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Lahaina Groundwater Tracer Study Lahaina, Maui, Hawai‘I

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Lahaina Groundwater Tracer Study Lahaina, Maui, Hawai‘I Lahaina Groundwater Tracer Study Lahaina, Maui, Hawai‘i Final Report Craig R. Glenn, Robert B. Whittier, Meghan L. Dailer, Henrieta Dulaiova, Aly I. El-Kadi, Joseph Fackrell, Jacque L. Kelly, Christine A. Waters and Jeff Sevadjian June 2013 Prepared For State of Hawaii Department of Health U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Principal Investigator: Craig R. Glenn School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 LAHAINA GROUNDWATER TRACER STUDY – LAHAINA, MAUI, HAWAII Final Report Craig R. Glenn, Robert B. Whittier, Meghan L. Dailer, Henrieta Dulaiova, Aly I. El-Kadi, Joseph Fackrell, Jacque L. Kelly, Christine A. Waters and Jeff Sevadjian June 2013 PREPARED FOR State of Hawaii Department of Health U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Principal Investigator: Craig R. Glenn School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation: Glenn, C.R., Whittier, R.B., Dailer, M.L., Dulaiova, H., El-Kadi, A.I., Fackrell, J., Kelly, J.L., Waters, C.A., and J. Sevadjian, 2013. Lahaina Groundwater Tracer Study – Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, Final Report, prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of Health, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center This page is intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................ES-1 Overview ..............................................................................................................................ES-1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................ES-4 Submarine Springs and Marine Control Locations of Sampling, Water Quality, and Fluorescence ..................................................................................................................ES-5 Aerial Infrared Sea Surface Temperature Mapping .............................................................ES-8 Submarine Groundwater Discharge .....................................................................................ES-9 Aqueous Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes ......................................................................ES-12 Fluorescent Dye Groundwater Tracer Study .....................................................................ES-15 Fluorescein Dye Tracer Test ..............................................................................................ES-15 Sulpho-Rhodamine B Tracer Test .....................................................................................ES-17 Lahaina Groundwater Tracer Study Numerical Modeling ................................................ES-18 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND PURPOSE ................................ 1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 1-2 1.2 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING .............................................................................................. 1-3 1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE LAHAINA WASTEWATER RECLAMATION FACILITY ....................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.4 HISTORY OF RELATED INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................. 1-5 1.5 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTIONS AND BACKGROUND ............................................ 1-8 1.5.1 Climate .................................................................................................................... 1-8 1.5.2 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 1-9 1.5.3 Geology ................................................................................................................. 1-10 1.5.4 Regional Groundwater Hydrology ........................................................................ 1-11 1.5.4.1 Aquifer Properties ........................................................................................ 1-12 1.5.4.2 Submarine Groundwater Discharge ............................................................. 1-13 SECTION 2: SUBMARINE SPRING AND MARINE CONTROL LOCATION SAMPLING, WATER QUALITY, AND FLUORESCENCE ....................................... 2-1 i 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Submarine Spring Sampling ................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.2 Submarine Spring Sampling Frequency and Placement ......................................... 2-3 2.2.3 Sampling Control Locations ................................................................................... 2-4 2.2.4 Field Measurements of Fluorescein and S-Rhodamine-B Fluorescence ................ 2-4 2.2.5 Submarine Spring and Shoreline Surveys............................................................... 2-5 2.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 2-6 2.3.1 Water Quality of Submarine Springs ...................................................................... 2-6 2.3.2 Water Quality of Control Locations ....................................................................... 2-6 2.3.3 Field Measurements of Fluorescein and S-Rhodamine-B Fluorescence ................ 2-6 2.3.4 Submarine Spring Survey ....................................................................................... 2-8 2.4 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 2-9 SECTION 3: SUBMARINE SPRING DISCHARGE MAGNITUDE AND DYNAMICS .................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Seep Discharge Dynamics Measurements Using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) ............................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.2.1 Study Area .............................................................................................................. 3-2 3.2.2 HR Aquadopp Profiler Deployment ....................................................................... 3-2 3.2.3 HR Aquadopp Data Processing .............................................................................. 3-2 3.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 3-3 3.3.1 Vertical Fluxes ........................................................................................................ 3-3 3.3.2 Determination of Seep Discharge Using ADCP ..................................................... 3-3 3.3.3 Groundwater-derived nutrient fluxes ...................................................................... 3-4 3.4 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 3-7 SECTION 4: FLUORESCENT DYE GROUNDWATER TRACER STUDY ..................... 4-1 4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Tracer Dye Selection............................................................................................... 4-2 4.1.2 Preliminary Planning .............................................................................................. 4-4 ii 4.2 THE INJECTION WELLS 3 AND 4 TRACER TEST ................................................... 4-5 4.2.1 Fluorescein Analysis ............................................................................................... 4-7 4.2.1.1 Fluorometer .................................................................................................... 4-7 4.2.1.2 Sample Handling ............................................................................................ 4-7 4.2.1.3 Laboratory Analysis ....................................................................................... 4-8 4.2.1.3.1 Fluorometer Calibration ........................................................................ 4-8 4.2.1.3.2 Calibration Solutions – Deionized (DI) Water vs. Submarine Spring Water ........................................................................................................ 4-8 4.2.1.3.3 FLT Method Detection Limit (MDL) ................................................... 4-9 4.2.1.3.4 Laboratory Quality Assurance ............................................................ 4-11 4.2.1.3.5 FLT Synchronous Scans ..................................................................... 4-12 4.2.2 Background
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