Long Term Plan for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (2017-2030)
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The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study
The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 The Silk Roads An ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 International Council of Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont FRANCE ISBN 978-2-918086-12-3 © ICOMOS All rights reserved Contents STATES PARTIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY ......................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XI 1 CONTEXT FOR THIS THEMATIC STUDY ........................................................................ 1 1.1 The purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to this study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Global Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Cultural routes ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Serial transnational World Heritage nominations of the Silk Roads .................................................. 3 1.2.4 Ittingen expert meeting 2010 ........................................................................................................... 3 2 THE SILK ROADS: BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS -
“Kashgar City Circle” Industry Development in the Contest of the Silk Road Economic Belt
E3S Web of Conferences 235, 02023 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123502023 NETID 2020 A Study on “Kashgar City Circle” Industry Development in the Contest of the Silk Road Economic Belt Pan Jie1,a, Bai Xiao*2,b(Corresponding Author) 1 Faculty of Transportation and Management, Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China 2 Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China Abstract. Kashgar City Circle is an important node of the new The Silk Road economic belt.Kashgar City Circle will serve as a new economic growth pole in the western region and will promote the rapid development of regional economy.The development of industry is an important driving force for regional economic development.This paper analyzes the four indicators of total output value,output value growth rate,employed population and labor productivity of the 18 industrial sectors of Kashgar City Circle from 2012 to 2016.Combined with the opportunities brought by the Silk Road economic belt background to the development of the Kashgar City Circle industry,this paper puts forward the current policy recommendations for the development of the Kashgar City Circle industry. research on the adjustment and optimization of industrial 1 Introduction structure [6-10],the current economic development situation[11-12],the impact of fixed asset investment on Kashgar is the traffic hub of the ancient The Silk Road, the industrial structure change[13-14].However, based on the traffic hub of the new The Silk Road economic belt, and a background of The Silk Road economic belt, there are major channel for trade with neighboring countries. -
From Uyghurs to Kashgaris (And Back?) : Migration and Cross-Border Interactions Between Xinjiang and Pakistan
11 Alessandro Rippa 11 From Uyghurs to Kashgaris (and Martin Sökefeld Martin back?) Migration and cross-border interactions between Xinjiang and Pakistan Thomas Reinhardt, München 2014 ISBN 978-3-945254-04-2 7 STUDIEN AUS DEM MÜNCHNER INSTITUT FÜR ETHNOLOGIE, FÜR Band INSTITUT STUDIEN DEM AUS MÜNCHNER Vol MUNICH, LMU ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IN PAPERS WORKING Heidemann, Frank Dürr, Eveline Herausgeber: Abstract: China and Pakistan share a common border, formally established in 1963, and a close friendship which, to a certain extent, is a direct consequence of that agree- ment. Somewhat surprisingly the two countries managed to maintain - and even improve - their friendly ties in spite of several events which might have undermined the basis of their friendship. Particularly, since September 11, 2001, China has con- demned various incidents in its Muslim province of Xinjiang as connected to the global jihad, often holding Pakistan-based Uyghur militants responsible and accus- ing Islamabad of not doing enough to prevent violence from spreading into Chinese territory. Within a scenario of growing insecurity for the whole region, in this paper I show how China’s influence in Pakistan goes well beyond the mere government- to-government level. Particularly, I address the hitherto unstudied case of the Uy- ghur community of Pakistan, the Kashgaris, a group of migrants who left Xinjiang over the course of the last century. This paper, based on four months of fieldwork in Pakistan, aims principally at offering an overview of the history and current situa- tion of the Uyghur community of Pakistan. It thus first examines the migration of the Uyghur families to Pakistan according to several interviews with elder members of the community. -
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
U A Z T m B PEACEWA RKS u E JI Bulunkouxiang Dushanbe[ K [ D K IS ar IS TA TURKMENISTAN ya T N A N Tashkurgan CHINA Khunjerab - - ( ) Ind Gilgit us Sazin R. Raikot aikot l Kabul 1 tro Mansehra 972 Line of Con Herat PeshawarPeshawar Haripur Havelian ( ) Burhan IslamabadIslamabad Rawalpindi AFGHANISTAN ( Gujrat ) Dera Ismail Khan Lahore Kandahar Faisalabad Zhob Qila Saifullah Quetta Multan Dera Ghazi INDIA Khan PAKISTAN . Bahawalpur New Delhi s R du Dera In Surab Allahyar Basima Shahadadkot Shikarpur Existing highway IRAN Nag Rango Khuzdar THESukkur CHINA-PAKISTANOngoing highway project Priority highway project Panjgur ECONOMIC CORRIDORShort-term project Medium and long-term project BARRIERS ANDOther highway IMPACT Hyderabad Gwadar Sonmiani International boundary Bay . R Karachi s Provincial boundary u d n Arif Rafiq I e nal status of Jammu and Kashmir has not been agreed upon Arabian by India and Pakistan. Boundaries Sea and names shown on this map do 0 150 Miles not imply ocial endorsement or 0 200 Kilometers acceptance on the part of the United States Institute of Peace. , ABOUT THE REPORT This report clarifies what the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor actually is, identifies potential barriers to its implementation, and assesses its likely economic, socio- political, and strategic implications. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report is supported by the Asia Center at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arif Rafiq is president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, a political risk analysis company specializing in the Middle East and South Asia. -
The Merchant's Tale
on e The Merchant’s Tale nanaivandak, 730–751 The country of Samarkand is about 500 miles in circumference and broader from east to west than from north to south. The capital is six miles or so in circumference, completely enclosed by rugged land and very populous. The precious merchandise of many foreign countries is stored here. The soil is rich and produc- tive and yields abundant harvests. The forest trees afford thick vegetation and flowers and fruit are plentiful. Shen horses are bred here. The inhabitants’ skill in the arts and trades exceeds that of other countries. The climate is agreeable and temperate and the people brave and energetic. Xua nza ng, Buddhist Records of the Western World, AD 6461 It was the year 751 by the western calendar, 134 by Islamic reckoning, the second year of the reign of al-Saffah, the first of the Arabic Abbasid cal- iphs and the Byzantine Carolingian emperors, and the ninth in the Tianbao (Heavenly Riches) reign period of the Tang-dynasty emperor Xuanzong in China. The merchant Nanaivandak was from Samarkand, a city-state for- merly independent but now, since the advance of the Arab-led armies east of the Amu Darya (Oxus river), under the rule of the caliphate.2 He had traveled for nearly a year from Samarkand, over the towering Pamir mountains, and along the fringes of the Taklamakan desert to Chang’an, the capital of Tang- dynasty China.3 Nanaivandak’s family hailed from the town of Panjikant, about forty miles east of Samarkand in the region known as Sogdia.4 The Arab armies coming from the west referred to Sogdia as “the land beyond the Oxus,” or Transoxania. -
CHINA: Xinjiang's Ismailis Cut Off from International Ismaili Community
FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway http://www.forum18.org/ The right to believe, to worship and witness The right to change one's belief or religion The right to join together and express one's belief This article was published by F18News on: 18 September 2003 CHINA: Xinjiang's Ismailis cut off from international Ismaili community By Igor Rotar, Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org> China's tens of thousands of Ismaili Muslims - ethnic Tajiks concentrated in the north western Xinjiang region - are isolated from the rest of the worldwide Ismaili community, Forum 18 News Service has learnt on a visit to the remote region. The Chinese authorities allow only one Ismaili mosque to function in Xinjiang's Tajik Autonomous District, and children under 18 are not allowed to attend. The mosque's state-appointed imam, Shakar Mamader, admitted that the Chinese authorities do not allow the Aga Khan, the hereditary leader of the Ismaili community, to provide aid to China's Ismailis. "There is absolutely no need for such help as the central government provides very substantial funding to the region," he claimed to Forum 18. The tens of thousands of Ismaili Muslims of the Tajik Autonomous District in China's north western Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region are isolated from their fellow-Ismailis across the border in Tajikistan and elsewhere in the world, Forum 18 News Service found on a visit to Xinjiang between 8 and 10 September. There is only one Ismaili mosque functioning in the Tajik Autonomous District, in the district capital Tashkurgan, whose imam was appointed by the Chinese secular authorities. -
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads A thesis submitted to fulfil requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Departments of Archaeology and History (joint) By Paul Wilson Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2020 This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. 1 Abstract: The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads The Kushans were a major historical power on the ancient Silk Roads, although their influence has been greatly overshadowed by that of China, Rome and Parthia. That the Kushans are so little known raises many questions about the empire they built and the role they played in the political and cultural dynamics of the period, particularly the emerging Silk Roads network. Despite building an empire to rival any in the ancient world, conventional accounts have often portrayed the Kushans as outsiders, and judged them merely in the context of neighbouring ‘superior’ powers. By examining the materials from a uniquely Kushan perspective, new light will be cast on this key Central Asian society, the empire they constructed and the impact they had across the region. Previous studies have tended to focus, often in isolation, on either the archaeological evidence available or the historical literary sources, whereas this thesis will combine understanding and assessments from both fields to produce a fuller, more deeply considered, profile. -
Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin by J
Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin by j. p. mallory he earliest accounts of the Tarim Basin depict Tocharian. If his travels took him south to Khotan, he would a society whose linguistic and ethnic diversity have to deal in Khotanese Saka. Here, if he had been captured rivals the type of complexity one might oth- by a raider from the south, he would have had to talk his way erwise encounter in a modern transportation out of this encounter in Tibetan or hoped for rescue from an hub. The desert sands that did so much to army that spoke Chinese. He could even have bumped into Tpreserve the mummies, their clothes, and other grave goods a Jewish sheep merchant who spoke Modern Persian. And if also preserved an enormous collection of documents, written he knew which way the wind was blowing, he would have his on stone, wood, leather, or— employing that great Chinese invention—paper. A German expedition to the Tarim Basin in the early 20th century returned with texts in 17 differ- ent languages. We can get some appre- ciation of the linguistic com- plexity if we put ourselves in the place of a traveling mer- chant working the Silk Road in the 8th century CE. A typi- cal trader from the West may have spoken Sogdian at home. He may have visited Buddhist monasteries where the liturgi- cal language would have been Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, but the day-to-day language was , Berlin, D. Reimer, 21. Chotscho West meets East at Bezeklik in the 9th to 10th century CE. -
The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis
THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Written by AYDOGDY KURBANOV PhD thesis submitted to the Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin 2010 Supervisors: PD Dr. N. Boroffka Prof. Dr. R. Bernbeck Members of Commission: Prof. Dr. S. Hansen Prof. Dr. S. Pollock Dr. H.-J. Nüsse The date of the examination: 12.02.2010 TO MY PARENTS “The information coming from remote countries and foreign languages are subject to corruption and misunderstanding and, moreover, concerning very ancient time. So we do not know what is certain. (Thus) it is impossible to decide (the origin of the Hephthalites)” Wei Jie (7th century AD) C O N T E N T S 1. Introduction 2. Research history and methodic problems 2.1. Research history 2.2. Methodic problems 3. Archaeological sites and materials 4. Numismatics 5. Written sources 6. A history of the Hephthalites 6.1. Origins 6.2. Military history & wars 6.3. Socio-political structure and state 6.4. Linguistics 6.5. Religion 6.6. Change of ethnic identity Literature Illustrations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have helped me during the work on my PhD thesis. I would like to thank first of all PD Dr. N. Boroffka for enormous help in editing and proofreading the draft version, for his patience and comments, and Prof. R. Bernbeck who helped to bring this work into its current form. I am very grateful to Prof. S. Hansen for his advice and particularly for the conditions of work in the Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, which offered me good possibilities to finish this thesis. -
Trade, Development, and Control in Western China Borderland Infrastructures Asian Borderlands
ASIAN BORDERLANDS Alessandro Rippa Borderland Infrastructures Trade, Development, and Control in Western China Borderland Infrastructures Asian Borderlands Asian Borderlands presents the latest research on borderlands in Asia as well as on the borderlands of Asia – the regions linking Asia with Africa, Europe and Oceania. Its approach is broad: it covers the entire range of the social sciences and humanities. The series explores the social, cultural, geographic, economic and historical dimensions of border-making by states, local communities and flows of goods, people and ideas. It considers territorial borderlands at various scales (national as well as supra- and sub-national) and in various forms (land borders, maritime borders), but also presents research on social borderlands resulting from border-making that may not be territorially fixed, for example linguistic or diasporic communities. Series Editors Tina Harris, University of Amsterdam Willem van Schendel, University of Amsterdam Editorial Board Members Franck Billé, University of California, Berkeley Duncan McDuie-Ra, University of New South Wales Eric Tagliacozzo, Cornell University Yuk Wah Chan, City University Hong Kong Borderland Infrastructures Trade, Development, and Control in Western China Alessandro Rippa Amsterdam University Press The research, writing, and editing of this volume was supported by generous grants and fellowships from the University of Aberdeen (Research Project Award “Religion and Politics in the Contemporary World”), the European Research Council (ERC -
A New Interpretation of Ptolemy's Coordinates
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2014 PREPRINT 465 Irina Tupikova, Matthias Schemmel, Klaus Geus Travelling along the Silk Road: A new interpretation of Ptolemy’s coordinates Travelling along the Silk Road: A new interpretation of Ptolemy’s coordinates Irina Tupikova,1 Matthias Schemmel,2 Klaus Geus3 Introduction The interpretation of the coordinates given by Ptolemy in the description of Scythia on this side of the Imaon and Serike on the map Asia 8 (Geogr. 6.15.1– 6.16.8) has always been one of the most challenging tasks of ancient geogra- phy. First, the comparison of the Ptolemaic coordinates with their modern counterparts is not unambiguous: the longitudes of the locations are linked to different “prime” or “zero” meridians in the Ptolemaic and the modern coordi- nate systems. The positioning of Ptolemy’s Prime Meridian – the Islands of the Blest (Insulae Fortunatae), i.e. the Canaries – was not flawless: the islands lie along the same meridian, far too south from their actual latitude and the lon- gitudinal difference between them and the next point on the European coast, Cabo de San Vicente, attains 2° 30’ instead of 4°– 9°. Second, further to the east the longitudinal difference between the modern and Ptolemaic coordi- nates for identified locations increases steadily, thus illuminating the notori- ous fact of the excessive distortion of Ptolemy’s map in the east-west direc- tion.4 Usually, modern scholars explain this error as an attempt on Ptolemy’s part to fit the extension of the oikoumene to 180° for the sake of symmetry or for better application of his cartographic projections. -
T the Semantic Shift of “Western Regions” and the Westward Extension of the “Border” in the Tang Dynasty
The Semantic Shift of “Western Regions” and the Westward Extension of the “Border” in the Tang Dynasty Rong Xinjiang and Wen Xin Traditionally, the term “Western Regions” could refer to two connected geographical regions. In its broader sense, it denotes the entire area west of Yumen Pass in Dunhuang; in its narrower sense, it includes only Southern and Eastern Xinjiang. Since the Han dynasty, the relations with the region covered by the narrower sense of the term have been of grave concern for regimes in China Proper. The Tang dynasty was the most daring in its dealings with the “Western Regions”, ruling over this area for an extended period of time and exerting considerable influence over local societies. Additionally, we also possess for the period of Tang rule some of the richest historical data regarding this area and, with the help of excavated texts, many details of the Tang rule have been clarified. Based on such empirical research, scholars such as Zhang Guangda also asked broader questions of the nature of Tang rule. He suggested that “the Tang began [its westward expansion] with the conquest of Xi Prefecture (Turfan), and after a century, by the mid-8th century, a type of Han/Non-Han dual governance has developed in areas beyond Xi Prefecture (meaning mostly the Four Garrisons)”.[1] Wang Xiaofu further explained the nature of this dual governance: “In the Four Garrisons of the Tang, there existed a form of governance between the prefecture-county system and the vassal kingdoms. Only in the Four Garrisons do we see the real manifestation of dual Eurasian Studies ( Volume III ) governance”.[2] Clearly, scholars have noticed the exceptional status of the Four Garrisons region in the Tang government: under the Han/Non-Han dual governance, the Four Garrisons region exhibited different features from regular “loose-rein” regions.