Bogatstvo Vrsta Gmizavaca Na Teritoriji Grada Niša

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Bogatstvo Vrsta Gmizavaca Na Teritoriji Grada Niša UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Jelena D. Đorđević Bogatstvo vrsta gmizavaca na teritoriji grada Niša Master rad Niš, 2015. UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Master rad Bogatstvo vrsta gmizavaca na teritoriji grada Niša Student Mentor Jelena D. Đorđević 125 prof. dr Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović Niš, 2015. 2 University of Niš Faculty of sciences and mathematics Department of biology and ecology Reptile species richness on the territory of the city of Niš Master thesis Student Mentor Jelena D. Đorđević 125 prof. dr Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović 3 Niš, 2015 Zahvalnica Želela bih da se zahvalim svojoj mentorki, prof. dr Jelki Crnobrnji-Isailović na nesebičnoj podršci koju mi je pružila tokom izrade master rada, na izvanrednoj saradnji kao i na svojim neobjavljenim podacima koje mi je ustupila, a koje su bile od koristi pri izradi ovog rada. Posebnu zahvalnost dugujem članovima Biološkog društva „ Dr Sava Petrović“, koji su mi mnogo pomogli u terenskim istraživanjima i anketiranju. Neizmernu zahvalnost dugujem svojim roditeljima čija mi je podrška i ljubav mnogo značila tokom školovanja, tako da ovaj rad posvećujem njima. Hvala Vam. 4 Biografija kandidata Jelena Đorđević je rođena 30.07.1991. godine u Prokuplju. Osnovnu školu „Miloje Zakić “ u Kuršumliji završila je 2006. godine. Iste godine, upisuje gimnaziju „Radoš Jovanović - Selja“, prirodno-matematički smer. 2010. godine upisuje osnovne akademske studije na Prirodno- matematičkom fakultetu u Nišu, a 2013. godine ih završava sa prosečnom ocenom 8,91. Iste godine upisuje master studije na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, smer – ekologija. Završava ih 2015. godine sa prosečnom ocenom 9,89. 5 Sadržaj 1.UVOD ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Opšte odlike grada Niša .................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. Položaj, granice, geologija, geomorfologija, pedologija, hidrologija ......................................... 7 1.1.2. Klimatske karakteristike ............................................................................................................. 9 1.1.3. Bogatstvo živog sveta i njegova zaštita ...................................................................................... 9 1.1.4. Bogatsvo živog sveta Niša.......................................................................................................... 9 1.1.5. Antropogeni pritisak ................................................................................................................. 10 1.2. Procena raznovrsnosti gmizavaca određenog područja ................................................................... 11 2. CILJEVI ISTRAŽIVANJA .................................................................................................................... 12 3. OPŠTE ODLIKE GMIZAVACA .......................................................................................................... 13 4. MATERIJAL I METODE ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.1. Metode prikupljanja podataka ......................................................................................................... 15 4.2. Statistička obrada podataka ............................................................................................................. 15 5. REZULTATI .......................................................................................................................................... 17 5.1. Pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja faune gmizavaca na teritoriji grada Niša i u drugim gradovima Srbije ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 5.2. Rezulteti dobijeni anketiranjem ....................................................................................................... 19 5.3. Rezultati dobijeni sopstvenim istraživanjem ................................................................................... 19 Tabela 4. Konzervacioni skor gmizavaca podrćja Niša ............................................................................ 22 6. DISKUSIJA ............................................................................................................................................ 24 7. ZAKLJUČCI .......................................................................................................................................... 25 LITERATURA ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 29 6 1.UVOD 1.1. Opšte odlike grada Niša 1.1.1. Položaj, granice, geologija, geomorfologija, pedologija, hidrologija Kao regionalan centar, grad Niš smešten je u istoimenoj kotlini, 5 kilometara istočnije od njenog gravitacionog centra (slika 1a.). Nadmorska visina je u rasponu od 177 metara na obali Južne Morave do Mramora, do 355 metara kod Turskih šančeva na Gorici. Prosečna nadmorska visina na kojoj se nalazi grad Niš kreće se od 200 do 210 metara. Što se geografskih koordinata tiče, grad Niš se nalazi na 430 19ˊ severne geografske širine i 210 54ˊ istočne geografske dužine. Najviša tačka na području grada nalazi se na Suvoj planini, a to je njen vrh, Trem, koji se nalazi na 1810 metara, dok se na 173 metara nalazi Trupula, koja predstavlja najnižu tačku na teritoriji grada Niša (Đurđević, 2006). Istočna granica izbija na Suvu planinu, presecajući poprečno prostor Zaravan ploče i Sićevačke klisure i razdvaja Belopalanačku od Niške opštine. Izbija na Južnu Moravu kod sela Čapljinca, presecajući Kutinsku klisuru. Gadžihansku i Doljevačku opštinu od Niške odvaja južna granica, dok je zapadna granica odvaja od Merošinske opštine (Đorđević, 2005). Površina grada iznosi 596,71 km2 što čini 0,7% površine Srbije i 21,8% površine Nišavskog okruga, a grad je podeljen na 5 opština: Medijana, Crveni krst, Pantelej, Palilula i opština Niška banja sa 68 prigradskih i seoskih naselja (Slika 1b). Po veličini, Niš je treći grad u Srbiji sa preko 250 000 stanovnika (Anonymous, 2011). Slika 1a. Položaj grada Niša Slika 1b. Opštine grada Niša www.wiki.org/Nišavski/okrug www.wiki.org/opštine 7 Reljef ovog područja karakteriše kombinacija brdsko-planinskog karaktera na severu i jugu i ravničarskog karaktera u centralnom delu područja (Slika 2.) Geološka-morfološka raznovrsnost predstavlja jednu od osnovnih karakteristika područija Niša (Rakić, 2012). Mezozojski krečnjaci preovlađuju na severu i istoku područja, dok na jugu i zapadu preovlađuju metamorfne. Područje je pravcem severozapad-jugoistok presečeno balkansko-rodopskom tektonskom dislokacijom. Niška Banja je nastala u blizini Jelašničkog i Kutinskog raseda. Pojedini elementi reljefa predstavljaju prirodne lepote i retkosti ovog kraja, koje privlače turiste. Neki od njih su: termalni izvori Niške Banje, Sićevačka klisura, Jelašnička klisura, Seličevica, kanjon u Seličevici, izvor lekovite vode „Banjica“ u blizini Ostrovice, Lalinačka slatina, Bojanine vode, Plpče, Kamenički Vis, Banja Topilo i dr. Slika 2. Položaj Niša u odnosu na Sićevačku klisuru. (http://www.srbijasume.rs/jelasnickakl1.html) Što se pedoloških karakteristika tiče, u Nišu preovlađuju aluvijum i černozem sa 24, 8%, koji imaju najveći potencijal za rast i negu biljaka, kao i najveće mogućnosti za gajenje najšireg izbora vrsta. Sa nešto manjom plodnošću, javljaju se smonice sa 21,6%, dok gajnice, čija plodnost zavisi od sadržaja humusa obuhvataju površinu od 87,3km2, u odnosu na ukupnu površinu grada Niša, 14,6% (Anonymous, 2011). U hidrografskom pogledu, dva najvažnija površinska toka predstavljaju Nišava i Južna Morava (Đurđević, 2006). Pored njih, značajne su i Kutinska reka, Gabrovačka reka, Malčanska reka, Matejevačka reka i Humska reka. Od bara, za Niš su karakteristične: Batušnička, Međurovatska i Čokotska bara (Anonymous, 2011). 8 1.1.2. Klimatske karakteristike U klimatskom pogledu, Niš leži u umereno-kontinentalnom podneblju jugoistočne Srbije. Srednja godišnja temperatura vazduha iznosi 11.50C. Najtopliji mesec je jul sa srednjom mesečnom temperaturom od 21,60C, dok januar predstavlja najhladniji mesec sa temperaturom od 0,00C. U julu i avgustu srednja mesečna temperatura može da iznosi i preko 29,50C što ukazuje na to da leta u Nišu mogu biti izrazito topla. Tokom zime, prosečne temperature zavise od toga da li se područje nalazi pod uticajem kontinentalnih polarnih masa i tada su zime hladne, ili pod uticajem kontinentalnih tropskih masa kada su zime relativno tople (Anonymous, 2011). 1.1.3. Bogatstvo živog sveta i njegova zaštita Život na zemlji nastao je pre oko 3.8-4 milijardi godina (Futuyma, 2013) i njegovoj pojavi prethodila je hemijska evolucija što znači da je do razvita života došlo postepeno po zakonima fizike i hemije (Oparin, 1961). Do danas je opisano 1,8 miliona organskih vrsta na Zemlji, mada se pretpostavlja da postoji znatno veći broj. Međutim, usled negativnog antropogenog delovanja, veliki broj vrsta je izgubljen pre nego što je opisan i identifikovan. Kvalitet savremenog čoveka zavisi od upravljanja biološkom raznovrsnošću
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