1945 CONGRESSIONAL RE-CORD-SENAT-E 7587
at this time.· It is· truly amazing, in light brought about, or in order that the two DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRESID~""T of the arguments presented during _the last States may begin negotiations, it is urg PRO TEMPORE campaign, that Mr. Truman's index-of pop ent that the bill be passed now. ularity as measured by a Gallup poll exceeds The Chief Clerk read the following that of Mr. Roosevelt at the peak of his pop Mr. BURTON. Both States have al letter: ularity. Mr. Truman has nullified the argu ready approved the .;hange in the agree UNITED STATES SENATE, ment of the indispensable man. ment. It is desired to obtain the con PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, In all truth it is a tribute to the vitality sent of Congress so that the modification washington, D. c., July 17, 1945. of our democracy that it survived the frus may be effective at once. To the Senate: tr~ttion of which Mr. Lippmann has written. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is Being temporarily absent from the Senate, It is pertinent nonetheless, to ask why there objection to the present consider I appoint Han. WALTER F. GEORGE, a Senator democracy should not have been put to this from the State of Georgia, to perform the test. Basically it stems from the vast power ation of the bill? duties of the Chair during my absence. of the Presidency, always vast but in these There being no objection, the bill the New York Times of July 8 under the NO. 1, AMENDMENT 13 tee on Foreign Relations will be dis heading "Understanding a.sked-clear Japa Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, an or charged from the further consideration nese surrender terms to allay fears advo cated," written by Stanley Washburn, which der of the Office of Price Administratiop, of House bill 3417, and it will be referred appears in the Appendix.] issued on the l4th day of July, has just to the Committee on Claims. come to my attention. It is such an elo A LETTER TO GENERAL MAcARTHUR EXTENSION OF RECIPROCAL TRADE quent example of how not to administer AGREEMENT ACT-LETTER BY SENATOR [Mr. CAPEHART asked and obtained leave that Office that I am constrained to call to have printed in the RECORD a letter ad the attention of my colleagues to an ex AUSTIN AND ADDRESS BY SENATOR dressed to General MacArthur by John W. AIKEN Anderson, and published in the Purple Heart, cerpt from it. [Mr. AUSTIN asked and obtained leave to which appears in the Appendix.] The Office of Price Administration has suddenly discovered the astounding fact have printed in the RECORD a letter written PROPOSED FOREIGN LABOR RELATIONS by him under date of June 25 to the Associ that people move about in this country ated Industries of Vermont, and an address ACT-ARTICLES BY DONALD R. RICH and that it is necessary to adjust meat by Senator AIKEN on the subject of the Re BERG quotas in order to meet the changes in ciprocal Trade Agreements Act, which appear [Mr. BALL asked and obtained !_eave to population. The ordinary individual in the Appendix.] have printed in the RECoRD three articles re with a simple mind, such as I have, garding the proposed Industrial Relations would do that by providing that a THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER AND Act, ·by Donald R. Richberg, and published OTHER LEGISLATION FOR A PEACEFUL in the Baltimore Sun on July 11, 12, and 13, slaughterer should increase his meat WORLD-ADDRESS BY SENATOR WILEY 1944, which appear in the Appendix.] quota in a ratio or in an amount equal to the increase in population in a given [Mr. Wn.EY asked and obtained leave to ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN area; but t~is is the way the 01fice have printed in the REcoao a radio address BUILDING LATIN-AMERICAN GOOD WILL of delivered by him on July 16, 1945, oa the . . Price Administration does it. I now read subject The United Nations Charter and Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I ask from the order: Other Legislation for a Peaceful World, which unanimous consent to have printed in A rationale for this amendment has been appears 1n the Appendix.} the body of the RECORD at this point a 1ssue·d simultaneously .herewith and has been .7594: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 17 filed with the Division of the Federal Reg· Section 23 (n) is added to read as fol areas in his first three full reporting pe ister. lows: riods in 1944 was due to the fact that the 1. Control Order 1 is amended in the fol "(n) (1) Any class 1 or class 2 slaughterer, population in each of such counties or au lowing respects: during any temporary period not exceeding thorized trading areas was substantially Section 23 (n) is added to read as follows: three of his consecutive reporting periods greater during such temporary period in "(n) (1) Any class 1 or class 2 slaughterer. under Revised Ration Order 16, may deliver 1944 than it was during the first three full during any temporary period not exceeding into any county (or any of his customary reporting periods in 1944. three of his consecutive reporting periods trading areas, if he has been authorized to "(4) The statement in (3) above must under Revised Ration Or.der 16, may deliver use such trading areas under par. (g)) be submitted in person or by mail by a class into any county (or ,any of his customary more meat than the a-nount specified in par 1 or class 2A slaughter'er to the Washington trading areas, if he has been authorized to agraph (c) if, during the corresponding tem office, and by a class 2B slaughterer to the use such trading areas under par. (g)) porary period in 1944: district office with which he is registered. more meat than the amount specified in "(i) The average weekly amount (by at least 5 days before the beginning of the paragraph (c) if, during the corresponding weight) of meat delivered by him into that temporary period. However, in case the tem temporary period in 1944: · county (or authorized trading area) was at porary period includes the greater part of "(i) The average weekly amount (by least 10 percent more than the average July 1945, the statement may be ,submitted weight).. of meat delivered by him into that weekly amount of meat delivered by him not later than July 26, 1945. county (or authorized trading area) was at into th~t county (or authorized trading area) "(5) Any class 1 or· class 2 slaughterer least 10 percent more than the average during his first three full reporting periods who, pursuant to this paragraph (n), in weekly amount of meat delivered by him into in 1944; and creases the amount of meat delivered by him that county (or authorized trading area) "(11) The population of that county (or into any county (or au..th.orized trading area) during his first three full 1·eporting periods authorized trading area) was substantially must, for the purpose of comp,lying with in 1944; and · greater than it was during his first three paragraphs (c) and (d) for ea<.:h reporting "(ii) The population of that county (or full reporting periods in 1944. period included in the temporary period, authorized trading area) was substantially "(2) The maximum additional amount of make the following adjustment: greater than it was during his first three full meat a class 1 or class 2 -slaughterer may de "(i) Determine the total of the additional reporting periods in 1944. · liver into any county (or authorized trad· amount of meat delivered by him into all "(2) The maximum additional amount o! ing area), under this paragraph (n), in counties (or authorized trading areas), pur meat a class 1 or class 2 slaughterer may de each reporting period included in the tem suant to this paragraph (n), during the re· liver into any county (or authorized trad porary period shall be determined in the porting period; Ing area), under this paragraph (n). in each :following way: "(11) Deduct from the figure in paragraph reporting period included in the temporary "(i) Deter~ine the average weekly amount (d) J4) of this section the figure in (i); period shall be determined in the following of meat he delivered into the county · (or "(111) The result in (11) must be used by way: authorized trading area) during his first the slaughterer, instead of the figure in para "(i) Determine the average weekly amount three full reporting periods in 1944; graph (d) (4), for the purpose of complying o! meat he delivered into the county (or au "(11) Determine the average weekly with paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. thorized trading area) during his first three amount of meat he delivered into the same "(6) For the purpose of complying with (3) full reporting periods in 1944; county (or authorized trading area) during paragraphs (c) and (e) for three consecutive "(11) Determine the average weekly amount the corresponding temporary period in 1944; reporting periods in any of which the slaugh of meat he delivered into the same county "(iii) Deduct the result in (i) from the terer increased the amount to meat delivered (or authorized trading area) during the cor result in (ii); by him, pursuant to this paragraph (~), he responding te'In.porary period in 1944; "(iv) Divide the result in (iii) by the must make the following· adjustment: "(iii) Deduct the result in (i) from the result in (i); . "(i) Determine the total of the additional result in (ii); "(v) Obtain the result in paragraph (d) amount of meat delivered by him into all "Uv) Divide the result in (iii) by the re (5) of this section for the county (or au counties (or authorized trading areas), pur sult in (i); thorized trading area) during the reporting suant to this paragraph (n) during the three period; reporting periods; "(v) Obtain the result in paragraph (d) "(vi) Multiply the result in (v) by the "(11) Deduct from the figure in paragraph (5) of this section for the county (or au result in (iv); (e) (4) of this section the figure in (1); thorized trading area) during the report· "(vii) The result in (vi) is the maximum ing period; "(iii) The result in (ii) must be used by additional amount of meat which the the slaughterer, instead of the figure in para "(vi) Multiply the r~sult in (v) by the &laughterer may deliver into any county (or graph (-e) ( 4), for the purpose of complying result in (iv); authorized trading area), . under this para with paragraphs (c) and (e) of this section. "(vii) The result in (vi) is the maximum graph ( n) , in the reporting period in ques "(7) Each slaughterer who, pursuant to additional amount of meat which the tion. (However, if any additional meat is this paragraph (n), increases the amount o! slaughterer may deliver into any county (.or delivered into any county or area, under this meat delivered ·by him into any county (or authorized trading area) , under this para p{tragraph (n), . the minimum amount he authorized trading area) must keep a sep· graph (n), in the reporting period in ques must deliver into that county or area, under arate record showing the following: tion. (However, if any additional meat is paragraph (c), must be adjusted according "(i) The amount of meat he was required delivered into any county or area, under this to (5) and (6) below.) to deliver into the county (or authorized paragraph (n), the minimum amount he "(3) Any class 1 or class 2 slaughterer trading area) in question during each report must deliver into that county or area, under who, pursuant to this paragraph ( n) , wishes ing period included in the temporary period; paragraph (c) , must be adjusted according to deliver into any county (or authorized to (5) and (6) below.)" trading area) an amount of meat in excess "(11) The total amount of meat actually de of the amount required by paragraph (c) livered by him into such county (or author Mr. President, I shall not read the of this section, must submit a written state ized trading area) during each of such re r~mainder of the order, but I suggest ment, in duplicate, containing the follow- porting periods. that the .legalistic infants and the eri ing: · "(8) The district office or Washington office ·thusiastic slide-rule artists of the OPA "(i) His name and the address of his may, at any time, notify any slaughterer that establishment; . he may not deliver all or any part of the in certa~nly had a field day when the order "(il-) · Each county (or authorized trading creased amount of meat, under this paragraph was written. I ask unanimous consent area) in which he wishes to deliver addi (n), into any county (or authorized trading to have it printed in its entirety in the tional amounts of meat pursuant to this area) during the whole or any part of the tem RECORD at this point as a part of my re paragraph (n); · porary period. Each slaugbterer to whom marks. " (iii) The temporary period during which such notice is given must comply therewith. There being no objection, the order he wishes to deliver into such counties (or "Example: Slaughterer A delivered into was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, authorized trading areas) the additional Y County a total of 130,000 pounds of meat as follows: amounts of meat; during the months of January, February, and "(iv~ The average weekly amount of meat March 1944_or an average of 10,000 pounds per TITLE 32-NATIONAL DEFENSE he delivered into each of those counties (or week. His total deliveries to all counties dur. CHAPTER XI--QFFICE QF PRICE ADMUUSTRATION authorized trading areas) during the corre 1ng that period were 1,300,000 pounds. Hence, Part 1407-Rationing· of food and food sponding temporary period in 1944; he delivered into Y County, in the base period, products "(v) The average weekly amount of meat 10 percent of his total deliveries. During July he delivered into each of such counties (or 1944 he delivered into Y County an average Control Order !-Amendment No. 13-Live authorized trading areas) · during his first of 15,ooo· pounds per week. To arrive at the stock Slaughter and Meat Distribution three full reporting periods in 1944; additional quantity he may deliver into that · A rationale for this amendment has been "(vi) A certification that the increase in the coul!t~ in July 1945 and to adjust the mini Issued simultaneously herewith and bas been amount of meat delivered by him into each mum amount he must deliver intd all coun filed with the Division of the Federal Regis of such counties or authorized trading areas ties, including Y County, under paragraph (n) ter. during the corresponding. temp.or~ry period he will make the following calculations un- 1. Control Order 1 is amended in the fol· in 1944 over the amount delivered by him der section 23 : · lowing respects: into such counties or authorized trading "(a) Following the steps in (n) (2): 1945 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE 7595 "(i) Ten thousand pounds (average weekly The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the investigation indicated that such inci deliveries into Y County in first three re the following Senators answered to their dents did not take place. porting periods in 1944) ; The statement issued here today said "all "(ii) Fifteen thom:and pounds (average names: American liaison officers with the French weekly deliveries in Y County in July 1944); Aiken Gurney Murray Army corps or lower units which could have "(iii) Fift een thousand minus ten thou Andrews Hart Myers been in or near Stuttgart at any time, have Austin Hatch O'Daniel sand equals five thousand; Ball Hawkes O'Mahoney submitted written reports to the Sixth United "(iv) Five thousand divided by ten thou Barkley Hayden Radcliffe States Army group headquarters stating that, sand equals one-half; Bilbo Hickenlooper Revercomb to the_ best of their knowledge and belief, "(v) Assume that the slaughterer has avail Brewster Hill Robertson incidents such as those alleged did not take able 200,000 pounds of meat for distribution Briggs Hoey Russell place." into all counties for the month of July 1945. Brooks Johnson, Calif. Saltonstall The report that German women had been Buck Johnson, Colo. Shipstead Since, in the base period, he delivered into Burton Johnston, S. C. Smith assaulted was originally attributed to Sena Y County 10 percent of his total deliveries Bushfield Kilgore Stewart tor JAMES EASTLAND WhO told the United of meat , he will, following the calculation in Butler La Follette Taft States Senate last week, after a visit to paragraph (d) of this section, obtain for Byrd Langer Taylor Europe, that he bad learne-d of the incident July 1945, under (d) (5), the figure 20,000 Capehart Lucas Thomas, Okla. from high-ranking United States officers. pounds; Capper McCarran Tobey "(vi) Twenty thousand times one-half Chandler McClellan Tunnell Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will Chavez McFarland Vandenberg the Senator yield? equals ten thousand; Cordon McKellar Wagner "(vii) Ten thousand pounds is the maxi Donnell McMahon Walsh Mr. EASTLAND. I yield. mum additional amount of meat he may Eastland Magnuson Wheeler Mr. WHEELER. Let me say tha ~ when deliver into Y County in July 1945, under Ellender Maybank Wherry I was in Europe I heard not only one paragraph (n). Ferguson Mead White Fulbright - Millikin Wiley general make a statement about this "(b) For purposes of paragraph (d), he George Mitchell Willis matter but I heard two generals make a must make the following adjustment, using Gerry Moore Young statement. I shall not disclose the steps in (n) (5): Green Morse "(1) Ten thousand pounds (assuming he Guft'ey Murdock names of the generals, but certainly one delivered additional meat in Y County only, of them told all members of our and that the additional quantity is 10,000 Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I announce group-- pounds); that the Senator from Virginia [Mr. Mr. EASTLAND. Was the Senator ''(ii) Two hundred thousand (from (v) GLAss] is absent because of illness. from Montana chairman of the delega above) minus ten thousand equals one hun The Senator from North Carolina [Mr. tion? dered and ninety thousand; BAILEY], the Senator from Alabama [Mr. Mr. WHEELER. I was chairman of "(iii) One hundred and ninety thousand BANKHEAD], the Senator from Texas [Mr. the delegation that went over with me. poutlds must .be used by the slaughterer, CoNNALLY], the Senator from California instead of 200,000 pounds for the purpose of There were four of us. complying with paragraphs (c) and (d) for [Mr. . DOWNEY], the Senator from Louisi .Mr. EASTLAND. That is a different all counties including Y County. Thus, using ana [Mr. OVERTON], the Senator from delegation from the delegation of which the steps in paragraph (d), lle will make the Utah [Mr. THOMAS], and the Senator I was a member. following calculations for Y County; from Maryland [Mr. T1:DINGS], are ab Mr. WHEELER. It was a different "(1) One hundred and thirty thousand sent on public business. delegation, yes. One Senator was talk p·ounds (total deliveries in Y County in the The Senator from Florida [Mr. PEP ing with the general and called me over base period) ; "(2) One million three hundred thousand PER] is absent because of the death of and said, "I want you to listen to this." pounds (total deliveries in the continental his father. The general told us the story. I am not United States in base period) ; Mr. WHERRY. The Senator from.New sure whether he said that those involved "(3) OnL hundred and thirty thousand Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGEs], the Senator were Africans or whether they were pounds divided by one million three hundred from ·Kansas [Mr. REED], and the Sena Goums or Senegalese; and, frankly, I do thousand pounds equals one-tenth; tor from Iowa [Mr. WILSON] are absent not know the difference between Goums "(4) One hUndred and ninety thousand on official business. and Senegalese, whether they are dif pounds (from (b) (iii) in this example). ferent races, or what they are; but the "(5) One hundred and ninety thousand The Senator from Idaho [Mr. THOMAS] pounds times one-tenth equals nineteen is absent because of illness. general said, as I recall, that 2,000 women thousand. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem were lined up in a tunnel. One of the "(6) Nineteen thousand pounds times 80 pore. Eighty-two Senators · have an other Senators who was in the group said percent equals 15,200 pounds. swered to their names. A quorum is he understood there were 5,000. There "(7} Fifteen thousand two hundred pounds present. is no question, however, that the general 1s · the minimum quantity he must deliver also made the .statement that a German into Y county during July 1945, .assuming he MASS RAPE OF GERMAN GIRLS doctor, a very fine doctor,-who w~s not delivered into that county during that month Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, on the a Nazi, had this experience: The ~..:S. men 10,000 pounds of additional meat under para 29th of June, during a speech which- I put the doctor against a wall and malle graph (n) ." (Paragraph (n) is not intended to restrict made against the appropriation for the him watch while they raped his daugh the quantity of meat the slaughterer may de Fair -Employment Practice Committee, I ters and his wife. They took his daugh liver into that county out of the 10 percent stated that recently when I was in Europe ters and his wife-! forget whether there or 20 percent of his meat nof controlled by I was informed by high ranking officers - were two or three daughters-and lined paragraphs (c), (d), and (e).) and other officials that from 2,000 to them up and raped them. 2. Section 23 (c) is amended by deleting 5,000 German girls of good families were Perhaps the general who told us that the last two sentences in parentheses at the rounded up and placed in the subway of story did not know what he was talking end of the paragraph. the city of Stuttgart, Germany, and there about, but that is the statement he made, The amendment shall become effective criminally assaulted by French Sene not only to me but to other Senators in July 15, 1945. galese or Negro soldiers. I further stated my group. I heard from very high NoTE.-All reporti~g and record-keeping requiremen ts of this amendment have been that those soldiers were dressed in Amer ranking people in Italy that a similar · approved by the Bureau of the Budget in ican uniforms, and that the population thing took place in Italy. I do not care accordance with the Federal Reports Act of of that part of Germany thought those to say who made the statement, but the 1942. soldiers were American soldiers, and that story was related by people of the highest Issued this ·14th day of July 1945. American _prestige had thereby been reputation in Italy. CALL OF THE ROLL damaged.- Mr. EASTLAND. I should like to say A few days later, on July 6, there ap there, Mr. President, that I received the Mr. EASTLAND and Mr. TOBEY ad peared in the newspapers of this country same information of an occurrence in dressed the Chair. a Reuters article dated Frankfurt, July 6, Italy on July 5, 1944. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem meaning Frankfurt, Germany. I read Mr. WHEELER. I cannot understand pore. The Chair recognizes the Senator that article: , how anyone in the Sixth Army would from Mississippi. After an inquiry into reports that Sene deny the incident in view of the state Mr. EASTLAND. M:t: President, I sug galese and Berber troops had rounded up .and ments which were made b-y individuals gest the absence of a quorum. raped several thousand German women in a connected with the Sixth Army. I can The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem Stuttgart subway, Sixth United States Army not believe that the statements of denial pore. The clerk will call the roll. group headquarters today announced that which were sent out could have come CONGRESSION-AL R'ECORD-SENATE 'JULY 17 from anyone in high authority in the that in due time, when they thought it run as high as 5,000-I say that it is a Sixth Army. wise and proper to do so, the military · horrible occurrence and that the Army Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, I was authorities would advise the American of the United States should not resort to in Europe as a member of another com people as to what had occurred. I left . deception and misrepresentation to hide mittee, a committee different from the it to their discretion. I felt that.in their the facts from the American people. committee of which the distinguished discretion they would take the necessary · The statement was made that there is Senator from Montana was chairman. and proper action under such circum no subway in the city of Stuttgart. As I . I received information from ·reliable stances. · Now that it has been told, and stated, in Europe any underground pas sources, from very high authority, from apparently from ·some military source it sageway is called a subway. What does men who were in a position to know the is sought to be denied, I think the Ameri this same reporter state about the tunnel truth, which was exactly as I outlined to can people should know the facts. 'I have in Stuttgart? the Senate on the 28th day of June last. no personal knowledge of the incident, There is, as in most large German cities, Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will of course; but I do know that what the · an extensive system of underground shelters, the Senator yield further? Senator from Mississippi relates with re including a huge tunnel through one of Mr. EASTLAND. I yield. spect to information given to him did Stuttgart's many hills, capable of holding Mr. WHEELER. Let me say that one occur, because I received the same in 12,000 to 15,000 people. of those who told us of the incident said formation, at· the same time, from two I quote further from his article: sources. I think the Senator from that as a matter of fact the American Moreover, the whole spirit permeating the boys who were located at Stuttgart were Mississsippi also received it from another French forces in Germany, certainly at :first, so thoroughly disgusted with what was source. The truth about it is that it was was one to encourage looting and raping. going on there that they asked to be de almost common talk everywhere we went tached- from the city of Stuttgart. I in Europe on that trip. No one denied it Mr. President, . when we arm, equip, understood that as a matter of fact it then. I emphasize' the fact that the in and clothe soldiers and place them in au was an area which the Americans were formation came from two sources of high thority over helpless women and chil supposed to take over, but the French authority, although the information did dren, it is certainly incumbent upon the came in, and because of the way these . come also from many other sources which American Government to see that, so far Goums or Senegalese conducted them we might not accept' as authentic. as possible, American standards are selves there the American boys asked to · Mr. President, I have made these re- maintained, and that there is no looting, be taken out of there. · marl{S simply in the interest of fairness murdering, or raping, such as unques Mr. EASTLAND .. I ask the Senator to all concerned. The action of the mili tionably occurred in the city of Stuttgart. from Montana, is it not a fact that the tary authorities in trying to suppress The character of every good woman, general who related the incident of the the truth, will, it seems to me, place our whether she be black, white, yellow, or German doctor's pl~a for asylum stated Government in the position of condoning red, is entitled to protection. In this in that the doctor went to him personally the shameful deeds of those who per stance the soldiers involved have not with that plea. · petrated the crimes. The American peo been disciplined or punished. The offi Mr. WHEELER. It is my recollection ple do not condone them and I am sure cers who so flagrantly permitted this · that the doctor did come to him. I am they much prefer that the whole truth outrage have not been court-martialed, not sure about that particular statement, be told rather than suppressed. and so far as the Senate knows these but that is my recollection about it. Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, that soldiers still parade in Europe in Ameri There is, however, no question about information was received by most of the can ·uniforms. what he told us as to the large number, members of both committees. On several As the Senator from Arkansas has said whether it was 2,000 or 5,000. My un occasions in Europe ·it was discussed by it was common knowledge and common derstanding was that the crime took several of us who were members of both talk in Europe that such an occurrence -place in a tunnel rather than a subway. committees. took place. I have heard Members of Mr. EASTLAND. The statement has In addition, I should like to read from Congress who were not members of any been made on the floor of the Senate a news article in a pro-Communist news committee state that they secured the that there are no subways in the city of paper, the newspaper PM. Everyone same information. It was common Stuttgart. In Europe any underground knows the background of this news knowledge that this was one of the most passageway or tunnel is known as a sub paper. Everyone knows that it would horrible occurrences in modern times. way. It is only in the United States that not send an investigator to the city of Too many persons in high places in underground passageways through Stuttgart to make a fair and impartial Europe related the terrible occurrence which trains run are called subways. investigation for the purpose of letting to too many United States Senators for There is a tunnel in the city of Stuttgart, the American people know the true facts the Sixth Army successfully to cover it which will hold from 12,000 to 15,000 as to what happened there. up. I am· amazed that such an untruth.. people. PM sent a reporter named Victor' H. ful ,statement-and I say that ad .. Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President-, will Bernstein to Stuttgart. On July 10, from visedly-should have been released as the Senator yield? Stuttgart, he wrote an article which was that quoted in the Reuters dispatch. published in that newspaper. I shall This thing happened, and the Army by Mr. EASTLAND. I yield. quote what he said. He tried to cover Mr. McCLELLAN. I was a member of denying it i~ the eyes of the victims and up, but when he was pinned down to the people in this country who know the the same committee of which the· Senator the facts, the facts which he related sub from Mississippi was a member on this ·facts is condoning this terrible occur .. stantiated the story of this horrible oc renee. The American Army's informa.. trip to Europe. I have never been in currence in the city of Stuttgart. Lis Stuttgart, and I do not know whether tiona! headquarters should play fair ten to this-he is talking about the and square with the American people. they have tunnels or subways, whether rapes which took place there- they have both or neither. But, Mr. Olrr people have a right to know the · President, I was present on two occasions A third fact which undoubtedly contrib• facts. when we received information from two uted to Senator EAsTLAND's exercise in fancy In ad.dition, while the city of Stuttgart is that unquestionably there was a lot of was occupied by the French they were different sources, one a high military raping going on in the first few weeks of authority, and the other a high official French occupation. Americans to whom I under our command and the city was not in the military service. On those tallted put the :figure at a couple of thou under our control. I do not say this to two separate occasions substantially the sand. The German police chief- blame any American officers. In fact, in my judgment, they are not to blame same statements were made to us by It is obvious that the police chief was the&~ high offici9Js which have been re and there has . been no dereliction of lated .here by the Senator from Missis installed by the French and was an agent duty on their part. I state this simply sippi. of the French. He had a desire to cover to show that the Army has investigated up and protect the French officers and this affair and well knows all the facts. Mr. President, I had not intended to French soldiers involved. have unything to say on this subject, but Mr. President, we are all servants of since it has been reported by the Senator The German police chief put the figure at the people. We handle their affairs. from Mississippi and denied by Army 1,500. That is just as true of the Army as it is officials, the American people are en Whether it was 1,500, 2,000, or 5,000- of any other public employee. It is the titled to know the truth. I had assumed and the estimat~s from reliable sources future of America, the future of our 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7597 country, that we are all here attempting Mr. MA YBANK. I should merely like are doing. Are we conscious of his agonies to mold. The people of that part of to say, as a member of the committee, and sufferings? On us is a grave responsi Germany blame the United States be bility. To us is given a high privilege. God, that I heard more or less the same state the Father of all, give us-understanding and cause the French Negroes wore American. ments which the Senator from Missis a vision of the needs of men today-of the uniforms and they thought ·American sippi has made regarding French troops; fundamental truth that, whatever our na soldiers were involved. not Americans. When I returned I in tionality or creed, we are brothers under Mr. President, the only reason for cen tended not to say anything about them the skin. sorship in a free country is to withhold because they were French, believing that As we confer together here today, amidst information that will pe helpful to the at the proper time the Army or someone the eternal hills, inspired by the sublime enemy. There could be no reason for else would do so. But as a member of beauty around us, and as the shadows of passing clouds above leave their impress for censorship in this case, because the war that committee, I feel that in justice to a moment on the slopes of yondel' moun with Germany is over. In fact, the very my colleague I should say that I heard tains, may the contemplation of the tragic reverse is true: There should be an open, the same thing. sufferings and sacrifices of every nation bind frank, and fair disclosure. The great THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS us together in brotherly love and in a spirit American Army-and we have the , INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND of consecration to the gJ.·eat opportunit y greatest Army in the world, Mr. Presi' INTERNATIONAL BANK which is ours to displace doubt and cynicism dent-must always speak the truth and with hope and confidence. The Senate resumed the consideration Two thousand years ago Christ was hung state the facts and deal fairly, squarely, on a cross, a spear thrust in his side, nails and honorably with the people of Amer of the bill
1945 CONGRESSIONAL _RECORD-SENATE 7599
currencies only after consulting the the fund and nearly 2 years since the dealing that characteri~es the fund and fund. Furthermore, they recognize that proposeal for the bank were first pub bank agreements. restrictive currency measures hamper in lished in this country. It is now 1 year I return now to the argument that we ternational trade, and ~hey agree to smce the Bretton Woods Conference was are the only country that makes any remove such rest.rictions as soon as pos held. And throughout this year there ·real contribution to the fund or bank. sible. In brief, the fund establishes a has been steady discussion of the Bret It is fantastic to say that the govern~ code of fair exchange practices to which ton Woods agreements. ments of Canada, England, France, all countries adhere. I .think I am wholly fair when I say Belgium, Netherlands, Russia, and our It is possible for countries to abide by that most of the objections to the fund Latin American neighbors, have no credit these principles if they know that in and bank can be summarized in two standing. It is equally fantastic to say adversity they can have help. When a statements. Here they are: We put up that they will not meet their commit~ depression suddenly cuts off the export all the good money, other countries put ments to the bank, or that their cur markets of a country, when a crop fail up worthless paper; we will abide by the rency in the fund will not be used. These ure destroys its exports for an entire agreements, other countries will not. are countries with the highest reputa year, it may not be able to keep stable There is no basis for such statements. tion for meeting their obligations. · exchanges and avoid restrictive meas They Ehow a complete lack of under I do not deny that there are a few ures unless it gets help. The fund rec standing of what the fund and bank countries with relatively small quotas ognizes this need for mutual aid. It really are ~nd really do. who ought not to use the fund during provides that its resources of $8,800,000,- The facts are we subscribe $2,750,000,- the next year or two. The Bretton 000 may be used by countries who need 000 to the fund. Of this, $687,000,000 Vvoods Conference recognized this. temporary assistance to maintain the is in gold and $2,053,000,000 is in the That is why the articles of agreement fair exchange standards established by form of a deposit at the Federal Reserve contain this provision
Butte Miners Union No. 1, CIO, Butte, Mont. Professional Workers of Amer~ca. urged ~hat "Whereas the Bretton Woods proposals R . C. Brown, secretary, stated in a letter to House Bank Committee "facilitate speedy provid.e the essential economic basis for a the House Banking and Currency Commitw action in the Bretton Woods monetary pro successful world peace .organization; and tee: "We think it (the Bretton Woods bill) posals. • • • These proposals will pro "Whereas the Bretton Woods proposals are an excellent measure both for ourselves and vide collective security in the economic field necessary to fulfill President Ro6sevelt's for the country in general." stimulating and insuring international trade program for 60,000,000 jobs and lay the foun and monetary cooperation which in turn w1ll dation for world economic stab111ty: Be it Amalgamated Machine Tool and Die, Local afford jobs and prosperity to the American hereby No. 1114, CIO, Chicago, Ill. people." "Resolved, That we, members of the News Louis Torre, business manager, has stated National Maritime Union, New Orleans, La. paper Guild, urge the favorable report to in a letter to the House Committee er-~nk Congress Clf S. 540 and H. R. 2211." ing and Currency: "There are enclosed, R. J . Sullivan of the National Maritime signed petitions from the members of Local Union, New Orleans, La., in a cable to Han. Newsboys Local Industrial Union No. 75, 1114. The Petitions request favorable ac BRENT SPENCE reported that 150 members of CIO, Los Angeles, Calif. tion by the Congress on the Bretton Woods the National Maritime Union "unanimously Leo Loeb, secretary, stated in a letter to bill. The petitions represent the sentiment favored endorsement of Bretton Woods by Representative SPENCE: of the members of our union." Congress to silence present world-wide "Unless we ratify the agreements reached Central Labor Council of Santa Clara County, douLts of America's position of international at Bretton Woods, it will be impossible to AFL, San Jose, Calif. cooperation in postwar world." have an expanding foreign trade • • • without the expansion of our foreign trade, Mabel M. Lee, chairman of the legislative National Maritime Union of America, New · York full employment and the San Francisco committee, has stated: "the Central Labor Conference succeeding, we cannot have world Council of Santa Clara County urges your Ralph D. Rogers, national director of the security. • • • Therefore, the members committee to approve passage of H. ·R. 2211 National Maritime Union of America, stated: of this organization urge you to support without amendment. Our council urges "It is the feeling of the members of the Na Bretton Woods." passage of H. R. 21211 because we believe it tional Maritime Union that in the interests is the best. guarantee of an expanded and of establishing economic stabilization United Office and Professional Workers, CIO, stabilized world t rade. We believe passage throughout the world-an absolute pre Philadelphia, Pa. of H. R. 2211 will afford protection of Amer requisite for lasting peace-the United Stat es A. Keene Howitz, regional director of the ican businessmen, markets to American must participate fully in the Bretton Woods union, has asked ratification of the Bretton farmers, and jobs for American workers." monetary agreement." Woods pact to "demonstrate our complete support of the historic Crimean Confer Joint Boa1·d, Fur Dressers and Dyers Union, International Federation of Archi tects, En ence." CIO, New York, N. Y. gineers, Chemists, and Technicians, Chap Sam Burt, manager, has stated in a ·letter ter No. 14, 1212, Washington, D. C. Artists, writers, etc. to Representative SPENcE: "the joint board, Robert D. Sprecht, president of the Inter- A telegram to Congressman SPENCE, signed Fur Dressers and Dyers Union urges you to national Federation of Architects, Engineers, by 50 loading actors, artists, writers, scien· do everything in your po!Ver to have the Chemists, and Technicians, urged that "in tists, educators, and musicians "urged that Bretton Woods Monetary Agreement ratified. the interests of the people of the United the House Banking and Currency Committee This agreement is the economic basis for the States the Bretton Woods Agreement must bring out immediately a unanimous report political and mili ~ary measures necessary to be ratified without change." in favor of the amended version of the Bret guarantee world security and peace." ton Woods legislation." Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chem Furriers Joint Council of New York, CIO, ists, and Technicians, Chapter 25, Oakland, Industrial Union of Marine and Shi pbuild New. York, N. Y. . Calif. ing Workers of America, Local 50, CIO, Portland, Maine Morris Pinchewsky, secretary of the coun L. T. Packman, chairman of the Legislative cil, stated: "On behalf of 15,000 members of Committee of the union, stated: The ship stewards of Local 50, in a letter the Furriers Joint Council, CIO, New Yorlt, "It is the considered and unanimous opin to Representative SPENCE, stated: we urge the immediate consideration and ion of the San Francisco division of the Fed "Whereas the Bretton Woods agreements passage of H. R. 2211." eration of Architects, Engineers, Chemists, now under consideration by a committee of Machine and Instrument Local No. 452, CIO, and Technicians, that the adoption of the the House of Representatives is one of the Long Island, New York Bretton Woods proposals in their present cornerstones in the United Nations struc Dave Drucker, chairman of the legislative form is so vital to the future of the United ture for a better world • the ship committee, stated: "We, who represent 1,100 States that prompt action is necessary." stewards of local 50 urge the immediate fa war workers, feel that this bill would not Uni ted Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricultural vorable consideration of the Bretton Woods only bring jobs and economic security to Implement Workers of America, CIO, New proposals." our working people but would do much to York International Federation of Architects, Engi forward international friendship and world neers, Chemists, and Technicians, Navy peace." This organization stated in a resolution: "Whereas the Bretton Woods Agreements Yard, Chapter 24, New York Inte1·national Ladies' Garment Workers' provide through the Monetary Fund and the Charles Aaron, _ chairman of legislative · · · Union, New York Reconstruction Bank the necessary organ committee, chapter 24, reporting for the In The International Ladies' Garment Work ization to prevent chaos, and· provide the ma ternational Federation of Architects, Engi ers' Union published a pamphlet which chinery to guarantee free world trade; There neers, Chemists, and Technicians, states: states the following: "The bank and the fore be it "We feel that passage of this bill w1Il pro fund are links in the c'~ain we must forge if ResQlved, That we, the members of Local vide one of the fundamental guaranties for we want a better world and a lasting peace. 259, UAW-CIO, do hereby :urge the House an enduring peace." • • • The international monetary fund Banking and Currency Committee and House Oi l Workers International Union, Local 326 for reconstruction and development will give of Representatives in toto to pass the Spence bill." . Sam W. Herrod, secretary of t]?.e law and valuable support to employment policies in legislative committee of the Oil Workers In the United States." Uni ted Packing House Workers of America, ternntional Union, reports: United ' Federal Workers of America, CIO, St: Joseph, Mo. "Local 326, Oil Workers Internat ional Philadelphia Merle Grimm, president of Local No. 58, Union, has voted to instruct the House Bank In a letter to Hon. BRENT SPENCE, House stated in a letter to Representative SPENCE: ing Committee to support and fight for the Banking and Currency Committee, Mr. Cas "Members of Local Union No. 58, St. Joseph, passage of Bretton Woods." tognolia, secretary of the union, urged "active Mo., are urging that immediate passage be International Woodworlcers of America, Local support of members of the House Banking given to H. R. 2211, S. 540." Union, No. 2-101, Everett, Wash. and Currency Committee for the passage of United Packing House Workers of America, the Bretton Woods Agreement Act.'' In a letter of April 18, 1945, to President CIO, Chicago, Ill. Truman, Pete Nelson, secretary of the union, United Saw, File, and Steel-Products Workers Herbert March, district director, stated: pledges "full support to the Bretton Woods of America, Philadelphia "Passage of H. R . 2211 will in a measure agreements because we, the laboring peoples, In a letter to Congressman BRENT SPENCE, prove our sincerity in trying to establish a realize that a world of peace and security Emily Eobstel, secretary of the legislative just peace. Passage of this bill will also help must have world cooperation and trade cqmmittee of the union of America, reports -to guarantee 60,000,000 jobs and prosperity. among all the nations in order that millions that "the legislative committee has consid Thirty-five thousand packing house workers of jobs might be created in the postwar ered the Bretton Woods proposals and urges in district I respectfully urge that this pro world." the House Banking Committee to support the posal be ratified by Congress without amend Philadelphia Industrial Union Council, Com Spence bill." ments." mittee for Political Education, Philadel United Office and Professional Workers of Newspaper Guild of New York, local No. 3, phia, Pa. America, Local 1, New York CIO, New York, N. Y. The subcommittee on full employment of Rose H. Agree, chairman of the political The following resolution was adopted by the Women's Council of the CIO-PAC of the action committee of the United Office and the News};laper Gu,ild:. Philadelphia ~ndustrial Union Cou~cil. in .. a 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7605 letter to Hon. BRENT SPENCE expresses "ap Unitarian Fellowship tor Social Justice, cultural , region believe that the Bretton proval of bill on Bretton Woods proposals Boston, Mass. Woods proposals will do much toward sta without amendments." Rev. Kenneth Walker, president, in a let bilizing currency and settling foreign trade Transport Workers Union of America, New ter to Congressman SPENCE stated: "It is my transactions without undue risk and pressure York belief that the pros have it and that a very upon the economic life of the people in each of the participating countries." Michael J. Quill, international president Qf essential safeguard against the kind of thing the Transport Workers Union of America, in we went through in the last war will be pro National Congress of Parents and Teachers, a letter to the Honorable Mr. SPENCE stated: vided by the establishment of this proposed Chicago, Ill. "We know that we can count on your con International Fund and Bank." Mrs. William A. Hastings, president, has tinued and active interest in the task of Council for Social Action, New York City stated in a letter to Representative SPENCE, att~pting to secure favorable action by our "We believe that the Bretton Woods pro "the National Congress of Parents and Teach colleagues for the bill." posals relating to an International Bank and ers, an organization of 3,054,950 men and an International Monetary Fund are part of women from every State in the United States FARM ORGANIZATIONS and Hawaii, dedicated to the welfare of chil American Farm Bureau Federation the instruments needed to bring about a sound basis for the exchange of goods be dren and youth, is naturally greatly inter "The American Farm Bureau Federation twe:m nations, the development of the ested in the organization of nations to bring favors participation of United States in the world's resources, and the full employment about a lasting peace. To that end we sup proposed International Monetary Fund and of American workers." port the type of organization decided upon the proposed International Bank for the Re at the Dumbiuton Oaks meeting and the construction and Development, as outlined in United Christian Council for Democracy, monetary proposals of the Bretton Woods the Bretton Woods Conference." New York City Conference." Rev. Richard Morford, executive secretary, National Farmers Union New Jersey Independent Citizens League, in a letter to Congressman SPENCE stated: Passaic (N. J.) Unit Mr. Russell Smith, legislative secretary of "Our position as liberal churchmen is one of the National Farmers Union stated: "We This organization adopted the following full support for the plan-both the fund resolution: "Whereas the adoption of said firmly believe that the Bretton Woods agree and the bank. We favor its ratification by ments offers a practicable way of stimulating (Bretton Woods) proposals is absolutely nec the Congress at once without crippling essary to the successful functioning of inter demand for American products, thereby as amendments or reservations." sisting in maintaining full employment in national organization for world peace en this country, and in turn providing an ex Federal Chu1·ch Council visaged in the Dumbarton Oaks plan, re panded 1.nd expanding market for agricul The New York Herald Tribune of May 17, solved that this unit does hereby give its tural products • • • 1945, reported: "The Federal Council of the wholehearted and unqualified endorsement "What impresses us as profoundly necessary Churches of Christ in America endorsed the to the proposals of Bretton Woods agree is that the International Bank foy- Recon Bretton Woods-proposals for economic coop ment." struction be set up and that the Interna eration • * • yesterday." Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, New. York City tional Monetary Fund star~ operating,. both as GENERAL ORGANIZATIONS soon as possible." Americans United tor World Organization, Margaret Olsen, secretary, in a letter to National Grange Representative SPENCE, enclosed a statement Inc., New York on Bretton Woods, as follows: "Conscious of Resolved, That the Washington office be · Ulric Bell, executive vice president, in a the danger of .economic chaos unless pro authorized to support the creation of an In- letter to Representative SPENCE stated: vision of the character outlined above is made . ternational Monetary Fund in connection "Americans United is actively working for for the monetary and financial reorganiza with an international bank, provided that American .participation in a world organiza tion of the world, conscious of the fact that adequate safeguards can be provided to pro tion, and is, for that rea-son, vitally interested an accentuation of economic conflict, which tect the fund from losses due to diluting the in the passage of the Bretton Woods agree is the alternative to the peace of nations assets with weak currency, and provision can ments." • • • the commission is of the opinion be made for channeling transactions involv Southern Council on International Relations that positive action should be taken to au ing the use of credit through the bank. thorize the Government of the United States If the activities which can be classed as The Southern Council on International Relations, meeting at Chapel Hill, N.C., urged to participate in these institutions (the bank • stabilization operations can be separated and fund).'' from those activities which rightfully belong Congress to accept the Bretton Woods agree in the field of credit, we believe that the ments on the ground that "mutual trust and Greenwich Village Action Committee, New Bretton Woods proposal holds very substan assistance in economic matters are indispen York City tial promise for promoting sound trade. We ,Jable to the maintenance of peace as much This tOrganization adopted the following believe this can be done. ai trust and faith on political matters. • • • resolution: "We, 300 citizens of Greenwich The Bretton Woods agreements will help to Village and other communities of New York, Vermont Farm-Labor Conference (sixth prevent any nation from being forced by in resolve together to call upon our Congress annual mee ~ ing), Plainfield, Vt. ternational economic disorder to seek relief men to give full unqualified support to the "Be it resolved, That we recommend to our through monetary aggression." proposals now before the Congress to enable S.o nators and authorized agents of Govern Greater New York Council for Citizens Action, our Government to participate in the Inter ment the fullest cooperation in implementing New York City national Monetary Fund and the Interna the Bretton Woods agreement and all oth~r tional Bank • • • as the essential eco measures of international cooperation which At a meeting sponsored by this organiza nomic safeguard for a world organization will promote world, and thereby national, tion on January 6, Miss Eleanor S. Gimbel, for peace." stability." general chairman of the Greater New York Council, called for citizens' action on the National Association for the Advancement of CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS Dumbarton Oaks, Bretton Woods, and the the Colored People, San Francisco, Calif. Board of Ed.ucation of the Methodist Church, National Service Act. David Hedley, chairman of the legislative Nashville, Tenn. Citizens Conference on International Eco and political section, stated in a letter to H. D. Bollinger, secretary, administration nomic Union, New York City · Representative SPENCE: "The San Francisco branch of the National Association for the and program, in a letter to Congressman Mr. Louis Heaton Pink, chairman of the SPENCE, stated: "I greatly hope that the House Advancement of the Colored People wishes to conference, declared: "The agreement for urge your favorable action on the legislation Resolution No. ~211 will be passed favorably currency stabilization and an international in the very, near future." incorporating the Bretton Woods agree bank should be accepted now by the United ments." Georgia Methodist Student Conference Nations without waiting for the end of the war." National Peace Conference, New York, N. Y. Miss Dorothy Stevens, dean, Georgia State The organization adopted the following College for Women, in a letter to Congress The Illinois Bretton Woods Committee, Chicago, Ill. resolution: "As reconstruction and economic man SPENCE stated: "I feel that this agree prosperity are essential to world order and ment offers definite hope of better world Irwin J. Rosenbloom, organization chair as the Monetary Fund and the International cooperation. I should like to encourage you man, has stated: "Since Congress is consid Bank proposed in the Bretton Woods agree to push your colleagues vigorously toward a ering the agreements now, the committee ments are contributing to their attainment, favorable committee report and an affirma feels that citizens must inform themselves the conferees of the National Peace Con tive vote in their respective Houses." immediately and express their opinions to ference, voting as individuals, urge the adop Laymen's Movement for a Christian World, their Congressmen. • • • The commit• tion by the United States Congress of the • New York City tee hopes to secure 100,000 signatures to pe measures in support of these two interna titions, urging Congress to pass the Bretton tional institutions." "The Laymen's Movement !or a Christian Woods legislation." World endorses in principle the Bretton Parents Association of Public Schoo£ 234, Woods proposals for an International Mone United Nations Committee, St. Paul, Minn. Brooklyn, N. Y. tary Fund and for an International Bank of Charles J. Turck, chairman. of the execu "We believe that the Bretton Woods agree· Reconstruction and Development." · tive committee, has stated: "We in this agri- · ment passage will not only show our goo~ 7606 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 1'7
faith to our allies and that we intend to Women's Action Committee for Victory and league concluded "That tlie fund is neces maintain economic security but will go far Lasting Peace, New York, N. Y. sary." to prevent further war for all people of the "We, Women's Committee for Victory and League of Women Voters, Wisconsin earth." Lasting Peace, and its national organizations, Mrs. Herald March, State president of the Berkeley Democratic Club, Berlceley, Calif. consider the two institutions proposed at league, stated in a letter to Representative E. C. Bioletti, corresponding secretary, in Bretton Woods are both essential services to HuLL, "The committee has a golden oppor a telegram to Representative SPENCE stated: the community of nations." tunity to advance world peace for our futute "Open meeting of Berkeley Democratic Club Women's International League tor Peace and by actively supporting the Bretton Woods wishes to express strong approval of your Freedom, Philadelphia, Pa. agreements." bill authorizing American participation in Sophia H. Dulles, legislative chairman, in a The Women's Action Committee tor Victory the Bretton Woods agreements." letter to Congressman SPENCE, stated: "The and Lasting Peace Democratic Central Committee, Los Angeles, Women's International League for Peace and "If Congress fails to pass this bill, the Calif. Freedom, Philadelphia branch, urges you most United States will again be withdrawn from earnestly to do all in your power to insure international responsibilities. The effect Dave Fontz, secretary, in a letter to Con approval of the Bretton Woods proposal." gressman SPENCE, st!l-ted: "Please be advised on all proposed international organizations that the Los Angeles County Democratic Young Women's Christian Association will be disastrous." Central Committee has gone on record unan Mrs. Thomas W. Farnsworth, industrial Servicemen's Wives for Democratic Action, imously approving the Bretton Woods secretary, New Bedford, Mass., in a letter to Minneapolis, Minn. agreements and has requested that the Congressman SPENCE, stated: "I am writing Mrs. Charles A. Muehling, chairman, in a Banking and Currency Committee of the to urge all the support possible to the swift letter to the House Banking Committee House of Representatives take the necessary passage of bill H. R. 2211, which contains the stated: "We strongly urge approval of the action of sending to the floor of the Congress proposals for an International Bank and an Bretton Woods proposals now under con the bills pending in your committee on this International Monetary Fund." sideration by the committee." subject with the favorable action." Amer~an Association of University Women, United Council of Church Women, National Citizens Political Action Committee, Erie Branch New York, N. Y. • Los Angeles, Calif. Katherine Bogart Ross, legislative chair Mrs. Harper Sibley, president, in a letter William Dieterle, chairman, in a telegram man of the Erie Branch of the American As to Congressman SPENCE on behalf of United to Congressman SPENCE stated: "The mem sociation of University Women, in a letter to Council of Church Women, stated, "I wish bers of the National Citizens Political Action Congressman SPENCE stated: "The Erie to express strong support of the legislation Committee, Los Angeles, strongly urge you Branch of the American Association of Uni now before your committee, which authorizes as chairman of the House Banking and versity Women urges your committee's sup American participation in the international Currency Committee to report favorably on port for the Bretton Woods agreements. We stabilization fund and the International H. R. 2211. We believe that as the first test urge your committee to report out favorably Bank as planned at Bretton Woods." of America's willingness to help guarantee and promptly for a vote the Bretton Woods international security it is vital to ratify the agreements." The National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs Bretton Woods agreements without quallfi Business and Professional Woman's cation in accordance with the President's Clubs, Inc. Mrs. Gertrude Austin, national legislation request." chairman, in a letter to Congressman SPENCE Martha E. Moore, in a letter to Congress stated, "The National Federation of Business United Committee for Political Action, Los man SPENCE stated: "As chairman of the Angeles, Calif. and Professional Women's Clubs, Inc., repre legislative committee of the Connecticut sent approximately 90,000 women in 1,700 Dr. Edward Seidenberg, chairman, in a let Federation of Business and Professional communities, endorses the proposals and ter to Congressman SPENCE, stated: "Believ Woman's Clubs I am respectfully asking your 'purposes of the Bretton Woods Agreements ing that the Bretton Woods agreement to influence in promptly reporting the House Act, H. R. 2211, providing for the United be of paramount importance to this and Resolution 2211 for discussion and vote on States participation in the National Mone other nations and a cardinal instrument for the floor of the House in endorsing the prin tary Fund and International Bank for Recon future world prosperity and peace, this or ciples and purposes of the Bretton Woods struction and Development. May we an ganJzation of 15,000 citizens, representatives proposals. Please urge your committee's fa ticipate your favorable vote on the Bretton of union, fraternal groups of the Fortieth vorable action on the resolution." Woods agreement in the interest of inter Assembly District urgently request you to International Ladies' Garment Workers national cooperation in the solution of world report b1ll H. R. 2211 favorably to committee Union, New York City economic and financial problems?" without revision or change." Excerpt from ILGWU publication, "Should WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the labor help Congressmen who fight for Bretton Senator from New Hampshire yield? Nattonal League of Women Voters Woods? The answer is 'Yes.' " Mr. TOBEY. I yield. In testifying before the House Banking and League of Women Shoppers Mr. LANGER. I should like to ask the Currency Commitee, Miss Anna Lord Strauss, Rose Parelhoff, acting president, in a letter president of the National League of Women Senator, who was a delegate to the Bret to Congressman .SPENCE, stated: "The League ton Woods Conference, whether or not Voters stated: "On behalf of the National of Women Shoppers, in the interest of world League of Women Voters and its 550 local peace and a high standard of living for the the fund or the bank may loan any por leagues, I wish to present the following state people of our Nation through expanding world tion of its money to a country which ment in support of the Bretton Woods mone trade, urges you to do all in your power for wishes to use the money for the purpose tary agreements • • •. Not one but all early and favorable action on the Brtltton of purchasing or manufacturing muni nations are concerned· with monetary prob lems. The burden of solving them, there Woods bill, House Resolution 2211.'' tions or armaments. fore, should rest on every country, and not National Association of Women Lawyers Mr. TOBEY. In the Senate Committee just on the United States. It ls too much Members of the North Mid-Atlantic Con on Banking and Currency an amendment to ask us to carry so heavy a responsibility." ference of the National Association of Women was offered which precludes that, and American Association of University Women Lawyers adopted unanimously a resolution limits the possibiiity of using'the money endorsing United States participation in the Dr. Helen Reed, of the American Association fm· armaments. United Nations organization proposed at Hot Mr. LANGER. That is true so far as of Univ~rsity Women, in a letter to Senator Springs, Va., and Dumbarton Oaks. The WAGNER stated: "I wish to inform you that group also pledged its support to enabling the fund is concerned, but. what about the association strongly supports the Bretton legislation which will be placed before Con the bank? Woods agreements in their present form." gress. Mr. TOBEY. I think it covers both o:t Women's Division of Christian Service, Board National Council of Jewish Women, New York them. The money cannot be used for ot Missions and Church Extenston of the the purchase of armaments. Methodist Church, New Yo1·k "The National Council of Jewish Women with 65,000 members throughout the country Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will thtl Marlon Lela Norris, secretary, the Wesleyan strongly supports the Br·etton Woods agree Senator yield? Service Guild, in a letter to Congressman ments." Mr. TOBEY. I yield. SPENCE stated: "The more l study Bretton Woods, the more I am in favor of its adoption Women's Political Action C<;;mmittee, Marion Mr. TAFT. I do not purport to ·pass; exactly as it stands: and I very much hope County, Ohio upon the question, but the amendmeni- • you will use your 'utmost influence to bring The Indiana Star, Indianapolis, June ·4, to which the Senator refers applies only about its adoption without change." 1945, reports, "The committee adopted a reso to the fund. Women's Auxiliary National Maritime Union lution urging favorable recommendation of Mr. LANGER. That is all the bill ap the Bretton Woods legislation." Ray Rubin, national president, in a tele plies to. gram to Congressman SPENCE stated: "Urge League oj Women . Voters, Gary, Ind. Mr. TAFT. I do not purport to say you report Bretton Woods legislation out of The Gary (Ind.) Post-Tribune, March 27, what the provisions are with respect to committee favorably." 1945, reported that the members of the Gary the bank. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7607 Mr. TOBEY. So far as I am concerned, Mr. TOBEY. I shall be very glad to the multilateral guaranty of 44 nations. I think it should cover both the banlt do so. Such loans will be made strictly for re and the fund. Mr. REVERCOMB. Will the Senator habilitation and construction, and no Mr. LANGER. I call the Senator's at also advise us as to the origin of the basic part of the money can be used for labor tention to section 13 on page 14, which figures upon which the allocations were or local costs. It can be used only for refers only to the fund. The bank is made? exportable materials. not mentioned. Mr. TOBEY. I shall be very glad to What is the other question? Mr. TOBEY. I thank the Senator for do so. Mr. VANDENBERQ. What is the his contribution. I should like to see the .Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, function to be served by direct loans to bank included, and we should take steps will the Senator yield? the major powers, which loans, I under to include it by an amendment, if nec Mr. TOBEY. I yield. stand, are in the making? essary. Mr. VANDENBERG. I should like to Mr. TOBEY. What does the Senator Mr. LANGER. I thought the Senator ask the Senator a question. I will ad have in mind when he uses the phrase probably had overlooked that fact. dress the question to the Senator from "in the maldng"? Has it been suggested Mr. TOBEY. I thank the Senator for New Hampshire, and perhaps the able that such loans are already being made? calling it to my attention. Senator from New York [Mr. WAGNER], Mr. VANDENBERG. We constantly Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, who is chairman· of the committee. I hear about loan commitments to Britain, will the Senator yield? am perplexed by this question, and I France, and Russia, which are to be di Mr. TOBEY. I yield. submit it for comment. . rect loans. Mr. REVERCOMB. Has the Senator Apparently there are to be three dif Mr. TOBEY. I am credibly informed from New Hampshire discussed the for ferent types of foreign loans. There are that no such commitments have been mula or the basis 'for the allocation of to be loans under the Bretton Woods. made, and that that story is rumor. funds to the various nations, as set forth project; then there are to be loans rather than substance. I pass on to the in schedule A? through the Export-Import Bank; and senator what I have heard. I believe that Mr. TOBEY. The quotas? also direct loans. I fully understand the the statement that there are no such Mr. REVERCOMB . . Yes. difference in procedure with respect to loans is true. the loans. What I am puzzled about is Mr. TOBEY. Yes; I was fa~iliar . with Of. course, the bank can make direct those at Bretton Woods. I have notre why there are three different methods of loans from the funds of the bank in very freshed my recollection since I returned. making foreign loans, and what are the exceptional cases, when it is indicated I shall be glad to try to answer any contemplated characteristics of the three that a direct loan is necessary. The questions. · different types of loans which discrimi funds of the bank for direct loans are nate one from the other? What is the limited. Only 10 percent of the assets Mr. REVERCOMB. Can the Senator answer to that question? · · advise us on what basis or through what of the bank are paid into the Treasury. formula the United States is required to Mr. TOBEY. Starting· first with the The balance is held as a reserve for the contribute $3,175,000,000, whereas all Export-Import Bank, this morning Mr. multilateral feature of guaranty. Be other nations, · including the United -Crowley, Director of the bank, came be yond that, I cannot answer the Senator's Kingdom and the Union of Socialist fore the committee and gave an expo question. If a direct loan is required, the Soviet Republics, are required to con-• sition in connection with the request to bank can make it, subject to the wisdom tribute very much lesser amounts? increase the funds of the bank to $3,- of the administrators of the bank. What formula was used in fixing those 000,000,000. His statement was that we I am glad to make the distinction need immediately, before the bank gets which I have made relati_ve to the Ex quotas? into operation, which cannot be before Mr. TOBEY. I should 'assume that port-Impo~t Bank. It comes fresh from 12 or 18 months, to set up the machinery the gridiron this morning, through the that was a tribute to the United States, to grant loans to our own industries for because of its potential resources, finan statement of Mr. Crowley, made when foreign trade and export trade. There · he appeared in support of the request cial power, and export trade. I think is nothing to take the place of such those were the factors used. . for an increase ef $3,000,000,000 in the loans. That applies not only to South funds of the Export-Import Bank. Mr. REVERCOMB. Then the basis for American trade, but to European coun fixing the figures was financial worth and Mr. VANDENBERG. Then the Sen tries as well. Mr. Crowley made out a ator's statement is that the Export-Im export trade? case. The hearing is to be resumed port Bank will disappear when the In Mr. TOBEY. I think those are two of tomorrow morning. ternational Bank gets into full swing; is the factors. Perhaps the Senator from Originally, as the Senator knows, the New York [Mr. WAGNER] can advise me that correct? ' Export-Import Bank was created for the Mr. TOBEY. That is my hope and my more accurately. In the opinion of the purpose of making short-term loans, Senator from New York, what were the understanding. In that connection I mostly in South American countries. should like to read part of Mr. Crowley's factors which were involved in the vari They turned out very successfully. That -ation in quotas among the various na statement relative to the Export-Import activity is to be expanded. .It will not Bank: · tions? Why was the . United States supplement the International Bank, and given such a large quota as compared to There should be no confusion regarding eventually it will probably be merged the fundamental differences between the the others? I stated that it was because into it, because there is a tendency, . proposed increase in the lending authority of our wealth, position, apd financial re through the Economic Council, toward a of the Export-Import Bank and other meas sources, and our foreign trade. Can the central clearing agency for such loans, ures relating to our foreign trade which have Senator supplement that statement? and there will probably be a merger. been approved by Congress or which are Mr. WAGNER. I agree with what the But until the International Bank is in under consideration by Congress. The Senator said. measures which I have in mind include the Further, in reply to another question gear and operating, Mr. Crowley and the appropriation for UNRRA, len_d-le_ase, and which was asked, as to whether the funds Administration feel that the funds are the pending Bretton Woods leglSlatwn. of the bank could be used for armament necessary to enlarge the capacity of the The appropriation for UNRRA is strictly Export-Import Bank to make such loans, for relief and has no relation to the financ purposes, let me say that under the ing on a commercial basis of our foreign agreement, funds from the bank can be particularly to American business in ex port trade. trade. used only for productive purposes. With respect to lend-lease, as I and other Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, Mr. VANDENBERG. What is the dif spokesmen for the administration have re will the Senator further yield? ference between the loans to be made pe~tedly stated, lend-lease will be provided Mr. TOBEY. I yield. from the International Bank and the only in connection with the defense of the . Mr. REVERCOMB. Certainly there loans which are contemplated by direct United States and the effective prosecution grant of credit to the major powers? of . the war to final victory. It will not be must have been some formula or some furnished for purposes of relief, rehabilita very definite basis for fixing those fig · Mr. TOBEY. In one case the loans tion or reconstruction in Europe or else ures. They must have been fixed with made by the bank for reconstruction are whe~e. Assistance to the liberated countries relation to other basic figures. Will the long-term loans, running for 30, 40, or of Europe, which is one of the immediate Senator furnish the Senate information 50 years. Those loans will bear the guar problems facing us, must be provided 1n as to just what those figures were? anty Qf the counti~y of issue, and also some other manner. 7608 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 'JULY 17 In accordance with this recognized prin· ber ( 1945, the Government of the added in an effort to broaden the scope ciple, the appropriation· authorized by Con· United States of America shall return of the bank's loans. It is now made a gress for lend-lease for 1946 was based ex· part of the bill which is before us, and plicitly on the assumption that Congress such funds to the governments that would increase the lending authority of the transmitted them. So it seems to me the Senate committee approved it in Export-Import Bank in order that it could that the bank, if it is to go into operation that form. It does not limit. It would finance portions of the so-called 3 (c) agree at all, will have to be ready to go into broaden the effect of the act, and that is ments for the delivery to certain European operation by next January. the intent. countries of industrial equipment and sup· Mr. TOBEY. Of course, Mr. Presi Mr. President, if there be no other plies which are not required for the prosecu· dent, the bank will have to be ready questions, I yield the 1loor. tion of the war. to go into operation, but it will take some Mr. HART. Mr. President, I shall In rendering such assistance to the war devastated countries, we would proceed on time for it to get ready to engage in have not the slightest opposition to ex the assumption that these countries must its operations and to go into effect and press against ratification of the United accept the prime responsibility for their re· to have a modus oper.tndi. I think the Nations Charter. My position of general habilitation and must depend primarily Senator will see the reasonableness of approval of the idea was stated some upon their own resources in the process-. that. · months ago. The Bretton Woods Agree Nevertheless, there is not only an inescap Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, will the ment is another matter. It has fre able obligation on the United States to help Senator yield for a question? quently been represented as being es the liberated countries help themselves but also a strong element of self-interest; for, by Mr. TOBEY. I yield. sential to the international organiza financing their purchases of our products Mr. AUSTIN. I should like to have tion which has come from the San Fran on a sound basis, we are greatly benefiting the Senator give us an interpretation of cisco Conference. I do not think that our own economy. section 12, beginning on page 13, under it is essential now, and at this time I am the heading "Stabilization Loans by the unable to vote to approve the Agreement I have read that in order to indicate Banlc" Where the authority for the as it now stands. the point Mr. Crowley made there. bank to guarantee loans is mentioned, Our country as a whole has expressed Later in his statement, Mr. Crowley was it the intention of that paragraph little opposition to the Charter, very said this: to limit and narrow the scope of article little which seems valid and well-rea The second major feature of the bill has IV, section 1, of the articles of agreement soned. Much has been said and writ to do with management. At present the of the International Bank for Recon ten about it, and considerable about the bank is controlled by a board of 11 trustees- struction and Development? Bretton Woods Agreement, but not very And so forth. Then Mr. Crowley went Mr. TOBEY. Will the Senator please much by the younger generation, those on to propose a new set-up. He said: give me the reference to the bill again? whose future is of main importance. It This board is interdepartmental in char Mr. AUSTIN. I refer to the bill, be is only natural that the young men and acter and has on it representatives of the ginning on page 13, at the bottom, in women should be inarticulate on such a Departments of' State, Treasury, Commerce, line 23, and going over on to page 14. subject. Moreover, the best of them are and AgricUlture, the Reconstruction Finance The language about which I inquire, is as at the front, where they are today ex Corporation, the Foreign Economic Admin follows: tremely busy in carrying most of the istration, and the Export-Import Bank itself. Loans for programs of economic recon United Nations' burden in completing Mr. TAFT. Mr. Crowley discussed struction and the reconstruction of monetary the victory. That generation is the all the matter with which we are concerned, systems, including long-term stabilization important one and it is their future namely, the International Bank, at the loans. which should fill our thoughts. top of page 4 of his statement. Apparently that does not include loans Those young men and women were Mr. TOBEY. I read from that point for such reconstruction as the recon children when the world made the mis in Mr. Crowley's statement: struction of basic industries, railways, takes which permitted this war to oc The International Bank for Reconstruction power plants, and so forth. Does the cur, and caused the perilous situation of and Development is intended, it is true, to Senator interpret that language in sec today and of the days, Mr. President~ be a major source of large-scale and long tion 12 as a limitation of the agreement which will follow the victory. That gen term credit for the rehabilitation of the war which appears on page 98 of the report eration had no part in that tragic series torn countries and the building up of eco· of errors which the world made; but in nomically underdeveloped countries. Our from the Committee on Banking and participation in the International Bank has Currency? . our country they constitute the principal now been approved by the :iouse and by this In order to make a r.ecord, I call atten sufferers. They will continue to be such. committee and will be approved shortly, I ·tion directly to what that says: Mr. President, I am greatly disquieted trust, by the Senate. At best, however, the SECTION 1. Methods of making or facilitat and worried by an undercurrent of skep international bank cannot be in effective ing loans.-(a) The bank may make or fa. ticism, and even cynicism, which I think operation for a year or 18 months. A . cilitate loans which satisfy the general con is running through our young people. strengthened Export-Import Bank is there ditions of ·article III in any of the following I am only one observer and, to re fore urgently needed during the period just ways: ahead to provide the necessary financing of peat, the young generation cannot be our exports in connection with reconstruc I now skip down to subparagraph 3 : very articulate; but the evidence is pres- . ent for those who search. The young tion and development projects abroad. (ili) By guaranteeing in whole or in part There will be no other governmental source loans made by private investors through the men and women have doubt, and even of dollar credits for this purpose. usual investment channels. lack faith that enough wisdom will be In the longer run the coordination of the exercised to guide our own ship of state operations of the Export-Import Bank with On its face the agreement does not through the dangerous waters ahead. So the policies of the representatives of the limit the purposes for which these loans far as is known, they look upon the Char United States on the International Bank and may be used, and it does authorize, if we ter to be presently before us as a wise and Fund will be achieved through the National assent to it and if the other countries Advisory Council provided for in the Bretton ccrrect step ahead. As has been so ably Woods Agreements Act. The Chairman of whose concurrence is necessary in order expressed in this Chamber, it will re the Board of the Export-Import Bank, as a to make the agreement operative like main to make the international organ; member of the Council, will keep it fully Wise assent, the reconstruction of a ization ·work-make it work for the well informed of the bank's activities and will be country physically. being of the world. The skeptic, the / guided in turn by its policy decisions applica My question is, Was it the intention of cynic, if you will, says, "Well and good ble to the bank's operations. the committee in reporting the bill to so far; but where do we go from where Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will tl].e limit that authority by the language- we are now? What is going to be the Senator yield for a question? To make or guarantee loans for programs effect on our own country of the future Mr. TOBEY. I yield. of economic reconstruction and the recon measures which we take to help the rest Mr. TAFT. I did not quite under struction of monetary systems, including of the world?" Therein lies the doubt stand Mr. Crowley's statement that the long-term stabilization loans? and the worry as to the wisdom of the international bank would not be in op That is my question. leadership from now on. eration for a year and a half, because the Mr. TOBEY. Let me say to the Sen That, Mr. President, is one aspect of agreement provides that if the agree ator that this amendment was added by the situation before us. I should like to ment has not come into force by Decem- the House of Representatives, and it was put forward one other.· Yve have all . 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7609 heard it said that in ou.r country lies the Mr. President, the nations which look litical cooperation, nor do they have the future hope of the world. It does not be to us for further help would do well to same idealistic approach to the prob come us to say that, and we do not need be moderate in their demands upon us. lem which the Senator from New Hamp to say it because men of other lands have Apart from their friendliness toward us, shire has. When we deal with economic frequently expressed t.he same thought. they will be wise, in the long run, if in matters we are dealing with business Those foreign friends have two main rea their own interest they will try to aid matters, and there is not one of these sons for their belief. One is that the us in maintaining our strength in all nations that is not anxious to get just world trusts us. It trusts our fairness, fields, because it is necessary to main as many dollars for its use as it possibly and bases that trust on our record of the tain a powerful America. We must keep can get. last century, during which we were not America strong-strong for our own pur Furthermore, I suggested that there is only fair, but often altruistic. Inciden poses, regardless of whether she is the a method of international cooperation, tally, Mr. President, the world may and hope of the world. but that, if we are not going to waste probably does overestimate our physical Mr. President, we who rr.ake decisions our resources, if we are not going to capacity for future altruism. now must say no when necessary. We spend tremendous sums of the taxpay The other reason for our standing as shall, in a few years, turn leadership ers' money and· increase the national the future hope for the world lies in our over to the next generation, those young debt which is already so huge, then we strength. It has been amply demon men and women who, I submit, are not must confine economic cooperation to strated in two great wars. We have been too hopeful of our wisdom. In the mean the things that are directly helpful, strong in war primarily because of the time we must guard their heritage. which will put other nations on their feet prowess of our young men. But that The Senate is soon to make this first a:.d restore international trade and thus fighting edge would not have sufficed of several important decisions which will affect export trade. without the backing of all the other ele be proposed incident to our commitments The point I want to make above every ments of strength. Among those ele under the United Nations Charter. A thing is that this International Fund will ments was good leadership and technical few months ago I should have voted ap not accomplish. any of these purposes, ability in the armed services, and leader proval of the Bretton Woods Agreements and the fact that the fund and bank are ship in the industrial productive field. Act. A few months hence I might see the not going to accomplish these emergency The latter has been fully as important, situation of that future day to be such purposes is shown by the action of the and let no man forget it. that I would vote for approval. I cannot administration in bring forward the Ex We have been strong in our people, do so now because the situation does not port-Import Bank bill, which was be Mr. President, the men and women who call for such a commitment from us at fore the Banking and Currency Com have been carrying guns or making them. this time; and there are too many mittee this morning, when Mr. Crowley We have been strong, too, in the products chances that our approval would not be testified that he wants the capital of of our soil and in the things which come a wise act. that bank increased from $700,000,000 from under the soil. We have been In short, Mr. President, the probable to $3,500,000,000. Why? Because, he strong in our transport or. the land, over gains from such a.n action are now, in says, he needs the $2,800,000,000 addi the seas of the world, and in the air. We my opinion, badly overbalanced by the tional during the next 12 months, if you have been vastly strong in our whole pro risks involved. please, to really try to solve the prob ductive establishment, without which Mr. TAFT obtained the floor. lems of Europe, and he admitted in ef our gallant allies as well as ourselves Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, I feet that of the $2,800,000,000 that is could not have fought. In our financial suggest the absence of a quorum. sought approximately a billion dollars is system, shall we say we have been at The PRESIDING OFFICER. The going to Russia in the form of a direct clerk will call the roll. loan. Since our lend-lease is coming to least ru:fficiently strong thus far. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and an end, except as -it directly affects the Yes, Mr. President, we have been and the following Senators answered to their Japanese war, he testified that we must we are strong. But the end of the war names: somehow find a way to make additional will find us depleted. Many other na Aiken Gurney Murray loans to Russia. He testified that there tions will have most seriously depleted Andrews Hart Myers would be left $1,800,000,000 to loan to the their own general strength. They know Austin Hatch O'Daniel other European nations, and maybe a Ball Hawke~? O'Mahoney they have, but many .of our allies seem Barkley Hayden Radcliffe hundred million dollars or so to South to think that our own strength is in Bilbo Hickenlooper Revercomb America. This has always been consid exhaustible. It is not, and all the ele Brewster Hill Robertson ered a South American institution, if Briggs Hoey Russell ments of our strength are not renewable. Brooks Johnson, Calif. Saltonstall you please, to increase South American We can restore our depletion in various Buck Johnson, Colo. Ship&tead trade, but now the administration is fields, but not in all of them. For ex Burton Johnston. S.C. Smith admitting that Bretton Woods will not Bushfleld Kilgore Stewart ample, we have been pouring into this Butler La Follatte Taft do the job and is asking for $2,800,000,- war much of the reserve of our sub Byrd Langer Taylor 000 more to enable the Government of surface riches. That wealth of minerals Capehart Lucas Thomas, Okla. the United States. to make direct loans Capper McCarran Tobey and fuel has gone beyond recall. More Chandler McClellan Tunnell to the countries of Europe. over, we are seriously depleted in our Chavez McFarland Vandenberg I think that is a reasonable policy. I Cordon McKellar Wagner \think it would be a reasonable amount, normal financial resources, and we al Donnell McMahon Walsh ready face great difficulties in that field. Eastland Magnuson Wheeler if we did not have Bretton Woods be Lastly, we will have expended human Ellender Maybank Wherry sides. I believe that with that amount Ferguson Mead White resources-all those who will not return. Fulbright Millikin Wiley for the first 12 months, and a somewhat Nevertheless, while rebuilding our George Mitchell Willis similar amount in a year or two after selves we must do what in reason we Gerry Moore Young ward, we can effectively solve the prob Green · Morse can do toward rebuilding this stricken Guffey Murdock lems of the people of Europe, that is, give world. A part of that duty will be our them supplemental aid and help them share in making the United Nations The PRESIDING OFFICER. Eighty solve their own problems. But we are Charter become the effective instrument two Senators have answered to their now asked, in addition to this three and - names. A quorum is present. a half billion dollars, also to put aside which we all hope it will become. We Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, the dis cannot do it all. We are only 140,000,000 $6,000,000,000 for the International Fund tinguished Senator from New Hamp and the International Bank. of the 2,000,000,000 people on this earth. shire [Mr. ToBEY] stated that I said The call upon the leadership of that while I was for 1:>olitical cooperation I Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, I be 140,000,000 is for wisdom such that we was opposed to economic cooperation. lieve it would be a useful contribution do not become irretrievably depleted in That was not the statement I made. I if the Senator were to develop the radi helping the rest of the world. We hope am in favor of economic cooperation. I cal departure which the new policy of and we trust that with the current one only warned the Nation that when it the Export-Import Bank represents over wars will be ended, but in all other fields comes to business matters, wpen it comes its past policy. of human endeavor the law of survival to dollars and cents the other nations do · Mr. TAFT. The Export-Import Bank of the fit still holds. Competition will not have the same idealistic approach to in the past has been an institution, in continue to be a feature of the world. the problem that they may have to ~o- effect, for rendering service to American 7610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 'JUIN 17 exporters. It has been an institution· they know they do not have to pay. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, i: am· largely used in South America, where, if There is no international bankruptcy sure the Senator wants to be fair to Mr. the borrowers were accustomed to 3 court. Today the Government of Co Crowley. The Senator from Ohio asked years' credit, from Germany or England, lombia, I think it is-at least, it is one Mr. Crowley whether at the end of the our bank could step in and see that our of the countries to the south of .us-is in year he would be back for more:..._because exporters gave 3 years' credit also, which default on its bonds here in the amount he had stated in his testimony that this' our own commercial banks were not of some thirty or forty million dollars, increase would be sufficient to take care accustomed to giving in this country. and they have $50,000,000 in cash in New of the situation for the next 12 months. It has been an aid primarily, there York today, which they have accumu Mr. Crowley replied that he hoped that fore, to American exporters directly, and lated during the war. But there · is no by the end of that time the international in promoting American exports. There one to say that they have to use that to situation, with the establishment of have been one or two Government loans. pay debts which are in default. We will other agencies, including the bank and As I recall, a loan was made directly to not send troops to Colombia to collect the .fund, would be improved. But he the Government of Brazil for the pur anything. did not say he was coming back. He did pose of building a steel plant in Brazil. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will not foreclose his right to come bac~. But in general the $700,000,000 has been the Senator yield? however. loaned and has come in again, and has Mr. TAFT. I yield. Mr. TAFT. But, he made the clear been a revolving fund, has been a financ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I wonder what the statement' that the $2,800,000,000 would ing proposition. - Senator would think about the appro be used up in a year. Now we are asked to approve a policy priateness of having an international Mr. BARKLEY. Yes. of putting in a bank $2,800,000,000, to be bankruptcy court to enforce the collec-· Mr. TAFT. And I think it is fair to loaned directly, in most cases, to Euro tion of debts. Would the Senator be in say that that implied he would be back. pean governments. Private loans are favor of that? I drew the conclusion that he implied not excluded; there may be some private Mr. TAFT. I think the Social and he would be back.. He certainly made loans. Incidentally, this $2,800,000,000 Economic Council should work out some the clear statement that the $2,800,000,- does not purport to cover in any way the plan for the handling of international 000 would last for only 12 months. British problem, which is the most seri defaulted loans. I think I would not be Mr. BARKLEY. Because the situa ous problem in the world. in favor of sending troops to collect tion during the next 12 months would be Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will loans. The Senator will recall that on such that the $2,800,000,000 was needed, the Senator from Ohio yield? one occasion the British tried to do that because there was no agency in existence Mr. TAFT. I yield. in Venezuela, when Grover Cleveland ob now, or which might be organized and Mr. BARKLEY. I do not wish to take jected. We have done it ourselves. We ready for business, within that period, up the Senator's time, as I did yesterday. occupied the customs house in San Do which would take care of this 'particular in running debate with him over what mingo to collect money loaned to San type of loans, and, as the Senator said, was discussed yesterday, but while it is Domingo, as I remember. We have' he did say that the money was to be true that to a larger extent than hereto abandoned the policy, and I should be in used for an entirely different purpose fore the Export-Import Bank would favor of abandoning it and recognizing from that which was contemplated· make loans directly to governments, in that a loan to a foreign government is either by the bank or the fund. Europe and in South America-most of necessarily a risky loan, and I would not Mr. BROOKS. Will the Senator from it, we might admit, would go to Europe make one except for the most. vitally· Ohio yield? it still has as its basis the aiding of important reason. Mr. TAFT. I yield. American exporters, because the amount Mr. FULBRIGHT. \iVould the Senator Mr. BROOKS. I wish the Senator of money loaned is to be expended for be in favor of the establishment of an would explain this situation: When the eh.'J)orts from the United States to coun international law by the United Nations $8,80~.000 , 000 is deposited in the bank,. tries which borrow the money. for the enforcement of obligations? that 1S merely the entrance fee, or the Mr. TAFT. No. I would not be in subscription, is it not, and that money Mr. TAFT. It is quite true that almost favor of a law to enforce the collection of remains in the fund? any loans made by the United States will international debts by force, if that is Mr. TAFT. It remains in the fund in furnish other people dollars with which definitely; yes. they perhaps may come to this country what the Senator means. I think there might be some arrangement for consul Mr. BROOKS. How many times can and buy something. On the other hand, tation in an attempt to work out the sit that is, of course, a direct inflationary it be expanded by the International uation of a nation which was bankrupt, Board which controls the fund in the expansion of industry, through Govern and had many debtors all over the world, bank? ment spending. If that is an argument so that its assets might be divided prop Mr. TAFT. I do not think it can be for foreign loans, it is an argument for erly, and it might be relieved in a lawful lending people in this country all the expanded at all except by means of de way. But I would not go so far as to au claring the currency scarce, and putting billions of dollars they may want in order thorize the collection of international to build new plants, and put more people us in the position of asking them to debts by force. cancel foreign debts, or lend some more to work to sell things to the American Mr. BROOKS. Mr. President, will the money, or put more money in the fund. people. I do not think that in itself is Senator yield? a justification for large Government I shall later deal with the scarce-cur Mr. TAFT. I yield. rency provision of article 7. But $8,800,- loans to other countries. I think the Mr. BROOKS. Increasing the Ex justification must be found in the desire 000,000 is the total of our obligation, and port-Import Bank lending capacity to $2,750,000,000 is the limit of our legal to help such countries get on their own $3,700,000,000, or $3,500,000,000, merely obligation, so far as the fund is con feet and start their economic machinery, increases a revolving fund, in complete cerned, and I do not think they can ex so that there may be some progress after control of the American people, does it pand that; I do not think they can go the war. and not complete collapse. not? beyond that figure. Mr. MIT..LIKIN. Mr. President, will the Mr. TAFT. That is correct. It will Senator yield? Mr. BROOKS. My impression was not revolve very fast, however, under Mr. that each country could borrow up to 25 Mr. TAFT. I yield. Crowley's new program, becam:e the $2,- percent of its total subscription in any Mr. MILLIKIN. Is there not a sub 800,000,000 is to be loaned, and when he 1 year and the total subscriptions amount stantial difference. in the risk involved was asked how long the terms were to be, to $6,050,000,000. Then they can borrow between the traditional type of export he said, "Well, 10, 15, 25 years, perhaps," 25 percent each year until they have bor import loans to private individuals, as not the 60-year loan wl!ich might be got rowed the limit of 200 percent of their against political loans to governments ten from the Intei·national Bank, but an total subscription. Is not that true? which have never been in the habit of intermediate length of loan; so that the Mr. TAFT. That is contingent on there repaying anything they have gotten in fund will not revolve very fast. It is go being something in the fund ·to borrow. this country? ing to be used up in a year, and then, if As a matter of fact, if the nations having Mr. TAFT. I think the Senator is conditions should be the same, he would $6,000,000,000 of quota-that is, all the right. When a loan is made to a foreign come back to ask for more for the Ex nations outside the United States government, they do not have to pay; port-Import Bank. choose to exercise their full power, they 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7611 could draw a billion and one-half dollars In other words, all these exchange re anything from the United States, and not the first year and a billion and one-half strictions which are supposed to be re only that, but we will not pay our debt to dollars the second year, and then for moved may be restored and new ones may the United States." I think that is a them there would not be any dollars in be put in effect against the dollar. The very fair interpretation of the effect of the fund, and so they could not borrow moment that the dollar is declared scarce article 7. Certainly that is what Lord any dollars in the third year. The fund restrictions are put into effect. Keynes told the House of Lords article 7 would be in effect bankrupt. This is what Lord Keynes said about meant. Mr. BROOKS. It would be bankrupt, these restrictions in the House of Lords In other words, Mr. President, we have would it not? in May 1944, pointing out the advantage humbly _a.gr.eed that we were to blame for Mr. TAFT. It would be bankrupt. to the British of this provision: everything that happened during the Mr. BROOKS. · And then dollars would There is another advantage to which I twenties and thirties. We admit that we be scarce. would draw your Lordships' special attention. should have removed our tariffs and Mr. TAFT. And then dollars would be A proper share of responsibility for main loaned money on a vastly greater scale. scarce, and there would arise the problem taining equilibrium in the balance of inter This is a wholly distorted view of the eco whether to put any more dollars in the national payments is squarely placed on the nomic history of the twenties and even fund. creditor countries. the thirties. Mr. BROOKS. Can the fund not t&.ke And that is us. In other words, it The effect of article VII will undoubt the deposits of the otner countries to one seems to me that if other nations cannot edly be to put this country in a position of our Federal Reserve banks and say balance their national budgets, it is at where it must either break the heart of "We want to borrow more on these de least as much their fault as ours-! care the world and withdraw from the fund, posits and put some more dollars in the not what our tariff policy or what· our or loan many more billions to foreign bank and expand?" other policies are. But Lord Keynes says countries. This $2,750,000,000 is only a Mr. TAFT. No. I think the fund that the purpose of this is to put a share beginning as far as the fund is concerned. can borrow dollars, but only with the of responsibility squarely on the creditor If we waited until general conditions in approval of th'e United States. The countries: the world were more stable, it might be ' United States does not have to lend the This· is one of the major improvements ·in that dollars would not become scarce, but fund any dollars. Whether our Federal the new plan. The Americans, who are the if we start this fund today, and do not Reserve banks· without more authority most likely to be affected by this have, of go on lending on a grand scale, there can could lend the fund money I think is their own free will and honest purpose, of be no doubt that we will soon find our open to question. I remember the point fered us a far-reaching formula of protec selves bitterly indicted because we will was raised, but I do not recall what was tion against a recurrence of the main cause not lend our money to the rest of the of defiation during the interwar years, decided. namely, the draining of reserves out of the world in sufficient amounts to suit their Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will re~t of the world to pay a country which was wishes. Of course, the suggestion is the Senator yield? obstinately borrowing and exporting on a that it will be used to force us to abolish Mr. TAFT. I yield. scale immensely greater than it was lending our tariffs, already reducible to 25 per Mr. BARKLEY. Of course the Sena and importing. cent of the statutory rates. Even if we tor knows that when we put into the That statement &imply is not true so adopted free trade, however, it is unlikely fund our quota of dollars we can never , far as the United States is concerned. that our imports would be increased s·o be required to put another dollar into the It is an utter distortion of the conditions tremendously as to nieet the shortage of fund. Neither can any other nation be that existed in the twenties. Roughly dollars during the transition period: required to do it. The nation which In effect, our only remedy would be more speaking, we were ~porting $4,000,000,- finds it to its interest to do so can·apply 000 worth of goods a year from 1925 to lending abroad. for permission to do it, and may be given 1929. We were exporting about $5 ,000,- Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will the right to do it. But we cannot be re 000,000 worth of goods a year, and we the Senator yield? quired to put more capital into th~ bank were lending about $1,000,000,000. We Mr. TAFT. I yield. when we have made our contribution. were not drawing any gold out of the Mr. MILLIKIN. Let me invite atten Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, since this world, and did not proceed to do so until tion to section 5 of article VII, · which question has arisen I will deal with it at during the period of the thirties, but not says that in the event of a dollar-scarce the present time. If Members of the at all during the twenties; and it was not position: Senate will turn to article VII of the the principal cause of deflation in the Members agree not to invoke the obliga.: articles of agreement relating to the In world at that time. . The deflation came · tlons of any engagements entered into with ternational Monetary Fund they will find other members prior to this agreement in this provision : first, and our too-strict tariff policy in such a manner as will prevent the operation the Smoot-Hawley law came afterward. of the provisions of this article. If the fund finds that a general scarcity of Continuing to read from Lord Keynes' a particular currency is developing, the fund statement to the House of Lords: Clearly that could relate to our recip may so inform members and may issue a rocal trade agreements, c<;>uld it not? report setting forth the causes of the scarcity Under clause VI of the plan a country en and containing recommendations designed to gages itself, in effect, to prevent such a situa Mr. TAFT. It seems so to me. The bring it to an end. A representative of ·the tion from arising again, by promising, should Treasury claims it would not, but the member whose currency is involved shall par it fail, to release other countries from any witnesses pointed out that members ticipat e in the preparation of the report. obligation to take its exports or, if taken, to pay for them. agree not to invoke the obligations of Then if the fund finds that the cur any engagements entered into with other rency is scarce-and of course dollars In other words, he says that the ex members. In other words, we may have is the only currency that is likely to be change restrictions which are authorized made a trade agreement with a nation come scarce, because that is the only to be put into effect if the dollar is de and we have got to set it a.Side, we have currency for which there is any great clared scarce may actually excuse these got to admit that they do not have to demand, so the provision is aimed at us: countries from paying fo the exports tal{e our exports in exchange for some which we have made to them. He con If it becomes evident to the fund that the imports we agreed to take, that they do demand for a member's currency seriously tinues: not have to reduce their tariffs any more threatens the fund's ability to supply that I cannot imagine that this sanction would to help our exports. They can discrimi currency, the fund • • • shall formally ever be allowed to come Into effect. If by no nate in tariffs against us in spite of re declare such currency scarce- other means, than by lending, the creditor ciprocal trade agreements, because the country will always have to find a way to section says that we "agree not to in And then what happens? square the account on imperative grounds voke· the obligations of any engagements A formal declaration- of its own self-interest. entered into with other members prior Under that declaration of scarcity In other words, he says that the pur to this agreement in such ·a manner as shall operate as an authorization to any pose of article 7 and the declaration of will 'prevent the operation of. the provi member, after consultation with the fund, a scarce currency is that, when dollars sions of this article." So I think the temporarily to impose limitations on the run out, other countries will come to us Senator is enti.rely correct. I think it freedom of exchange operations in the scarce and say, "You have got to lend us more not only authorizes them not to take our currency. money or else we will stop importing exports, but it authorizes them to release 7612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 17 themselves from any agreement they be brought, and assets may be found one further observation. What we do is have regarding tariffs. !t authorizes upon which to levy. The guarantee of to say to other nations, "If you indulge other nations to fail even to pay for the· the International Bank is good if it is in restrictions, it must be in conformity things they have already imported. not legally released; but this provision _ with the regulations of the fund and the Mr. MILLIKIN. Might it not author legally releases the borrowers and ex Bretton Woods agreement." The Sen ize the default of the very loans to be cuses them from paying interest on tneir ator would have the Senate and the coun made by the Export-Import Bank? debts in this country. try believe that no restrictions would be Mr. TAFT. I think it might. It cer Mr. FULBRIGHT. The witnesses possible unless the fund and the interna tainly would affect loans under the bank. clearly stated that any resources in this tional bank were adopted. He fails to We sell the loans guaranteed by the country which could be attached would state that by the adoption- of the fund bank; but it seems to me that if a na still be attachable. we bring the restrictions about which tion has to pay the interest in dollars Mr. TAFT. That was the view of the he speaks under supervision and con we officially authorize that nation to Treasury; but I do not agree with that trol. If there is such a thing left in the impose restrictions on the payment of view. I do not think it is the natural world as good faith, then certainly we dollars by its nationals, so that they can view, because we expressly recognize the can expect other countries which have not pay the interest on their debts guar right of any nation to impose restric solemnly signed th~ agreement to live up anteed by the international bank. More tions on the payment of dollars. We do to it, just as we expect to do. If we have over, it puts the legal stamp of approval it legally, and therefore, that becomes a reached such a point that we cannot on the failure to pay, furnishes an excuse legal excuse if they are sued for not pay agree with other countries, and cannot for not paying, and, as I see it, also ing. The only thing that can be said depend upon them doing what they un releases the international b::mk from the is that it is not a permanent thing. We dertake to do, then why is there such guarantee. can lend some more money. All these unanimity of opinion throughout the Mr. MILLIKIN. I was r0ferring par things lead to the conclusion that we world today in support of the San Fran ticularly to the Export-Import Bank shall be under such pressure to lend cisco Charter? In my opinion the Bret loans, which it is now proposed to make additional money that we shall have to ton Woods agreement works hand in to nations directly, as distinguished from lend it. That is the main point. glove w:t:ti the great political charter private loans. Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will adopted in San Francisco. There can be Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? no political stability throughout the the Senator yield? Mr. TAFT. I yield. world unless there is some degree of Mr. TAFT. I yield . . Mr. MURDOCK. I do not know that monetary and economic stability; and Mr. FULBRIGHT. The language is I followed the Senator, but it seems to there cannot be economic and monetary "prior to this agreement." It would me that his whole argument is that un stability without international coopera not apply to loans to be made. less we adopt the fund, nations cannot· tion. Mr. TAFT. The Senator may be cor impose the restrictions about which we Mr. TAFT. We certainly cannot get rect. are talking. Does he take that position? it by the use of this fund, as I shall cer Mr. FULBRIGHT. It says very dis Mr. TAFT. No. They can impose any tainly show. tinctly "prior to this agreement." That restrictions they wish to impose. I have not accused any nation of bad would not relate to loans to be made. Mr. MURDOCK. They can impose faith. There is absolutely no need for Mr. TAFT. I think the answer to any restrictions they wish. any nation to act in bad faith. ·Under that is that it is not done under article Mr. TAFT. That is correct; but at the provisions of this agreement it can V. It is done under the general author present such restrictions are not legally act in any way it may wish to operate, ity to impose restrictions. We say, "You sanctioned and admitted by us . . We have to the disadvantage of the United States may impose any restrictions you wish on · the right to protest. We have the right or otherwise. In this case the formal the payment of dollars by your na to find other means of giving them dol declaration of scarce currency- tionals." That is a currency restric lars. We have the right to find dollars shall operate as an authorization to any tion. for them. We are not officially indicted, member, after consultation with the fund- Mr. FULBRIGHT. Even without the •and we do not officially invite other na fund, nations are free to do that. tions to impose restrictions if we have Consultation is all that is required: Mr. TAFT. We do not legally recog no fund. approval is not necessary- nize their right to do so. Mr. MURDOCK. But they can im temporarily to impose limitations on the Mr. FULBRIGHT. They have done pose the very same restrictions without freedom of exchange operations in the scarce so before this war. the fund as they could with the fund. currency. Mr. TAFT. But under those circum It· seems to me that the Senator is That means any kind of limitations. stances, · smiply because other people not giving us the true picture of what As Mr. Keynes says, it may include even have borrowed $2,750,000,000 from the the fund would dd. With the fund, in limitations which would prevent the na fund, they are thereafter excused from the event other nations impose restric tionals of a particular nation from pay paying interest on their bonds, at least tions, it must be under the supervision ing their debts in this ·country for ex so long as the declaration of scarcity of the fund. In other words, without ports which they have already received. is in effect, and until we lend them more the fund we have absolutely no super Mr. TOBEY. Mr. President, will the money to remove the difficulty. visiOn of any restrictions which other Senator yield? Mr. FULBRIGHT. Exactly the same nations may care to impose. But if they · Mr. TAFT. I yield. situation would exist if we did not have become in good faith members of the Mr. TOBEY. In connection with the the fund. fund, then, unless the Senator takes the question of scarce currencies, and in line Mr. TAFT. I do not think it would, position that no nation acts in good with the remarks of the Senator from because they are not legally excused faith except this country, by cooperation Utah, let me point out that the fund will from paying it. They would be in de and by agreement all the restrictions hold gold and dollar assets of $4,000,()00,- fault, and any guarantor-for example, imposed will be supervised and controlled 000. This is a ratio of 56 percent of the the International Bank-would be bound under the fund. total unused quotas of all countries ex by its guaranty to pay the loan if the Mr. TAFT. In the first place, there:. cept the United States. For a scarcity borrower did not pay it. strictions about which we are talking of dollars to take place it would be neces Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator just are under article VII. When our whole sary for all countries simultaneously and stated that there was no way to enforce $2,750,000,000 has been borrowed, these ~or an extended period to attempt to buy payment of these loans. Therefore the restrictions are imposed automatically dollars and only dollars from the fund. same situation would exist. by the declaration of a scarce currency, It is utterly absurd to believe that this is Mr. TAFT. That is generally true. which the fund is bound to recognize; likely to happen .. Payment of an international loan can and we expressly authorize and legalize The assumption that the United States not be enforced. the restrictions which any nation may will continue indefinitely to have a fa Mr. FULBRIGHT. As a practical impose, which might be much greater vorable balance of payments is entirely matter, there would be no difference in than would otherwise be imposed. unwarranted, while the additional as the situation, with or without the fund. Mr. MURDOCK. We do not legalize sumption that the United States will be Mr. TAFT. No, because an action can it at all, if the Senator will permit me the only country with a favorable balance 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7613 of payments is sheer nonsense. Even 1n Mr. MURDOCK. So, dividing the stantial and can be increased 'subse the immediate postwar period, Canada $6,050,000,000 by 4, and there is a little quently if the need if shown-! suppose and a number of American Republics will more than $1,500,000;000 which could be by us. The aggregate for the world is have favorable balances and their cur- drawn out in dollars, provided every na to be at £2,500,000,000-$10,000,000,000. . rencies will be purchased from the fund. tion other than the United States im Then he said: · In the unlikely event that the fund's mediately bought the entire one-quarter Our own share of this for ourselves and holdings of dollars becomes insufficient to of its quota i~dollars. the Crown Colonies, which I may mention, meet the legitimate demands made upon Mr. TAFT. That is the figure I stated. are treated for all purposes as a part of the it, the fund does not lose its usefulness. If the Senator will remember, I pointed British monetary system- It will have 43 other currencies which it out the possibility that it might be gone In itself that is a useful acknowledg will be ready to sell. It will continue its in 2 years or 1 year and 2 months. But ment, because it puts all their dollars transactions in dollars on a limited scale, there is one qualification, namely, that completely under the control of Eng for it will never entirely exhaust its gold the fund board may remove the 25-per land- and dollar holdings and it will replenish cent limitation at its will; and inasmuch its gold and dollar balances from repur as the fund board is to be controlled is £325,000,000- 'chases and from charges. In the mean by nations which want dollars., we can That will be $1,300,000,000 under the time the fund will facilitate a correction not be certain that it will not remove fund- of the scarcity and it will prevent a the 25-percent limitation. a sum which may easily double, or more than break-down in currency relations. The Mr. MURDOCK. I agree with the double, the reserves which we shall other members of the fund will be obligated Senator from Ohio that we cannot be wise hold at the end of the transition pe to maintain the fair exchange practices certain about anything, but if he is going riod. Tbe separate quotas of the rest of the specified in the agreement. to debate against adoption of the Bret sterling area will make a further large addi ton Woods agreements on the basis that tion to this. Who is so confident of the fu The scarce currency provision does ture that he will wish to throw away so not give countries the power to do any the morning after the fund goes into comfortable a supplementary aid in time thing they could not do in the absence · operation every country is going to rush of trouble? of the fund; or would not be compelled in and buy the entire maximum amount to do without the fund. If, for example, of dollars possible, then probably we I emphasize that such is the purpose of a country found itself short of dollars should never go into the Bretton Woods the quotas. They are not intended as daily and was unable to acquire them from the agreements. food for us or any other country to live upon fund, it would be bound to take steps to However, the actual figures which con during the reconstruction of afterward. Pro front us on the adoption of the fund are vision for that belongs to another chapter limit the dollar demands of its nationals. of international cooperation, upon which we Without the fund, this would take the that there will be $4,000,000,000 avail shall embark shortly unless you discourage form of establishing whatever controls able in dollars and gold, as against a us unduly- about this one. The quotas -for the country wished. Under the fund possibility of having $1,500,000,000 de drawing on the fund's resources are an iron agreement, the limitations may be no manded in dollars. So it would take more ration to tide over temporary emergencies of more restrictive than is necessary, and than 2 years; it would run into 3 years, one kind or another. Perhaps this is the best they must be relaxed and removed as even admitting that every country reply I can make to Lord Addison's doubts bought its entire quota in dollars-in whether our quota is large · enough. It is rapidly as conditions permit
Charity J. Collis, McCaysville, Ga. Office INDIANA KENTUCKY became Presidential July 1, 194&. Charles E. McClaine, Advance, Ind. Office James S. Trosper. Allais, Ky. Office be Clara L. Browning, Midway, Ga. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Pre;>idential July 1, 1945. Noah E. Flora, Cutler, Ind. Office became Herman M. Hall, Allock, Ky. Office be Olan W. Stubbs, Millhaven, Ga. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Earl Fu-k, Dayton, Ind. Office became Thomas C. Morton, Bandana, Ky. Office Leona B. Branch, Millwood,· Ga. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came ?residential July 1, 1945. Mae L. Drake, Fairbanks, Ind. Office be Tina Mae Kirtley, Browder, Ky. Office be W. Howard Ballew, Mineralbluff, Ga. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Frances A. Galimore, Freedom, Ind. 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Gemge D. Brooks, Oil Hill, Kans. Office LOUISIANA became Presidential July 1, 1945. Nelle Junk, Rio, Ill. Office became Presi s. Neva S. App1egate, Ramona, Kans. Office Irene T. Prejean, Belle Alliance, La. Office dential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Roy J. Hofmeister, Rock City, Ill. Office John Oliver Ash, Roxbury, Kans. Office Louise Boudreaux, Centerville, La. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Frances Anne Prelic, Sawyerville, Ill. Office Blanche D. Warner, Viola, Kans. Office Ella V. Delhaye, Charenton, La. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Zella V. :Slaser, Taylor Ridge, Ill. Office W dliam Meis, Weskan, Kans. Office be Harold G. Chauvin, Chauvin, La. . Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Barbara D. Stahl, Wadsworth, Ill. Office Clarence A. Johnson, West Mineral, Kans. Edras Nunez, Jr .• Creole, La. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. Otfice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Rubie 0. Alexander, Wedron, Ill. Office Lawson A. Smith, Wheaton, Kans. Office Willie F. Scott, Kilbourne, La. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary E. Stewart, Wellington, Ill. Office Frances S. Smith, Zenith, Kans. Office Louise G. Andrieu, Lacombe, La. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7633
Howard T. Massie, Slagle, La. Office became Ruby Hinton, Sandersville, Miss. Office Rena J. Weisiger, Bridgeton, N. C. Office Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 194&. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Henry F. Winters, Transylvania, La. Office Ernest A. Douglas, Sontag, Miss. Otilce Cleo V. Hood, Bunnlevel, N. c. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. · came Presidential July 1, 1945. MAINE Lester R. Meeks, Tiplersville, Miss. Office Annie M. York, Central Falls, N. C. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Gerald D . .Morris, Kingman, Maine. Office Mary R. Rice, Tougaloo, Miss. Office be· Maud H. Pittman, Clarendon, N. C. Ofll.ce became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. MARYLAND Preston B. Robinson, Waterford, Miss. Of· Ralph T. Beck, Germanton, N. C. Office Henry A. Sonberg, Abingdon, Md. Office fice Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. MONTANA Annabelle Bailey, Greenmountain, N. C. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. John C. Harrison, Avalon, Md. Office be Elias 0. Sorvick, Antelope, Mont. Office Doris L. Whitfield, Hurdle Mills, N. C. Of- came Presidential July 1, 1945. · became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1 1945. - Sterling B. Caple, Cedarhurst, Md. Office Leanore K. C. Roderick, Outlook, Mont. 1 May E. Franklin, Icard, N.C. Office became b : came Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. M. Patricia Efort, Cheltenham, Md. Office Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. NEBRASKA Hiram M. Orr, Indian Trail, N. C. Oftl.ce Reta B. Abbott, Deal Island, Md. Office James Adolf Wensien, Brownville, Nebr. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. WilHam W . Watson, Lake Landing, N. C. Roy W. Swank, Dickerson, Md. Office be Carl C. Waterman, Lebanon, Nebr. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Ptesidential July 1, 1945. Alice B. Price, Lake Lure, N. C. Office be· Gorman Robinson, Fishing Creek, Md. Charles D. Spangler, Murray, Nebr. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1. 1945. Lillie M. Wilson, Lattimore, N. C. Otilce Lina W. Penn, Garrett Park, Md. Office Edith Belle Sweenie, Nemaha, Nebr. Of became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Pauline E. Doss, Lawsonville, N. C. Oftl.ce M. Elizabeth Gorsuch, Gle:1coe, Md. Office Frovin Rasmussen, Rockville, Nebr. Of became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mattie L. Pulliam, Leasburg, N. C. Office Clarence E. Burton. Jarrettsville, Md. became Presidential July 1, 1945. NEW HAMPSHIRE Ruth B. Hughes, Micaville, N. C. Otilce Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Alvan E. Kallman, Dixville Notch, N. H. Wilbur Ross Horine, Jeft'erson, Md. Office became Presideptial July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Leamon Carbert Ward, Nakina, N. C. Office be~ a me Presidential July 1, 1945. Harold W. Henderson, East Barrington, Harry C. Betson, Monrovia, Md. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. N. H. Office became Presidential July 1, Esther A. Davenport, Pantego, N. C. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. 1945. Evelyn R. Wilhide, Myersvllle. Md. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Carroll F. Clark, Francestown, N. H. Of Madge M. Lutz, Polkville, N. C. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1. 1945. Myrtle L. Williams, St. Leonard, Md. Offi became Presidential July 1, 1945. Charles M. Belyea, Glencliff, N. H. Office Mattie 0. Frye, Reynolda, N. C. pffice ce became P·esidential July 1, 1945. 9 became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Isabel Rowlenson, Sherwood, Md. Office Rolland L. Alexander. Harrisville, N. H. became Presidential July 1, 1945. John A. Dodson, Sandy Ridge, N.C. Otilce Office became Presidential July 1, 1945, became Presidential July 1, 1945. Blanche V. Sinclair, Tilghman, Md. Office Theodore W. Drew, Intervale, N. H. Of became Presidential July 1, 1945. Caroline E. McAden, Semora, N. C. Otilce fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. MASSACHUSETTS Ida K . Samson, Jeft'erson, N. H. Office be Vardry B. Mast, Sugar Grove, N. C. Offit:e Allee A. Hammond, Westport, Mass. Office came Presidential July 1. 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Vernon H. Hall, Pittsburg, N. H. Office Eleanor M. Moretz, Todd, N. C. Office be became Presidential July 1. 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. MICHIGAN Hazel D. Brown, Salem, N. H. Office be Willie G. Hollowell, Winfall, N. C. Office Cynthia K. Nelsey, Davisburg, Mich. Of came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Clifford ·w. Tuttle, Spoft'ord, N. H. Office Virginia Novacek, Union Pier, Mich. In became Presidential July 1, 1945. NORTH DAKOTA place of J . W. Corrigan, resigned. John E. Guard, Westville, N. H. Office be Bridget E. Knudson, Amidon, N.Dak. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. MINNESOTA Charles E. Fleck, Arnegard, N. Dak. Office Clarence E. Scheibe. Cloquet, Minn. In NEW JERSEY became Presidential July 1, 1945. place of C E. Scheibe. Incumbent's commis Laurance G. _Wygant, Creamridge, N. J. Leo Rolle, Brinsmade, N. Dak. Office be sion expirEd December 23, 1941. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Louis B. Matsch, Hastings, Minn. In place William Schmidt, Cologne, N. J. Office Clara J. Graff, Erie, N. Dak. Otilce became of T . S. Ryan, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Gerald B. Davis, Magnolia, Minn. Office Clara R. Andersen, Dorothy, N. J. Office Sara Gillies, Hensel, N.Dak. OJ.!lce became became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Ever ett H . Albers, Ottertail, Minn. Office Lillian E. Nelson, Gillette, N. J. Office Edwin H. Naumann, Kramer, N. Dak. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July_1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Datus M. Arnold, Redby, Minn. Office be Mary E. Vanderhoef, Lake Como, N. J. Lena R. Storvestre, Landa, N. Dak. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Robert E . Lee, Redlake, Minn. Office be Ed eva M. Crater, Lake Hopatcong, N. J. William J . Hanson, Luverne, N.Dak. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Walter B. Nelson, Wrenshall, Minn. Office Elmer T. Smith, Middlebush, N. J. Office Benno G. J. Schimansky, Solen, N. Dak. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Herbert W . Polhemus, Mantoloking, N. J. MISSISSIPPI Hattie D. Heffernan, Ypsilanti, N. Oak. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Maud J. Evans, Bond, Miss. Office became· Dorothy De Marino, Port Morris, N. J. Presidential July 1, 1945. Otilce became Presidential July 1, 1945. OHIO Mary P . Gorman, Bovina, Miss. Office Virgil B. Zellars, Port Murray, N. J. Office Charles W. Blake, Arcadia, Ohio. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1944. Charles E. Feigler, Jr., Dublin, Miss. Office Linda H. Huntley, Port Republic, N. J. John Beymer, Belle Valley, Ohio. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ofll.ce became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. lone Wilkerson, Gautier, Miss. Office be Lee A. Andrews, Birmingham, Ohio. Office Jules Thebaud, Surf City, N. J. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. s. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lettie E. Bourne, Grace, Miss. Office be Logan W. Watts, Briggsdale, Ohio. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Edward W. Johnson, West Creek, N. J. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mollie L. Phillips, Little Rock, Miss. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lucille E. Gregg, Cable, Ohio. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. NEW YORK came Presidential July 1, 1945. Louis R Lott, Lyman, Miss. Office became George W. Miller, Colden, N. Y. Office be Oscar B. Morris, Cairo, Ohio. Office be Presidential July 1. 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1944. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Thomas F. Durrett, Jr., Quincy, Miss. Of Ethel Van Derveer, Carlisle, Ohio. Office fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. NOR'l'H CAROLINA became Presidential July 1, 1945. Haden D. Gaunt, Redwood, Miss. Office Annie B. Thompson, Alexis, N. C. Office Nannie M. Radcliffe, Carpenter, Ohio. Of became Presi.den tial July 1, '1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Rodney E. Chatham, Rose Hill, Miss. Of Stella Emerson, Bear Creek, N. C. Office Angela McGaharan, Cecil, Ohio. Otilce be fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Clifton c. Clark, Ruth, Miss. Office be Mattie F. Greer, Boomer, N. C. Ofll.ce be Ruth Benton, East Orwell, Ohio. Otnce be came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. {7634 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . JULY 17
Vinnie Zaugg, East Rochester, Ohio. Of Ida P. Sandine, Buena Vista, Pa. Office be Carlota M. V ~ de Quinones, Luquillo, P. R. flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Frank I. Kepner, :Everett, Ohio. Office be LeRoy K. Lennon, Churchville, Pa. Office Laura B. Lopez, Maricao, P. R. Office be came Presidential July 1,. 1945. became Presidential July 1,·1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Edith I. Retter.er, Harpster, Ohio. Office Katharine H. Vail, Chester Springs, Pa.. Antonio B. Rivera, Moca, P. R. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Mabel Hobaugh, .Harrisville, Ohio. Office Harry W. McArthur, Conneaut Lake Park, Angelita Mendez de Rivera, Rincon, P . R. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Pa. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Faye E. Kelley, Harveysburg, Ohio. Office Jason W. Shaffer, Creekside, Pa. Office be Georgina S. Herrans, Toa Baja, P. R. Of became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1944. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Emma Grace Miller, New Burlington, Ohio. Jennie Eagono, Dresher, Pa. Office became Gloria Torano, Trujillo Alto, P . R. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Don V. S. Biddinger, Nova, Ohio. Office Georgia T. Jordan, Driftwood, Pa. Office Dolores Santiago, Villalba, P. R. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1944. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Gertrude Ray, Ray, Ohio. Office became Mary Jane Fay. East Smethport, Pa. Office RHODE ISLAND Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Rhodabelle Campbell, Springboro, Ohio. George E. Straub, Espy, Pa. Office became Laura Pellett, Alton, R. I. Office became Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Homer I. Crandall, Thompson, Ohio. Of Anna M. Young, Fairview Village, Pa.. Of Phebe P. Bentley, Coventry, R.I. Office be fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Andrew F. Sautter, Tontogany, Ohio. Of Bessie M. Durland, Falls, Pa. Office became SOUTH CAROLINA fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Lillian N. Werts, Chappels, S. C. Office Ray H . Davis, Unionport, Ohio. Office be Irene J. Brahosky, li'orbes Road, Pa. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Irene K. Youngblood, Elko, S. C. Office Fla Victoria Dipert, Vanlue, Ohio. Office Jacob E. Haidle, Greenock, Pa. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary K. Utsey, Harleyville, S. C. Office . be Mary L. Bluhm, Vickery, Ohio. Office be Delilah Tormey, Harrison Valley, Pa. Office ca~e Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1. 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lucile C. Claytor, Hopkins, s. c. Office be Russel D. Stewart, Wren, Ob,io. Office be Benjamin E. Hummel, Hummels Wharf, Pa. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1944. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Eddie R. B·ishop, Lodge, S. c. Office be OKLAHOMA J. Clifford Hillman, Lemont, Pa. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. Norma Mitchell, Arkoma, Okla. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. . Sarah R . Trotter, Lykesland, S . C. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Paul T. Kline, Limerick, Pa. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. Grady B. Watson, Bessie, Okla. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. Alexander H. Stevens, Monetta, S. C. Of came Presidential July 1, 1945. Tennie S. Walter, Loyalhanna, Pa. Office fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Johnnie M. Baker, Oswego, S. C. Office Bently A. Cox, Bowlegs, Okla. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. William E. Shelley, Mammoth, Pa. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ollie B. Nichols, Silverstreet, S. C. Of Hugh H. Swadley, Council Hill, Okla.- Of fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Edward R. Eisenhauer, M'iffiinvllle, Pa. Of fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Hallie C. Jaudon, Tillman, S. C. Office be Mattie Graham, Eagletown, Okla. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. John K . Zullinger, Orrstown, Pa. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. Margaret Lyon, Troy, S . c. Office became Chester C. Cunningham, Fox, Okla. Office Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Henry G . Stauffer, Palm, Pa. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Rosalie H. Ray, West Union, S. C. Office Rose Reeder, Hardesty, Okla. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Archie F . Stewart, Penn Run, Pa. Office be came Presidential 'July 1, 1945. Blanche Sloman, Whit ehall, S . C. Office Arthur Duck, Keystone, Okla. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. William Paxson Bishop, Plumsteadville, Pa. Claire S. Elliott, Lenapah, Okla. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. SOUTH DAKOTA became Presidential July 1, 1945. Palmer C. Bierly, Rebersburg, Pa. Office be Catherine Kazmerzak, Erwin, S. Dak. 0! Tommie L. Payne, Lone Grove Okla. Of came Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Kathryn B. Borges, Royalton, Pa. Office be Theresla M. Benson, Hartford, S. Dak., in Viola E . Mitchell, Longdale, Okla. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. place of R. E. Dana, deceased. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary K . Minich, Salunga, Pa. Office became Martha L. Williams, Oelrichs, S. Dak. Of Harry B. Becker, Meno, Okla. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Earle F. -Hausmann, Sanatoga, Pa. Office Dagmer Eastman, Trent, S. Dak. Office James M. Hardesty, Strang, Okla. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Minnie M. Ritter, Shamokin Dam, Pa. Of Edd A. Sinkler, Wood, S . Dak. Office be Montye K. Richardson, Union, Okla. Office fice became Presidential July" 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Agnes Marie Songer, Sigel, Pa. Office be John W. Woods, Worthing, S.Dak. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. OREGON Herman Gerstlauer, Silverdale, Pa. Office TENNESSEE Veston H. Casey, Beatty, Oreg. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Hobert H. Warren, Appleton, Tenn. Of J. Harold Stoneback, Springtown, Pa. Of fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Daniel E. O'Connor, Paisley. Oreg. Office fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary B. Roundtree, Beech Bluff, Tenn. Thomas R. McGuire, Swiftwater, Pa. Of Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. PENNSYLVANIA flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary F. Ray, Buchanan, Tenn. Office be Wade S. Hoke, Acme, Pa. Office became William E. Kresge, Tannersville, Pa. Of came Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. Aubrey L. Moore, Bumpus Mills, Tenn. Of Chester 0. Weaver, Amity, Pa. Otfice be Hazel C. Haylett, Utica, Pa. Office became fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. · Thomas N. Ladd, Carters Creek, Tenn. Of Henry 0. Heisey, Avon, Pa. Office became Chester Erwin Mayer, Warrington, Pa. Of· fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Edwin L. Smith, Cumberland Furnace, Dyson F. Kennedy, Bendersville, Pa. Of Don F. Reed, West Leisenring, Pa. Office Tenn. Office became Presidential July 1, flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. 1945. . Essie B. Spangler, Blanchard, Pa. Office J. Franklin Beach, Woodbury, Pa. Office Charles M. Storey,' Dellrose, Tenn. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Henry R. Shaddinger, Blooming Glen, Pa. Emma Corbitt, Denver, Tenn. Office be Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. PUERTO RICO came Presidential July 1, 1945. Celeste Ganassi Uram, Blythedale, Pa. Of Emilio Hernandez, Aguada, P. R. Office · Mary Zula Greene, Duff, Tenn. Office be fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. James R. Kern, Bowmansville, Pa. Ofiice Feliciana G. Gonzalez, Aguas Buenas, P. R • . Audrey D. Denton, Evensville, Tenn. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Florence Ferrere, Boyers, Pa. Ofiice became Carmen Andreu de Torrens, Dorado, P.R. Tella 0. Mangrum, Fairview, Tenn. Office Presidential July 1, 1942. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Catherine Radanovich, Bressler, Pa. Ofiice Pedro Alvarez, Guaynabo, P. R. Office be Elizabeth Givens, Medon, Tenn. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Agatha Mullany, Brockport, Pa.. Office be Esther Lacomba, Hatillo, P. R. Office be Katie M. Steele, Model, Tenn. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Martin L. Serfass, Brodheadsville, Pa. Of· Angelina Frias, Las Piedras, P. R. Oflice Fred H. Osgatharp, Moss, Tenn. Office fice became Presidential July 1, 1945, became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7635. Allie E. Fambrough, Neptune, Tenn. 0! Plevna C. Garren, Turnersville, Tex. Office Walter Anglin, Woolwine, Va. Office be :fl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. • came Presidential July 1, 1945. Marchella F. ·· Rhymer, Newcomb, Tenn. Ella Hutchinson, View, Tex. Office became WASHINGTON Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Eunice S. York, Nolensville, Tenn. Ofilce· Helen I. Burks, Webster, Tex. Office be Claude E. Googe, Algona, Wash. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. came. Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. J . Green Hawks, Ralstons Station, Tenn. Lula G. Thornton, Westpoint, Tex. Office Antoinette T. Harris, Clayton, Wash. Qf Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. George P . Tucker, Sylvia, Tenn. 01Hce Rena Dobie, Wimberley. Tex. Office be Erwin 0. Knobel, Latah, Wash. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Annie M. Edgemon, Ten Mile, Tenn. Of Andrew B Cody, Winfield, Tex. Office be Dorothy B . Hreha, Wilkeson, Wash. Office fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Cecilia S. England, Whites Creek, Tenn. John F . Leigh, Yan tis, Tex. Office became WEST VIRGINIA Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. Aaron E . Altizer, Accoville, W. Va: Office Byron D. Norfleet, Woodlawn, Tenn. Office UTAH became Presidential July 1, 1945 .. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ivor Clove, Enterprise, Utah. Office be Ezra R. Patterson, Besoco, w. Va. Office TEXAS came Presidential July 1, 1945. became President ial July 1, 1945. Elma Martrn. Apple Springs. Tex. Office . Dorothy M. Ferguson, Braeholm, w. Va. VERMONT became· Presidential July 1, 1945. Office became Presidential July 1. 1945. · Ruth Hale Clary, Atascosa. Tex. 01Hce be Harold D. Somers, East Ryegate, Vt. Office Mearl C. Freeland, Burton, W. Va. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary B. Bloodworth, Axtell, Tex. Office be Calla F . Mace, Ferrisburg, Vt. Office be Claudia F' . Halstead, Colcord, W . Va. Office came Presidential July 1. 1945. came Presidential July 1. 1945. became Presidentia,l July, 1, ·1945. Mary F Bluhm, Austwell. Tex. Office be Nettie Healey Pike, Irasburg, Vt. Office be Strauss B. Herold, Craigsville, W. Va. Of came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lucy F Cowart. Banquete. Tex. Office be Harlan P . Boynton, Jamaica, Vt. Office be- Ruth Corns. Davin, W. Va. Office became came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. . Presidential July 1, 19%. Claude 0 . Williams, Barry, Tex. Office be Laurence K . Tibbetts, Newfane, Vt. Office Maude Price, Dott, W. ·va. Office became came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1. 1945. Presdential July 1. 1945. Mirna Fessler. Bigwells. Tex. Office . became Blanche A. Thompson, North Pownal, Vt. Fannie C. Fleener, Eunice, W. Va. Office Presidential July 1. 1945. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Jennie H. Whittney. Brookston, Tex. omce George I. Varney, South Strafford, Vt. Of A Wirt Berry, Flat Woods, W. Va. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Leona D. Allen, Campbellton, Tex. Office VIRGINIA Lula Griffin, Friendly, W. Va. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. Edith S. Willingham, Andover, Va. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Lizzie Potts. Choice. Tex. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. Harry Lowe, Gallagher, W. Va. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. Lewis E. Robinette, Blackwater, Va. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Anna M. Dunn, Clute, Tex. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. John Sevcik, Jr., Galloway, W . Va. 'Office Presidential July 1', 1944. Ray L. Barlow, Buckner, Va. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. . Thomas 0 Walton, College Station, Tex., Presidential July 1, 1945. Flossie M. Powell, <:Hen Morgan, w. Va. in place of A. V. Smith. deceased. William H. Covington; Burgess Store, Va. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Rufus H. Chapman. Crowley, Tex. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Albert H. Taylor, Hugheston, W.Va. O.ffi.ce became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Sidney L. Hooper, Donna, Tex., in place of Garnett N Edwards. Callands, Va. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. .Lula Tharpe, La Frank, W. Va. Office be A. F. Hester. resigned . came Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary L Spaw, Dripping Springs, Tex. Teo T. Cogbill, Chesterfield, Va. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. William W. McFann, Lesage, W. Va. Office Office became Presidential .July 1, 1945. Beulah G . Nolan, Chula, Va. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ethel Barker, Duncanville, Tex. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. J. Finley Cottrell, Mahan, W. Va. Office came Presidential July 1. 1945. Josie R . Williams, Cullen, Va. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ella L. Martin, Eola, Tex. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lorena D. Lewis, Malden, W. Va. Office Presidential July 1. 1945. Margaret C. Horton, Derby, Va. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. Dena Butts, Farmers Branch, Tex. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945.' Ruth B. Daugherty, Mineralwells, W. Va. became Presidential July 1. l945. · Etta Mitchell, Fancy Gap, Va. Office became Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Jessie M . Sims, Fluvanna, Tex. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. Claud M. Mick, Orlando. W.Va. 01Hce be- came Presidential July 1. 1945. Alma R. Ricketts, Flint Hill, Va. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. _ Elvira E. Bush, Fort Hancock, Tex. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Forest N. Walkup, Pax, W. Va. Office be became Presidential July 1. 1945. Altram M. Goode, Henry, Va. Office became came Presidential July 1, 1945. Ivah Smith, Glenflora, Tex. · Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Noretta M. Lucado, Pemberton, W. Va. Presidential July 1. 1945. Maurice J. Mangle, Holston, Va. Office be- Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lora H . Hudgins, Hungerford, Tex. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. · Mabel Galeota, Pursglove, W. Va. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Nora F. Johnson, Hurley, Va. Office became became Presidential July 1, 1945. Thomas C. Stell, Irene, Tex. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. · Kenna J. Parsons, Putney, W. Va. 01Hce Presidential July 1. 1945. Henry L. McGlothlin, Jewell Valley, Va. became Presidential July 1, 1945. · Dou~las A. Bigony. Klondike, Tex. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Holly R. Young, Quincy, W.Va. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. Bernice Vines, Kents Store, Va. Office be came Presidential July 1. 1945. Jessie Robinson, London. Tex. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. Pearl B. Savage, Rosemont, W. Va. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. Edna Y Smith, McClure, Va. Office Presi became Presidential July 1, 1945. Mary B. Rowley, Loving, Tex. Office be dential July 1, 1945. Alice Nemith, Short Creek, W. Va.. Office came Presidential July 1,1945. Marion V. LeMay, Mechanicsville, Va. Of became. Presidential July 1, 1945. Arthur I. Tolleson, McLeod. Tex. Office be flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. George Lee, Slagle, W. Va. Office became came Presidential July 1, 1945. John W. Roberts, Meredithv1lle, Va. Office Presidential July 1, 1945. LaVerne G . Files, Monroe City, Tex . . Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. George E. Harvey, Sprague, W. Va. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Edith S . Cocek, Penelope, Tex. Office be R. Clarke Lloyd, Millwood, Va. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. Catharine Hill Glass, Talcott, W. Va. Of came Presidential July 1, 1945. Lois N. Blankenship, Moseley, Va. Office flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lora Mae Brashear. Petersburg, Tex., 1n became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ansel C. Lambert, Volga, W. Va. 01Hce place of A. J Terry. resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Arthur E. Robison, Prosper, Tex. Office be George Ralph Smith, Penn Laird, Va. Of flee became Presidential July 1, 1945. Hazen S. De Vaughn, Walker, W.Va.. O.ffi.ce came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Lela R . Maxwell, Quail, Tex. Office became William P. Furnis.s, Saxis, Va. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. Ruby M. Lehew, Waverly, W. Va. Office Presidential July 1. 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ina C. McClellan, Riovista, Tex. Office be Thomas R. Apperson, Selma, Va. Office be came Presidential July 1; 1945. Harry M. Wright, Wiley Ford, W.Va.. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Alice M. Merriman, Spencer, Va. Office be . John L. Guinn, Sagerton, Tex. Oftlce be Jean Dalton, Worth, W.Va. Office became came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Presidential July 1, 1945. A. Delta Sanders, Scurry, Tex. Office be Agnes P. Gordon, Union Level, Va. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. WISCONSIN Ethel Miller, Stowell, Tex. Otllce became Alva H. Matney, Vansant, Va. Office be· Sam Johnson, Chaseburg, Wis. Office be Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. 7636 CONGRESSIONA_L RECORD-HOUSE JULY 17 Dorothy B. Mills, Jim Falls, Wis. Offic£ be the President approved and signed a bill authorized to bold such bearings, to sit and came Presidential July 1, 1944. of the House of the following title : act during the present Congress at such . Robert G. Winkler, Rochester, Wis. Office times and places whether or not the House became Presidential July 1, 1945. H. R. 3291. An act to provide for an ad is in session, bas recessed, or bas adjourned, ' Emil R. Kolash, Yuba, Wis. Office became justment of salaries of the Metropolitan to require the attendance of such witnesses Presidential July 1, 1945. Police, the United States Park Police, the and the production of such books, papers, White House Police, and the members of the and documents by subpena or otherwise, and Fire Department of the District of Columbia, to take testimony, as it deems necessary. to conform with the increased cost o::: living CONFffiMATIONS Subpenas may be issued under the signa in the District of Columbia. ture of the chairman of the committee and Executive nominations confirmed by :MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE shall be served by any person designated by the Senate July 17