologne (German: Köln) is Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich), and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine- Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Met- ropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten mil- lion inhabitants. It is one of the oldest cities in Germany, having been founded by the Romans in the year 38 BC. Cologne lies on the River Rhine. The city's famous Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom) is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cologne. The University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln) is one of Europe's oldest universi- ties. Cologne is a major cultural center of the Rhineland and has a vibrant arts scene. Cologne is home to more than 30 muse- ums and hundreds of galleries. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeo- logical sites to contemporary graphics and sculpture.

KÖLN

Peter Zumthor MUZEJ KOLUMBA V KÖLNU 2007

Symbolically and literally, the new museum builds on what exists already. It follows the direction established by the Gothic church walls, incorporating, at ground floor-level, both their remains and an exterior wall of Böhm's chapel. Over this towers an impos- ing, nigh on 30-metre tall block of specially- made matt grey bricks with a yellowish shim- mer and a rough, grooved surface which invites the play of light and shadow on the facade. The central vault of the Gothic nave is now covered with prestressed concrete. Zumthor has now returned the volume of the Gothic church to the city. The exhibition rooms stand at a height of 12 metres on slim pillars which have been carefully planted among the archaeological findings so as not to damage them. The beauty of each individual material, its meaningful ap- plication and painstaking handling cannot fail to impress the visitor.

60 Mechernich KÖLN

Peter Zumthor BRUDER KLAUS CHAPEL 2005-2006

The six 12m-high walls of pale concrete, forming an irregular pentagon, are serious, circumspect and unwieldy. Each 50cm layer of concrete, made up of local sand and gravel, was piled and pressed by local farmers, one layer per month for two years, making up 24 layers. Each layer represents an hour of the day, encompassing the idea of a day’s work. The slightly uneven levels, varying colours and textures betray a sense of human endeavour in this otherwise im- penetrable facade. You wouldn’t want more than four people in here. It’s an intense space and the result of serious thought – Zumthor spent seven years refining the project.

STUTTGART

16 arhitektov WEISSENHOFSIEDLUNG 1927

The Wiessenhof Estate, an estate of working class housing in Stuttgart. It was an international showcase of what later became known as the internacional style of modern architecture. Mies van der Rohe was in charge of the project, he selected architects (Behrens, Bourgeois, Le Cor- busier, Frank, Gropius, Hilbeseimer, Poelzig, Rading, Scharoun, Schneck, Stam, Bruno and Max Taut, Kramer and Pieter Oud). 21 buildings vary only slightly in form and display a strong consistency of design. Of the original 21 buildings, 11 survive as of 2006.